Shared Flashcard Set

Details

ARE 4.0 - Site Planning and Design
Vocabulary, Principles, Facts, Rules, and Concepts Needed to pass the SP+D Exam
227
Architecture
Professional
01/14/2015

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Zoning
Definition

Uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect the health, welfare and safety of people. Regulates the use of land, light, air, and open space while protecting property values and protecting against nuisances (factories in residential areas), undesirable businesses (porn shops by schools) and dangers (hazardous chemicals in public areas).

Term
Incentive Zoning
Definition
Encourages private developers to provide amenities for public use in exchange for opportunity to build larger or taller structures on a site.
Term
Nonconforming Use
Definition
Building is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance. Typically allowed to stay unless it’s unsafe.
Term
Conditional Use
Definition
A building that is permitted in an area that it is not zoned for, to benefit the public (e.g.: an elementary school in a residential neighborhood)
Term
Variance
Definition
Applied for by an owner on a private site to ask to deviate from an ordinance in order to avoid hardship.
Term
Spot Zoning
Definition
A change in the zoning ordinance for a particular area
Term
Ordinance
Definition
A municipal law
Term
Setbacks
Definition
Required open space measured between property line and face of building. Used to preserve light, air, and spaciousness
Term
Building Line
Definition

Utilized by communities principally to achieve planned street patterns. They help insure that buildings will not be erected in the bed of projected streets or of potential street widening.

Term
Easements
Definition
Legal right of government or another land owner to use one’s property for a specific purpose
Term
Scenic Easement
Definition
Prevents development that upsets something scenic to the public
Term
Assessment
Definition
Valuation of property for the purpose of taxes
Term
Business Improvement Districts
Definition
Used to fund public space improvements (new streetscapes/graffiti removal) with the intention that it will enhance an area’s appeal. All business owners in district who would benefit pay increased taxes.
Term
Eminent Domain
Definition

Power of the state to take private property without owner’s consent, but with fair market value of the land compensation. Must be used government or public development (highways, railroads, civic center), economic development, or to mandate an easement for access (public utilities, right of way).

Term
Deed Restrictions
Definition
Place limitations on the use of the property, typically by original developers, who determined what land would be used for (live, work, or play) and can’t be changed by future owners.
Term
Restrictive Covenant
Definition
Limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be aesthetic (allowable color pallets, vegetation types/pruning, fencing materials) pet control (how many and/or living conditions), or storage related (visibility of parked cars/boats/campers).
Term
Affirmative Covenant
Definition
Commits a buyer to performing duties in the future (e.g. will make payments for common charges in a condo)
Term
Conditional Covenant
Definition
If restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revet back to original owners/heirs.
Term
Right-of-Way
Definition
Right for people to cross land of another (pathways/cattle drives)
Term
One acre =
Definition
43,560 square feet
Term
US Survey - Check
Definition
area 24 mi. on a side defined by parallels/meridians & divided into 16 townships
Term
US Survey - Township
Definition
area 6 miles on a side; divided into 36, 1-mile sections
Term
US Survey - Section
Definition
1 mile square parcel of land containing 640 acres
Term
US Survey - Quarter Section
Definition
area 1/2 miles on each side
Term
Cardo and Decumanus
Definition
The two major streets in a Roman town, perpendicular
Term
Loop Road
Definition
A collector/distributor road into a shopping center
Term
Local Road
Definition
Low capacity roads with direct access to a site
Term
Collector Road
Definition
Connection roads between local and arterial streets
Term
Arterial Road
Definition
Wide high capacity streets usually connecting to expressways
Term
Expressways
Definition
Limited access roads with high speed, high volume circulation
Term
Slope - flat area - good for all activities
Definition
< 4%
Term
Slope - moderate
Definition
4 - 10%
Term
Slope - steep - unusable
Definition
10 - 50%
Term
Slope - very steep, subject to erosion
Definition
+ 50%
Term
Slope - storm drains
Definition
0.3%
Term
Slope - sanitary sewers
Definition
0.4% - 1.4%
Term
Slope - street surface drainage
Definition
0.5% minimum
Term
Slope - lawns
Definition
25% max
Term
Slope - parking lot
Definition
5% max
Term
Slope - sidewalks
Definition
10% max
Term
Slope - streets/driveways
Definition
10% max
Term
Maximum length of a block
Definition
1,600 feet
Term
cul-de-sac dimensions
Definition
400 feet max w/ 80 feet turn around
Term
Dimensions of a 2 lane highway w/ 9'-0" shoulders
Definition
40 feet - 42 feet
Term
landscape strip dimensions
Definition
7 feet w/ trees or 4 feet w/ grass/dirt
Term
typical street surface materials
Definition
concrete, asphalt, gravel, or decomposed granite
Term
parking space dimensions
Definition
9'-0" wide by 18'-0" to 20'-0" long
Term
accessible parking space dimensions
Definition
minimum of 8'-0" wide with an access alley of 5'-0" wide for cars or 8'-0" wide for vans
Term
Parking - square footage per car w/ circulation
Definition
400 sf/car
Term
most effective/efficient parking layout angle
Definition
90 degrees
Term
Mothballing
Definition
term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract.
Term
Adaptive Reuse
Definition

