Term
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Definition
Uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect the health, welfare and safety of people. Regulates the use of land, light, air, and open space while protecting property values and protecting against nuisances (factories in residential areas), undesirable businesses (porn shops by schools) and dangers (hazardous chemicals in public areas). |
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Definition
Encourages private developers to provide amenities for public use in exchange for opportunity to build larger or taller structures on a site. |
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Definition
Building is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance. Typically allowed to stay unless it’s unsafe. |
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Definition
A building that is permitted in an area that it is not zoned for, to benefit the public (e.g.: an elementary school in a residential neighborhood) |
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Definition
Applied for by an owner on a private site to ask to deviate from an ordinance in order to avoid hardship. |
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Definition
A change in the zoning ordinance for a particular area |
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Definition
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Definition
Required open space measured between property line and face of building. Used to preserve light, air, and spaciousness |
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Definition
Utilized by communities principally to achieve planned street patterns. They help insure that buildings will not be erected in the bed of projected streets or of potential street widening. |
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Definition
Legal right of government or another land owner to use one’s property for a specific purpose |
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Definition
Prevents development that upsets something scenic to the public |
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Definition
Valuation of property for the purpose of taxes |
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Term
Business Improvement Districts |
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Definition
Used to fund public space improvements (new streetscapes/graffiti removal) with the intention that it will enhance an area’s appeal. All business owners in district who would benefit pay increased taxes. |
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Term
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Definition
Power of the state to take private property without owner’s consent, but with fair market value of the land compensation. Must be used government or public development (highways, railroads, civic center), economic development, or to mandate an easement for access (public utilities, right of way). |
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Definition
Place limitations on the use of the property, typically by original developers, who determined what land would be used for (live, work, or play) and can’t be changed by future owners. |
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Definition
Limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be aesthetic (allowable color pallets, vegetation types/pruning, fencing materials) pet control (how many and/or living conditions), or storage related (visibility of parked cars/boats/campers). |
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Definition
Commits a buyer to performing duties in the future (e.g. will make payments for common charges in a condo) |
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Definition
If restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revet back to original owners/heirs. |
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Definition
Right for people to cross land of another (pathways/cattle drives) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
area 24 mi. on a side defined by parallels/meridians & divided into 16 townships |
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Definition
area 6 miles on a side; divided into 36, 1-mile sections |
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Definition
1 mile square parcel of land containing 640 acres |
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Term
US Survey - Quarter Section |
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Definition
area 1/2 miles on each side |
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Definition
The two major streets in a Roman town, perpendicular |
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Definition
A collector/distributor road into a shopping center |
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Definition
Low capacity roads with direct access to a site |
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Definition
Connection roads between local and arterial streets |
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Definition
Wide high capacity streets usually connecting to expressways |
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Definition
Limited access roads with high speed, high volume circulation |
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Term
Slope - flat area - good for all activities |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Slope - very steep, subject to erosion |
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Definition
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Definition
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Slope - street surface drainage |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Slope - streets/driveways |
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Definition
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Term
Maximum length of a block |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
400 feet max w/ 80 feet turn around |
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Term
Dimensions of a 2 lane highway w/ 9'-0" shoulders |
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Definition
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Term
landscape strip dimensions |
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Definition
7 feet w/ trees or 4 feet w/ grass/dirt |
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Term
typical street surface materials |
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Definition
concrete, asphalt, gravel, or decomposed granite |
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Term
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Definition
9'-0" wide by 18'-0" to 20'-0" long |
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Term
accessible parking space dimensions |
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Definition
minimum of 8'-0" wide with an access alley of 5'-0" wide for cars or 8'-0" wide for vans |
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Term
Parking - square footage per car w/ circulation |
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Definition
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Term
most effective/efficient parking layout angle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract. |
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Term
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Definition
process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended while retaining their historic features. |
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Term
Historic Preservation - Preservation |
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Definition
least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are as inconspicuous as possible |
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Term
Historic Preservation - Rehabilitation |
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Definition
retain and repair historic materials, but some replacement of damaged material is ok, as are additions that convey historic values |
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Term
Historic Preservation - Restoration |
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Definition
remove inconsistent features and replace missing features in accordance with the restoration period |
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Term
Historic Preservation - Reconstruction |
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Definition
new construction to look like how something existed at an earlier time |
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Term
Nationals Park Service Standards for Preservation |
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Definition
• Use a property as it was historically intended to, or maximize the rendition of distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships if there is a change
• History character of a property will be retained and preserved. Do not replace historical materials that are intact or can be repaired
• A property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use.
