Term
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Definition
| altered impuse formation(sinus node, latent pacemakers,myosite), triggered activity(early afterdepolarisation, late afterdepolarisiations) altered impulse conduction (conduction block, re-entry) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gross - selling and hyperemia, yellowing, progressive pallor and scar formation. Microscopic - loss of nuclei/striations, influx of neutraphils, coagulative necrosis, influx of macrophages and phagocytosis, influx of fibroblasts and collagen synthesis and scar formation |
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Term
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Definition
| arrhythmias, sudden death, cadiogenic shock, pericarditis, rupture, mitral insufficiency, aneurysm, mural thrombosis |
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Term
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Definition
| four chamber dilation. etiology - idiopathic, toxins (alcohol,iron), genetic, viral infection, autoimmune. Features - biventricular pump failure, sudden death, transplant |
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Term
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
| autosomal dominant genetic disorders of heart muscle. Hypertrophy of all chamber walls esp septum. Micro - disoreintated, tangled, hypertrophied muscle. natural history - suddden death, outflow obstruction, pump failure |
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Term
| restrictive cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
| infiltrative process that results in stiffening fibrosis of the myocardium. |
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Term
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Definition
| hrt failure in young without valve or congenital disease. Morphology - myocardial degen, necrosis, inflammation. aetiology - idiopathic, infective, immune, radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased firing of SA node. physiological or pathological. causes - age,disease of atrium, extrinsisic factors (meds, metabolic,exess vagal tone) symptoms-fatigue, light headded, confuse, syncope. tx -atropine, pacemaker |
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Term
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Definition
| dysfunction of the SA node.etiology-disease of atria/fibrosis. symptoms- dizziness, confusion, syncope. brady-tachy syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| protective mech of the heart. source - junctional (narrow QRS-rate 40-60) or ventricular (wide qrs 30-40) |
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Term
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Definition
| delay between atrial and ventricular conduction. long pr. etiology structure av defect (MI, age) reverssabe - drugs, ischemia, increase vagal. prognosis - benign |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual lengthening of pr until p not followed by QRS, then returns to normal. cause benign (children, athletes,vagal) MI, ishaemia. usually not treated |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden loss of qrs without pr lengthening. causes - MI involving his-purkinje system. treatment - permenant pacing risk of third degree |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of conduction between atria and ventricles. no relationship between p and qrs. wide (HIS-P) or narrow qrs (AV). symptoms - HR 40-60, syncope, light headed. etiology - MI drug toxicity (dig,B-B,Ca-B). treatment - PPM |
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Term
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Definition
| SA node >100bpm. physological or pathological (fever, hypoxia,hyperthyroidism,hypovolaemia,anaemia). Tx - underlying cause or B-B or Ca-B |
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Term
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Definition
| earlier P wave +/- qrs. caused automaticicty or re-entry. worseded by symphathetic, caffeine, alcohol, stimulant. treatment - B-B or Ca-B |
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Term
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Definition
| atrial rate 180-350 with 1:1,2:1,3:1or4:1 block. Cause-large re-entry circuit involving tricuspid valve. Symptoms-palpitations, dyspnea, weakness. Tx - as per AF |
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Term
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Definition
| atrial rate 350-600, irreqularly-irregular qrs 140-160bpm. Causes -re-entry circuits (heart fairlure, HT, CAD, pulonary disease)precip-thyroid,alcohol, infection. outcomes - compromised output, thromboembolism. Treatement - rate V rhythm control, thromboembolism prophylaxis |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden onset palpitations/tachy, normal width QRS, p hidden. cused by rentry circuit involving the AV node. Tx - valgal maneouvers, adeonsine/verap. px-B-B, Ca-bl, sotalol, flecainide. Catheter ablation |
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Term
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Definition
| accessory AV pathway. slurred upstroke of ECG. creates re-entry circuit via accessory pathway (narrow qrs) or AV node(reseple VT). combined with AF - VR or 300. tx - vagal, adenosine/verapamil, |
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Term
| ventricular premature beat |
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Definition
| premature wide QRS complex. common healthy or diseased. caused by ectopic focus. tx reduction caffeine,stim. B-B |
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Term
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Definition
| three or more VEBs. sustained or nonsustained. wide qrs rate 100-200. Sx symcope, pulm oedema, arrest. Causes- structural heart disease (MI,isc, heart failur,LVH),long QT, valve, congenital. Monomorphic or polyomorphic(longQTsyndrome). Tx non-comp lignocaine/amiodarone. comp - DC cardioversion |
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Term
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Definition
| disordered ventricle stimulation no co-ordinated contraction. immediate life threatening. cause preceeded by VT. Tx immediate defibrillation |
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Term
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Definition
| Blockage of Na channels a-lenthen AP, B-shorten AP, C-no effect AP. slow AP decrease conduction thru damaged tissue. all pro-arrhytmic |
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Term
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Definition
| blockade of B1 receptors - slows conduction thru AV node. used for SVT. contra/prec-asthma,PVD,DM. Adv - bronchospams, nausea, depression/lethargy, heart block, mark hypos |
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Term
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Definition
| type III- blocks K also, B, Ca, Na. suppresses ectopic and re-entry. Pk-v.long half life. Adv thyroid dist, visual dist/corneal deposits. neurological, skin pigmentatio, lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| potassium blocker with B-blocking activity. pro arrythmic and has B-blocker side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks Ca channels and slows conduction thru the AV node. used in SVT. Adv - negative inotrophic, constipation, peripheral oedema, headache |
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Term
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Definition
| negative chronotropic (delays SA,AV node), positive inotropic (increase Ca). use Rate control in AF, CHF. Adv nausea, bradycardia, diarrhoea |
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Term
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Definition
| Blockage of AT1 receptor and hyperpolarises cell depresses automaticity and slow conduction thru AV node. Use PSVT. Adv - short half life. bronchospasm, chest pain, SOB, flushing, impending doom |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase vagal tone and slow conduction thru AV node for SVT. Carotid sinus massage. Valsalva. Diving reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| used for SVT and Pulse VT. delivers syncronised shock on a QRS to a presedated patient |
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Term
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Definition
| used for VF and pulseless VT. delivers a asynchronous charge. No presedation required |
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Term
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Definition
| experience physical symptom for which there is insufficient or no organic cause |
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Term
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Definition
| left mammory pain, breathlessness, sighs, palpitations, fatigue, dizziness |
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Term
| clinical relevance of psycosomatic diseae |
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Definition
| many have underlying pathology but may elabolate on disease. serious psychiatric illness may be missed. many with normal coronary arteries have symptoms. many with psychiatric disease have CAD |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural defect (ASD,VSD,valve). Throid. Rheumatic. Ischemia. Druges. Electrolytes |
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