process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended while retaining their historic features.

Term
Historic Preservation - Preservation
Definition
least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are as inconspicuous as possible
Term
Historic Preservation - Rehabilitation
Definition
retain and repair historic materials, but some replacement of damaged material is ok, as are additions that convey historic values
Term
Historic Preservation - Restoration
Definition
remove inconsistent features and replace missing features in accordance with the restoration period
Term
Historic Preservation - Reconstruction
Definition
new construction to look like how something existed at an earlier time
Term
Nationals Park Service Standards for Preservation
Definition

• Use a property as it was historically intended to, or maximize the rendition of distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships if there is a change

• History character of a property will be retained and preserved. Do not replace historical materials that are intact or can be repaired

• A property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use.

• Changes to property that are now also considered historical will be preserved (e.g. the minoan columns at Knossos that were painted red as an act of restoration)

• Distinctive materials/features/finishes/construction or examples of craftsmanship will be persevered • Existing condition of historic features will be evaluated to determine the appropriate level of intervention. • Chemical/physical treatments will be gentle if absolutely required. • Archeological resources will be protected/preserved in place

Term
Kevin Lynch’s The Image of the City
Definition

-Is about how users perceive and organize space as they navigate through cities.

-Also known as legibility, the ease with which people understand the layout of a place based on the following:

Paths: streets, sidewalks, trails that people travel on

Edges: perceived boundaries like walls, buildings, shorelines

Districts: city sections distinguished by some identity/ character

Nodes: focal points, intersections

Landmarks: readily identifiable objects become reference points

Term
Camillo Sitte's City Planning According to Artistic Principles
Definition

suggested that the quality of urban space is more important than architectural form (the whole is much more than sum of its parts):

Planning cannot be done in two dimensions, but three.

Believed Greek spaces like the agora (gathering place) or forum (marketplace) were good urban spaces Public square should be seen as a room and should form an enclosed space

Churches and monuments shouldn’t be isolated, but integrated into the squares

Term
Clarence Perry's The Neighborhood Theory
Definition

Served as a framework to design functional, self-contained neighborhoods in industrial cities.

No major traffic through residential areas, arterial streets should form the perimeter to define the “place” of the neighborhood Interior streets to use cul-de-sacs and curves for low volume traffic Population would be determined by the number of people needed to support one school, and would be about 160 acres with 10 families per acre.

The school would be at the center of the neighborhood so that a child would have to walk 1/4 mile - 1/2 mile, and without crossing any major streets Shopping, churches, services would be placed on the edge of the neighborhood so that nonlocal traffic wouldn’t intrude on the neighborhood 10% of the land area would be dedicated to parks and open space for community

Term
Tony Garner's Wrote Une Cité Industrial
Definition

Suggested that functions of a city could be separated by zoning into four categories: leisure, industry, work, and transportation

Was developed in response to the industrial revolution Schools and vocational schools are placed near the industries they’re related to, and there are no churches or government/police buildings so man can rule himself.