• Changes to property that are now also considered historical will be preserved (e.g. the minoan columns at Knossos that were painted red as an act of restoration)
• Distinctive materials/features/finishes/construction or examples of craftsmanship will be persevered • Existing condition of historic features will be evaluated to determine the appropriate level of intervention. • Chemical/physical treatments will be gentle if absolutely required. • Archeological resources will be protected/preserved in place |
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Term
Kevin Lynch’s The Image of the City |
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Definition
-Is about how users perceive and organize space as they navigate through cities.
-Also known as legibility, the ease with which people understand the layout of a place based on the following:
Paths: streets, sidewalks, trails that people travel on
Edges: perceived boundaries like walls, buildings, shorelines
Districts: city sections distinguished by some identity/ character
Nodes: focal points, intersections
Landmarks: readily identifiable objects become reference points |
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Term
Camillo Sitte's City Planning According to Artistic Principles |
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Definition
suggested that the quality of urban space is more important than architectural form (the whole is much more than sum of its parts):
Planning cannot be done in two dimensions, but three.
Believed Greek spaces like the agora (gathering place) or forum (marketplace) were good urban spaces Public square should be seen as a room and should form an enclosed space
Churches and monuments shouldn’t be isolated, but integrated into the squares |
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Term
Clarence Perry's The Neighborhood Theory |
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Definition
Served as a framework to design functional, self-contained neighborhoods in industrial cities.
No major traffic through residential areas, arterial streets should form the perimeter to define the “place” of the neighborhood Interior streets to use cul-de-sacs and curves for low volume traffic Population would be determined by the number of people needed to support one school, and would be about 160 acres with 10 families per acre.
The school would be at the center of the neighborhood so that a child would have to walk 1/4 mile - 1/2 mile, and without crossing any major streets Shopping, churches, services would be placed on the edge of the neighborhood so that nonlocal traffic wouldn’t intrude on the neighborhood 10% of the land area would be dedicated to parks and open space for community |
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Term
Tony Garner's Wrote Une Cité Industrial |
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Definition
Suggested that functions of a city could be separated by zoning into four categories: leisure, industry, work, and transportation
Was developed in response to the industrial revolution Schools and vocational schools are placed near the industries they’re related to, and there are no churches or government/police buildings so man can rule himself.
Pioneered the use of reinforced concrete Designed innovative building block with free standing houses Enormous open spaces.
There are few squares or parks Trees are incorporated into important streets |
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Term
Sir Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities of To-morrow |
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Definition
Describe a utopian city where people live harmoniously with nature, the basis for the Garden City Movement “Three Magnets” pull a people are: town, country, town-country Suburban towns of limited size, but financially independent could be planned ahead and surrounded by a belt of agricultural land, balancing the desire for the city and the country. These cities would be connected by a ring of rail transportation and surround a large central city. |
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Term
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Definition
land was passed from father to eldest son |
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Term
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Definition
land could be transferred and used however the owner pleased |
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Term
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Definition
market, trade, or tributary area: geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn. It grows and shrinks with the activity. |
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Term
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Definition
Geotechnical tests to determine the maximum, practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates. |
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Term
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Definition
test method to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent. Used to test suitably of soil for a leachfield. |
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Term
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Definition
parallel (line that follows latitudes of earth) used as the basis for the east‐west layout of the US Survey system |
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Term
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Definition
parallels between the baselines in the US Survey |
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Term
Survey - Principal Meridian |
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Definition
meridian (north-south line that follows longitude of earth) that serves as the basis for the north‐south grid layout of the US Survey |
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Term
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Definition
meridians between the principal meridians |
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Term
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Definition
standard or point of reference against which things may be compared |
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Term
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Definition
verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the point of the beginning is reached |
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Term
Topography - Contour interval |
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Definition
change in elevation between two contours. Smaller scaled maps typically have a larger interval for clarity. |
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Term
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Definition
contours point “down” toward the lower elevation |
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Term
Topography - Swale/Valley |
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Definition
contours point “up” towards the higher elevation |
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Term
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Definition
concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center |
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Term
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Definition
concentric circles with the elevations getting lower towards the center |
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Term
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Definition
max depth at which soil will freeze. Below, the soil stays warmer than freezing. |
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Term
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Definition
wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry‐land protrusions |
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Term
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Definition
an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually vegetated and is normally without flowing water. |
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Term
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Definition
low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less around for flood control when large amounts of rain could cause flash flooding if not dealt with properly |
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Term
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Definition
designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water level gets above the pond capacity, but still maintains a certain capacity |
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Term
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Definition
system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, !and allocations of water to owners of waterfront property (includes bottomland, beach, and upland, but not the water itself). Owners can use water adjacent to their property, but can’t infringe upon the rights of others to use the water.! |
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Term
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Definition
water that flows across paved surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
permeable stratum of soil material that allows the passage of water under ground and is the water source for wells |
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Term
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Definition
the study of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water on a site. |
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Term
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Definition
elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport things like logs and fish |
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Term
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Definition
embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert water flow. |
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Term
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Definition
how much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface where 0 is a flat black surface which absorbs all heat and 1 is a mirror (rate is listed as a fraction). |
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Term
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Definition
the speed with which heat passes through a material. Metals are high, and soils/sand are low. |
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Term
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Definition
based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water. Water reduces temperature extremes. |
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Term
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Definition
based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude |
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Term
Macroclimate - Islands/Costal Region |
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Definition
constant & moderate temperature |
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Term
Macroclimate - Arid/Desert Region |
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Definition
low humidity & greater temperature variation |
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Term
Macroclimate - Mountainous Region |
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Definition
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Term
Microclimate - Greatest sun rays |
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Definition
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Term
Microclimate - Winter Solstice |
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Definition
least hours of sun and low sun angle |
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Term
Microclimate - Summer Solstice |
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Definition
most hours of sun and high sun angle |
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Term
Microclimate - Vernal/Autumnal Equinox |
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Definition
equal hours of sun and dark |
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Term
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Definition
when moving air encounters a building perpendicular to a broad face it flows both over roof and down the facade. Air collects at the base of the building which results in a high velocity swirl of wind. |
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Term
Air Pollution Temperature Inversion Phenomenon |
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Definition
the air temperature at ground level is lower than higher elevations causing the heavy, cold trapped air below to release pollutants |