Pioneered the use of reinforced concrete Designed innovative building block with free standing houses Enormous open spaces.

There are few squares or parks Trees are incorporated into important streets

Term
Sir Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities of To-morrow
Definition

Describe a utopian city where people live harmoniously with nature, the basis for the Garden City Movement “Three Magnets” pull a people are: town, country, town-country Suburban towns of limited size, but financially independent could be planned ahead and surrounded by a belt of agricultural land, balancing the desire for the city and the country. These cities would be connected by a ring of rail transportation and surround a large central city.

Term
Primogeniture
Definition
land was passed from father to eldest son
Term
Fee Simple
Definition
land could be transferred and used however the owner pleased
Term
Catchment Areas
Definition
market, trade, or tributary area: geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn. It grows and shrinks with the activity.
Term
Proctor Compaction Test
Definition
Geotechnical tests to determine the maximum, practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates.
Term
Percolation test
Definition
test method to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent. Used to test suitably of soil for a leachfield.
Term
Survey - Baselane
Definition
parallel (line that follows latitudes of earth) used as the basis for the east‐west layout of the US Survey system
Term
Survey - Parallels
Definition
parallels between the baselines in the US Survey
Term
Survey - Principal Meridian
Definition
meridian (north-south line that follows longitude of earth) that serves as the basis for the north‐south grid layout of the US Survey
Term
Survey - Guide meridian
Definition
meridians between the principal meridians
Term
Survey - Benchmark
Definition
standard or point of reference against which things may be compared
Term
Metes and bounds
Definition
verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the point of the beginning is reached
Term
Topography - Contour interval
Definition
change in elevation between two contours. Smaller scaled maps typically have a larger interval for clarity.
Term
Topography - Crown/Ridge
Definition
contours point “down” toward the lower elevation
Term
Topography - Swale/Valley
Definition
contours point “up” towards the higher elevation
Term
Topography - Hills
Definition
concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center
Term
Topography - Depression
Definition
concentric circles with the elevations getting lower towards the center
Term
Frost line
Definition
max depth at which soil will freeze. Below, the soil stays warmer than freezing.
Term
Swamp
Definition
wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry‐land protrusions
Term
Swale
Definition
an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually vegetated and is normally without flowing water.
Term
Detention Pond
Definition
low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less around for flood control when large amounts of rain could cause flash flooding if not dealt with properly
Term
Retention Pond
Definition
designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water level gets above the pond capacity, but still maintains a certain capacity
Term
Riparian Rights
Definition
system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, !and allocations of water to owners of waterfront property (includes bottomland, beach, and upland, but not the water itself). Owners can use water adjacent to their property, but can’t infringe upon the rights of others to use the water.!
Term
Sheet Flow
Definition
water that flows across paved surfaces
Term
Aquifer
Definition
permeable stratum of soil material that allows the passage of water under ground and is the water source for wells
Term
Hydrology
Definition
the study of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water on a site.
Term
Flume
Definition
elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport things like logs and fish
Term
Weir
Definition
embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert water flow.
Term
Albedo
Definition
how much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface where 0 is a flat black surface which absorbs all heat and 1 is a mirror (rate is listed as a fraction).
Term
Conductivity
Definition
the speed with which heat passes through a material. Metals are high, and soils/sand are low.
Term
Macroclimate
Definition
based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water. Water reduces temperature extremes.
Term
Microclimate
Definition
based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude
Term
Macroclimate - Islands/Costal Region
Definition
constant & moderate temperature
Term
Macroclimate - Arid/Desert Region
Definition
low humidity & greater temperature variation
Term
Macroclimate - Mountainous Region
Definition
winds are forced to rise
Term
Microclimate - Greatest sun rays
Definition
perpendicular to ground
Term
Microclimate - Winter Solstice
Definition
least hours of sun and low sun angle
Term
Microclimate - Summer Solstice
Definition
most hours of sun and high sun angle
Term
Microclimate - Vernal/Autumnal Equinox
Definition
equal hours of sun and dark
Term
Vortex
Definition
when moving air encounters a building perpendicular to a broad face it flows both over roof and down the facade. Air collects at the base of the building which results in a high velocity swirl of wind.
Term
Air Pollution Temperature Inversion Phenomenon
Definition