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Term
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Definition
the composite of weather conditions (described in data or quantifiable units) including temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and rainfall, as well as site conditions including microclimate, topography, ground cover, water, and elevation. |
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Term
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Definition
the science of the pattern of relationships between a group of organisms and their environment. |
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Term
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Definition
an environment of living organisms and non-living components |
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Term
Determine the Land Value - Comparison Method |
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Definition
compared to other similar parcels (can be applied to all categories of use) and is the most accurate if current data is available. |
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Term
Determine the Land Value - Development Method |
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Definition
when comparisons aren’t available, use estimates to determine the selling price of lot, cost to develop, time to develop, and net sale price. |
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Term
Determine the Land Value - Residual/Income Approach Method |
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Definition
used in highly developed areas by estimating potential income from improvements that yield the highest return (highest & best use) |
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Term
Determine the Land Valu - Allocation Method |
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Definition
used to determine value of improved properties by deducting the value of site improvements to get the value of the land. |
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Term
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Definition
well drained and able to bear loads (+2 mm) |
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Term
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Definition
well drained and can serve as foundation when graded (0.5 - 2 mm) |
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Term
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Definition
stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet (.002 - .05 mm) |
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Term
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Definition
must be removed, too stiff when dry and too plastic when wet ( < .002 mm) |
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Term
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Definition
soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water |
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Term
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Definition
soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity, great for farming |
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Term
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Definition
rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt, and clay |
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Term
Bearing Capacity - Bedrock |
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Definition
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Term
Bearing Capacity - Well graded gravel/sand |
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Definition
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Term
Bearing Capacity - Compacted Sand/Fill |
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Definition
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Term
Bearing Capacity - Silt/Clay |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
locations depend on nature of the building and should be 20’-0” past firm strata |
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Term
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Definition
the drilling of a test hold to locate bedrock beneath very compact soil. A pipe is driven into the soil while water forces the material to the surface. It can penetrate all materials other than rock. |
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Term
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Definition
soil testing that uses an auger drill big fastened to a rod to bring the soil to the surface. Most efficient in sand and clay because the bit is easily obstructed. It has limited depth |
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Term
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Definition
an intact cylindrical sample is extracted by drilling through all types of soil including bedrock. Very reliable and expensive |
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Term
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Definition
an excavation of an open pit that allows for a visual examination of the existing conditions as well as the ability to take intact samples for further testing. Can determine the depth of the water table. |
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Term
Foundations - Spread Footing |
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Definition
Most economical…$ method. Delivers load directly to soil. Area of the footing = load/safe bearing capacity. |
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Term
Foundations - Mat Foundations |
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Definition
Very expensive…$$$ method. Typically it’s only used when the strata is weak,It acts as one continuous foundation. |
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Term
Foundations - Belled Caissons |
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Definition
holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured. They’re basically really, really deep spread ! footings! |
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Term
Foundations - Socketed Caissons |
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Definition
like Belled Caissons, but the hole is drilled deep into the strata. Bearing capacity comes from end baring and frictional forces. |
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Term
Foundations - End Bearing Piles |
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Definition
2-3x cost of spread footings. Driven until tip meets firm resistance from strata |
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Term
Foundation Type - Friction Pile |
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Definition
Driven into softer soil. Friction transmits the load between pile and soil. Bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil! |
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Term
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Definition
Behavior setting: a space with definable boundaries and objects where typical pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time (e.g. Tossing scarf during the national anthem at Jeld-Wen Field during a Timbers match) |
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Term
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Definition
systematic record taking about members of a population. Began in 1790 and occurs every 10 years. |
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Term
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Definition
Statistical study of human populations |
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Term
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Definition
number of people per unit area |
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Term
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Definition
actual number of people in a given location. |
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Term
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Definition
the study of spatial requirements of humans and the effects of population density on behavior, communication and social interaction |
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Term
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Definition
behavioral system where person/group lays claim/defends an area |
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Term
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Definition
grouping of people arranged so that each can have privacy from others |
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Term
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Definition
Smallest difference in 2 sounds the human ear can detect Each increase of 10 decibels the human ear perceives as 10x loud. |
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Term
Noise - Sleeping, studying, whispering |
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Definition
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Term
Noise - Conversation, comfort |
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Definition
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Term
Noise - Safety Threshold! |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Trees thin out high frequency noises
• Typically doubling the distance between source and ear reduces level by 6 decibels
• On freeways, doubling the distance between source and ear reduce level by 3 decibels
• Winds add “white noise” that blurs any one sound frequency.
• Walls close to a noise source reduce high frequency, but midway between the source and the ear does nothing |
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Term
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Definition
process of ensuring that system are designed, installed, and functionally tested for effective operation/maintenance for an owner’s operational needs. |
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Term
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Definition
systematic investigation process applied to existing buildings to improve an optimize operating/maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
provides a tool for determining long-term costs for the total building. |
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Term
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Definition
measure of heat transmission where a Low U-value has a slow heat loss or gain (brick wall) and a High U-value has a rapid heat loss or gain (window) |
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Term
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Definition
measure of thermal resistance in a component. (U-Value = 1/R-Value) and typically the opposite of an U-Value. Used to define level of insulation. |
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Term
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Definition
ability of a material to store heat (concrete/masonry walls store heat in an arid climate and release it slowly at night) |
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Term
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Definition
tamper roller used during the soil compaction process which has large teeth used to increase soil stability and bearing capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing or other members such as concrete form work |
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Term
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Definition
creating shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls or to provide drainage of surface water. |
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Term
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Definition
temporary wood or steel bracing usually set at an angle and used to hold walls in place |
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Term
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Definition
providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing |
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Term
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Definition
a temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth wall screated by excavation |
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Term
Soil stabilization methods: |
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Definition
• Silt fence: filter fabric usually fixed to wood stakes filers find sediments from runoffbefore it gets to streams
• Straw bale dams/earth dikes: placement prior to grading will minimize loss of soil.
• Hydroseeding or mulching: Temporary seeding with quick sprouting annual grass or a layer of mulch
• Retaining walls: a more permanent solution. |
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Term
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Definition
an assessment of the environmental impacts of a product in each phase of its use, from raw material to disposal. |
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Term
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Definition
the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by a person, place, or thing. |
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Term
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Definition
water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity |
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Term
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Definition
process in which water on the ground surface enters the soil |
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Term
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Definition
the passage of moisture into/through a material or construction in the form of water vapor due to a difference in vapor pressure in the two faces |
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Term
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Definition
materials expand (and contract) due to temperature variation. |
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Term
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Definition
boundary between aerated and water saturated soil that can rise and fall seasonally |
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Term
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Definition
a reservoir in which debris and sediment from runoff may settle before it enters the storm drain |
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Term
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Definition
the lowest point or lowest inside surface of a drain, sewer, pipe, etc. established due to the dependency of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically a large diameter concrete or metal pipe often used under a road |
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Term
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Definition
underground conduit used to carry rainwater from a catch basin to a body of water. |
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Term
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Definition
perforated pipe surrounded by granular fill used to release hydrostatic pressure from foundation of retaining walls |
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Term
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Definition
or foil sheet that resists the diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling, and floor assemblies, located on the warm side of the insulation. |
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Term
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Definition
a unit that measures how often outdoor daily dry-bulb temperatures fall below an assumed base, normally 65°F |
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Term
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Definition
is the flow of water through holes, cracks, and other discontinuities into the basement walls. |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when water wicks into the cracks and pores of porous building materials, such as masonry blocks, concrete, or wood. These tiny cracks and pores can absorb water in any direction—even upward. |
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Term
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Definition
Design of spaces/neighborhoods that encourages social interaction |
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Term
Proxemics/Personal Space
Intimate Distance |
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Definition
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Term
Proxemics/Personal Space
Personal Distance |
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Definition
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Term
Proxemics/Personal Space
Social Distance |
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Definition
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Term
Proxemics/Personal Space
Public Distance |
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Definition
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Term
Design for Climate Zone
Hot & Dry |
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Definition
minimize sun exposure and effects of wind. Use small windows. Optimize thermal mass for large temperature swing during the day, and closely cluster buildings for the shade the offer each other. |
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Term
Design for Climate Zone
Hot & Humid |
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Definition
minimize sun exposure, maximize natural ventilation. Use lightweight construction to minimize radiation of heat and space buildings far apart for breezes |