the air temperature at ground level is lower than higher elevations causing the heavy, cold trapped air below to release pollutants
Term
Climate
Definition
the composite of weather conditions (described in data or quantifiable units) including temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and rainfall, as well as site conditions including microclimate, topography, ground cover, water, and elevation.
Term
Ecology
Definition
the science of the pattern of relationships between a group of organisms and their environment.
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
an environment of living organisms and non-living components
Term
Determine the Land Value - Comparison Method
Definition
compared to other similar parcels (can be applied to all categories of use) and is the most accurate if current data is available.
Term
Determine the Land Value - Development Method
Definition
when comparisons aren’t available, use estimates to determine the selling price of lot, cost to develop, time to develop, and net sale price.
Term
Determine the Land Value - Residual/Income Approach Method
Definition
used in highly developed areas by estimating potential income from improvements that yield the highest return (highest & best use)
Term
Determine the Land Valu - Allocation Method
Definition
used to determine value of improved properties by deducting the value of site improvements to get the value of the land.
Term
Soil Type - Gravel
Definition
well drained and able to bear loads (+2 mm)
Term
Soil Type - Sand
Definition
well drained and can serve as foundation when graded (0.5 - 2 mm)
Term
Soil Type - Silt
Definition
stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet (.002 - .05 mm)
Term
Soil Type - Clay
Definition
must be removed, too stiff when dry and too plastic when wet ( < .002 mm)
Term
Alluvium
Definition
soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water
Term
Humus
Definition
soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity, great for farming
Term
Loam
Definition
rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt, and clay
Term
Bearing Capacity - Bedrock
Definition
10,000 psf
Term
Bearing Capacity - Well graded gravel/sand
Definition
3,000 - 12,000 psf
Term
Bearing Capacity - Compacted Sand/Fill
Definition
2,000 - 3,000 psf
Term
Bearing Capacity - Silt/Clay
Definition
1,000 - 4,000 psf
Term
Borings
Definition
locations depend on nature of the building and should be 20’-0” past firm strata
Term
Wash boring
Definition
the drilling of a test hold to locate bedrock beneath very compact soil. A pipe is driven into the soil while water forces the material to the surface. It can penetrate all materials other than rock.
Term
Auger boring
Definition
soil testing that uses an auger drill big fastened to a rod to bring the soil to the surface. Most efficient in sand and clay because the bit is easily obstructed. It has limited depth
Term
Core boring:
Definition
an intact cylindrical sample is extracted by drilling through all types of soil including bedrock. Very reliable and expensive
Term
Test pit
Definition
an excavation of an open pit that allows for a visual examination of the existing conditions as well as the ability to take intact samples for further testing. Can determine the depth of the water table.
Term
Foundations - Spread Footing
Definition
Most economical…$ method. Delivers load directly to soil. Area of the footing = load/safe bearing capacity.
Term
Foundations - Mat Foundations
Definition
Very expensive…$$$ method. Typically it’s only used when the strata is weak,It acts as one continuous foundation.
Term
Foundations - Belled Caissons
Definition
holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured. They’re basically really, really deep spread ! footings!
Term
Foundations - Socketed Caissons
Definition
like Belled Caissons, but the hole is drilled deep into the strata. Bearing capacity comes from end baring and frictional forces.
Term
Foundations - End Bearing Piles
Definition
2-3x cost of spread footings. Driven until tip meets firm resistance from strata
Term
Foundation Type - Friction Pile
Definition
Driven into softer soil. Friction transmits the load between pile and soil. Bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil!
Term
Behavior setting
Definition
Behavior setting: a space with definable boundaries and objects where typical pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time (e.g. Tossing scarf during the national anthem at Jeld-Wen Field during a Timbers match)
Term
Census
Definition
systematic record taking about members of a population. Began in 1790 and occurs every 10 years.
Term
Demography
Definition
Statistical study of human populations
Term
Population Density
Definition
number of people per unit area
Term
Population size
Definition
actual number of people in a given location.
Term
Proxemics
Definition
the study of spatial requirements of humans and the effects of population density on behavior, communication and social interaction
Term
Territoriality
Definition
behavioral system where person/group lays claim/defends an area
Term
Sociofugal
Definition
grouping of people arranged so that each can have privacy from others
Term
Decibel
Definition
Smallest difference in 2 sounds the human ear can detect Each increase of 10 decibels the human ear perceives as 10x loud.
Term
Noise - Sleeping, studying, whispering
Definition
30 decibels
Term
Noise - Conversation, comfort
Definition
50 - 60 decibels
Term
Noise - Safety Threshold!
Definition
85 decibels
Term
Noise - Rock Band!!
Definition
90 - 100 decibels
Term
How to reduce noise
Definition

• Trees thin out high frequency noises

• Typically doubling the distance between source and ear reduces level by 6 decibels

• On freeways, doubling the distance between source and ear reduce level by 3 decibels

• Winds add “white noise” that blurs any one sound frequency.

• Walls close to a noise source reduce high frequency, but midway between the source and the ear does nothing

Term
Building Commissioning
Definition
process of ensuring that system are designed, installed, and functionally tested for effective operation/maintenance for an owner’s operational needs.
Term
Retrocomissioning
Definition
systematic investigation process applied to existing buildings to improve an optimize operating/maintenance
Term
Life Cycle Costing
Definition
provides a tool for determining long-term costs for the total building.
Term
U-Factor
Definition
measure of heat transmission where a Low U-value has a slow heat loss or gain (brick wall) and a High U-value has a rapid heat loss or gain (window)
Term
R-Value
Definition
measure of thermal resistance in a component. (U-Value = 1/R-Value) and typically the opposite of an U-Value. Used to define level of insulation.
Term
Thermal Inertia
Definition
ability of a material to store heat (concrete/masonry walls store heat in an arid climate and release it slowly at night)
Term
Sheepsfoot
Definition
tamper roller used during the soil compaction process which has large teeth used to increase soil stability and bearing capacity.
Term
Wale
Definition
horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing or other members such as concrete form work
Term
Trenching
Definition
creating shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls or to provide drainage of surface water.
Term
Shoring
Definition
temporary wood or steel bracing usually set at an angle and used to hold walls in place
Term
Underpinning
Definition
providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing
Term
Raker
Definition
a temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth wall screated by excavation
Term
Soil stabilization methods:
Definition

• Silt fence: filter fabric usually fixed to wood stakes filers find sediments from runoffbefore it gets to streams

• Straw bale dams/earth dikes: placement prior to grading will minimize loss of soil.

• Hydroseeding or mulching: Temporary seeding with quick sprouting annual grass or a layer of mulch

• Retaining walls: a more permanent solution.