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Term
Design for Climate Zone
Temperate |
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Definition
maximize solar gain in the winter, minimize in the summer. Maximize breezes in the summer, minimize in the winter. Take advantage of daylighting opportunities |
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Term
Design for Climate Zone
Cold |
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Definition
orient buildings/openings for maximum protection from cold winds and use small windows/compact shapes to minimize heat loss. Use south facing windows to maximize solar gains. |
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Sunlight |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Full Daylight |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Overcast Day |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Very Dark Day |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Twilight |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Full Moon |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Public Space w/ Dark Surroundings |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Homes, Warehouses, Theatres |
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Definition
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Term
Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:
Office, Library, Grocery Store |
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Cost Estimating:
Prelimanry Costs |
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Definition
SF Cost Estimates; based on occupancy, size & type of construction |
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Cost Estimating:
Detailed Cost |
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Cost Estimating:
Value Engineering |
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Definition
process to get the best value for the project using similar, but more affordable materials and techniques |
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Cost Estimating:
Pro-forma |
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Definition
financial analysis of a building project which involves cost/return on investment |
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not legally binding. Use of a mediator to reach agreement between each party |
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legal technique for the resolution of disputes outside the courts. It’s a form of binding dispute resolution, equivalent to litigation in the courts |
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conflicts/disputes that are resolved in a court of law. Typically a last option |
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legal technique where an insure takes over for a party for whom it has made a payment. (e.g. damage to a property under construction caused by a subcontractor is covered by insurance who then sues subcontractor in the owner’s name) |
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Insurance: Professional Liability |
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Definition
Held by architects/design professionals. Liability due to negligence or not meeting the standard of care expected of them. (eg: not designing ADA compliant restrooms in a public building) |
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Held by almost everyone. Liability to employees for injury or sickness as a result of their employment |
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Insurance: Property/Builders Risk |
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Definition
Held by owner. Covers any damages, loss of work on site/ off site/in transit |
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Held by owner. Covers any financial loss due to delay in construction because of damage, accidents, fire, other hazards needed to be dealt with. |
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Insurance: Product & Completed Operations |
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Definition
held by contractor. Liability for damages caused by installed goods after the construction phase and transfer of title. |
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Insurance: Contractual/Indemnification |
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Definition
Liability assumed by contract where contractors agree to hold owners/architects harmless for damages that are the result of specific events |
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Definition
• Code applies to all AIA members regardless of membership category
• Common ethics violations:
• Attribution of credit
• Accurate representation of qualifications
• Attainment and provision of examples of work
• Basic honesty Penalties for Violations:
• Admonition (private) – letter of ruling sent to the parties and kept in member’s file
• Censure (public) – letter is sent and notification of the case and ruling is published to AIA membership
• Suspension of membership – membership is suspended for period of time; 1 or 2 years & ruling is published
• Termination of membership – membership is terminated & ruling is published |
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Winds - Pleasant *and* noticeable |
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Pedestrian Circulation - Area of a Person |
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Pedestrian Circulation - Easy Movement |
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Pedestrian Circulation - Crowd Movement |
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Pedestrian Circulation - No Movement |
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Pedestrian Circulation - Sidewalks |
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Pedestrian Circulation - Collector Walks |
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Definition
6'-0" to 10'-0" wide min. |
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Building code that specifies techniques, materials and methods to be used. Cut and dry and simple to administer by the official |
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Building code that describes functional requirements, but leave method to achieve decisions up to the designer. |
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values for how long a separation can resist the passage of fire. Stated in terms of hours and can be increased with the use of sprinklers. (eg: walls, doors, windows, floors, etc.) |
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Flame Spread Rating/Smoke Developed Ratings |
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Definition
measures the amount of flame and smoke a material generates. (e.g. Carpet, fabrics, etc) |
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Definition
a location designed to hold occupants when evacuation is not safe or possible. Has a steady supply of outside air, passive fire protection, electrical integrity/ emergency lighting, two way communication/call box to 24 hr manned, or outside line |
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Definition
vary between every city, and influence building design through the regulation of land, function, size, and exterior elements. |
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Term
environmental impact assessment (EIA) |
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Definition
is an assessment of the possible impact—positive or negative—that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic aspects originated in the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), enacted in 1970 |
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environmental impact statement (EIS) |
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Definition
under United States environmental law, is a document required by the National Environmental Policy Act for federal government agency actions "significantly affecting the quality of the human environment."[1] A tool for decision making, an EIS describes the positive and negative environmental effects of proposed agency action - and cites alternative actions |
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