Term
Life cycle analysis
Definition
an assessment of the environmental impacts of a product in each phase of its use, from raw material to disposal.
Term
Carbon Footprint
Definition
the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by a person, place, or thing.
Term
Surface Runoff
Definition
water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity
Term
Water Infiltration
Definition
process in which water on the ground surface enters the soil
Term
Moisture Migration
Definition
the passage of moisture into/through a material or construction in the form of water vapor due to a difference in vapor pressure in the two faces
Term
Thermal Expansion
Definition
materials expand (and contract) due to temperature variation.
Term
Water Table
Definition
boundary between aerated and water saturated soil that can rise and fall seasonally
Term
Catch basin
Definition
a reservoir in which debris and sediment from runoff may settle before it enters the storm drain
Term
Invert
Definition
the lowest point or lowest inside surface of a drain, sewer, pipe, etc. established due to the dependency of gravity
Term
Culvert
Definition
drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically a large diameter concrete or metal pipe often used under a road
Term
Storm drain
Definition
underground conduit used to carry rainwater from a catch basin to a body of water.
Term
Drain tile
Definition
perforated pipe surrounded by granular fill used to release hydrostatic pressure from foundation of retaining walls
Term
Vapor Barrier
Definition
or foil sheet that resists the diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling, and floor assemblies, located on the warm side of the insulation.
Term
Heating Degree Day
Definition
a unit that measures how often outdoor daily dry-bulb temperatures fall below an assumed base, normally 65°F
Term
Bulk Moisture
Definition
is the flow of water through holes, cracks, and other discontinuities into the basement walls.
Term
Capillary Action
Definition
occurs when water wicks into the cracks and pores of porous building materials, such as masonry blocks, concrete, or wood. These tiny cracks and pores can absorb water in any direction—even upward.
Term
Sociopetal
Definition
Design of spaces/neighborhoods that encourages social interaction
Term

Proxemics/Personal Space

Intimate Distance

Definition
6 in to 18 in
Term

Proxemics/Personal Space

Personal Distance

Definition
1 1/2 feet to 2 1/2 feet
Term

Proxemics/Personal Space

Social Distance

Definition
4 ft to 12 ft
Term

Proxemics/Personal Space

Public Distance

Definition
12 ft onward
Term

Design for Climate Zone

Hot & Dry

Definition
minimize sun exposure and effects of wind. Use small windows. Optimize thermal mass for large temperature swing during the day, and closely cluster buildings for the shade the offer each other.
Term

Design for Climate Zone

Hot & Humid

Definition
minimize sun exposure, maximize natural ventilation. Use lightweight construction to minimize radiation of heat and space buildings far apart for breezes
Term

Design for Climate Zone

Temperate

Definition
maximize solar gain in the winter, minimize in the summer. Maximize breezes in the summer, minimize in the winter. Take advantage of daylighting opportunities
Term

Design for Climate Zone

Cold

Definition
orient buildings/openings for maximum protection from cold winds and use small windows/compact shapes to minimize heat loss. Use south facing windows to maximize solar gains.
Term

Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:

Sunlight

Definition
10,000 fc
Term

Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:

Full Daylight

Definition
1,000 fc
Term

Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:

Overcast Day

Definition
100 fc
Term

Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:

Very Dark Day

Definition
10 fc
Term

Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:

Twilight

Definition
1 fc
Term

Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:

Full Moon

Definition
0.01 fc
Term

Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:

Public Space w/ Dark Surroundings

Definition
2-5 fc
Term

Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:

Homes, Warehouses, Theatres

Definition
150 fc
Term

Footcandle Levels and Recommendations:

Office, Library, Grocery Store

Definition
500 fc
Term

Cost Estimating:

Prelimanry Costs

Definition
SF Cost Estimates; based on occupancy, size & type of construction
Term

Cost Estimating:

Detailed Cost

Definition
Itemized break down
Term

Cost Estimating:

Value Engineering

Definition
process to get the best value for the project using similar, but more affordable materials and techniques
Term

Cost Estimating:

Pro-forma

Definition
financial analysis of a building project which involves cost/return on investment
Term
Mediation
Definition
not legally binding. Use of a mediator to reach agreement between each party
Term
Arbitration
Definition
legal technique for the resolution of disputes outside the courts. It’s a form of binding dispute resolution, equivalent to litigation in the courts
Term
Litigation
Definition
conflicts/disputes that are resolved in a court of law. Typically a last option
Term
Subrogation
Definition
legal technique where an insure takes over for a party for whom it has made a payment. (e.g. damage to a property under construction caused by a subcontractor is covered by insurance who then sues subcontractor in the owner’s name)
Term
Insurance: Professional Liability
Definition
Held by architects/design professionals. Liability due to negligence or not meeting the standard of care expected of them. (eg: not designing ADA compliant restrooms in a public building)
Term
Insurance: Workers Comp
Definition
Held by almost everyone. Liability to employees for injury or sickness as a result of their employment
Term
Insurance: Property/Builders Risk
Definition
Held by owner. Covers any damages, loss of work on site/ off site/in transit
Term
Insurance: Loss of Use
Definition
Held by owner. Covers any financial loss due to delay in construction because of damage, accidents, fire, other hazards needed to be dealt with.
Term
Insurance: Product & Completed Operations
Definition
held by contractor. Liability for damages caused by installed goods after the construction phase and transfer of title.
Term
Insurance: Contractual/Indemnification
Definition
Liability assumed by contract where contractors agree to hold owners/architects harmless for damages that are the result of specific events
Term
AIA Ethical Standards
Definition

• Code applies to all AIA members regardless of membership category

• Common ethics violations:

• Attribution of credit

• Accurate representation of qualifications

• Attainment and provision of examples of work

• Basic honesty Penalties for Violations:

• Admonition (private) – letter of ruling sent to the parties and kept in member’s file

• Censure (public) – letter is sent and notification of the case and ruling is published to AIA membership

• Suspension of membership – membership is suspended for period of time; 1 or 2 years & ruling is published

• Termination of membership – membership is terminated & ruling is published

Term
Winds - Basic Speed
Definition
70 - 80 miles/hour
Term
Winds - Unnoticeable
Definition
< 50 feet/minute
Term
Winds - Pleasant
Definition
50 - 100 feet/minute
Term
Winds - Pleasant *and* noticeable
Definition
100 - 200 feet/minute
Term
Winds - Drafty
Definition
200 - 300 feet/minute
Term
Winds - Uncomfortable
Definition
+ 300 feet/minute
Term
Pedestrian Circulation - Area of a Person
Definition
3 sf
Term
Pedestrian Circulation - Easy Movement
Definition
13 sf
Term
Pedestrian Circulation - Crowd Movement
Definition
7 sf
Term
Pedestrian Circulation - No Movement
Definition
3 sf
Term
Pedestrian Circulation - Sidewalks
Definition
5'-0" wide min.
Term
Pedestrian Circulation - Collector Walks
Definition
6'-0" to 10'-0" wide min.
Term
Prescriptive Code
Definition
Building code that specifies techniques, materials and methods to be used. Cut and dry and simple to administer by the official
Term
Performance Code
Definition
Building code that describes functional requirements, but leave method to achieve decisions up to the designer.
Term
Fire resistance
Definition
values for how long a separation can resist the passage of fire. Stated in terms of hours and can be increased with the use of sprinklers. (eg: walls, doors, windows, floors, etc.)
Term
Flame Spread Rating/Smoke Developed Ratings
Definition
measures the amount of flame and smoke a material generates. (e.g. Carpet, fabrics, etc)
Term
Area of Refuge
Definition
a location designed to hold occupants when evacuation is not safe or possible. Has a steady supply of outside air, passive fire protection, electrical integrity/ emergency lighting, two way communication/call box to 24 hr manned, or outside line
Term
Zoning Codes
Definition
vary between every city, and influence building design through the regulation of land, function, size, and exterior elements.
Term
environmental impact assessment (EIA)
Definition
is an assessment of the possible impact—positive or negative—that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic aspects originated in the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), enacted in 1970
Term
environmental impact statement (EIS)
Definition
under United States environmental law, is a document required by the National Environmental Policy Act for federal government agency actions "significantly affecting the quality of the human environment."[1] A tool for decision making, an EIS describes the positive and negative environmental effects of proposed agency action - and cites alternative actions
Supporting users have an ad free experience!