Term
|
Definition
Royal Architect
English Baroque Era
London, England
- Masterplan for London after Great Fire of 1666 (not used)
- St. Paul’s Cathedral in 1710
- Designed 52 London churches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urban Planner
50's/60's
New England, USA
- Studied under FLW at Taliesin/Professor at MIT
- Coined “imageability” and “wayfinding”
-Wrote The Image of the City
Paths: streets, sidewalks, trails that people travel on
Edges: perceived boundaries like walls, buildings, shorelines
Districts: city sections distinguished by some identity/ character
Nodes: focal points, intersections
Landmarks: readily identifiable objects become reference points |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect
1970s - present
California, USA
Wrote A Pattern Language - described practical architectural system in what’s called a “generative form”.provides rules to follow but leaves aesthetic and design decisions to the architect based on the environment. Offer smethods for construction of practical/safe designs for everything from regions to hardware fixtures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Writer/Activist
50's/60's
New York City, USA/Toronto, Canada
Wrote A Pattern Language which described a practical architectural system in what’s called a “generative form”. It provides rules to follow but leaves aesthetic and design decisions to the architect based on the environment. Offers methods for construction of practical/safe designs for everything from regions to hardware fixtures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect - Late 1800’s - Europe
- Authority on urban construction planning/regulation in Europe
- Thought that the experience of an irregular urban structure with big plazas and monuments was more appropriate than the hygienic planning procedures in practice at the time.
- Wrote City Planning According to Artistic Principles which suggested that the quality of urban space is more important than architectural form (the whole is much more than sum of its parts)
- Planning cannot be done in two dimensions, but three.
- Believed Greek spaces like the agora (gathering place) or forum (marketplace) were good urban spaces
- Said a public square should be seen as a room and should form an enclosed space
- Churches and monuments shouldn’t be isolated, but integrated into the squares |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Civic Planner - Mid 1800s - Paris, France
- Responsible for the plan to rebuild and “modernize” Paris under Napoléon III
- Encompassed all aspects of urban planning, both in the city center and in the surrounding districts.
- Cut down the Luxembourg Garden and destroyed much of the old city with twisting streets and rundown apartments.
- Built new wide tree lined boulevards. Placed regulations on facades/heights of buildings, public parks, sewers/waterworks, facilities and monuments.
- Influenced by the frequency street revolutions, now streets were too broad for rebels to build barricades and military could assemble and get through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect/City Planner, 1920's - Lyon France
- Wrote [b]Une Cité Industrial[/b] which suggested that functions of a city could be separated by zoning into four categories: leisure, industry, work, and transportation
- Was developed in response to the industrial revolution
- Schools and vocational schools are placed near the industries they’re related to, and there are no churches or government/police buildings so man can rule himself.
- Pioneered the use of reinforced concrete
- Designed innovative building block with free standing houses
- Enormous open spaces. There are few squares or parks
- Trees are incorporated into important streets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Writer/Parliament Recorderkeeper - 1910s - London, UK
- Wrote [b]Garden Cities of To-morrow[/b] which describe a utopian city where people live harmoniously with nature, the basis for the Garden City Movement.
- “Three Magnets” pull a people are: town, country, town-country
- Suburban towns of limited size, but financially independent could be planned ahead and surrounded by a belt of agricultural land, balancing the desire for the city and the country. These cities would be connected by a ring of rail transportation and surround a large central city. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect/Civil Engineer - Late 1700’s/Early 1800’s - New York, USA
- Submitted plans for the federal city in Washington DC that followed a Baroque planning elements including grand radial avenues, sight lines, ceremonial spaces, and respect of natural contours of the land. The two most important buildings on the avenues were to be the houses of Congress and the President.
- Visual connections would be made down avenues to ideal sites throughout the city, including buildings, monuments, and fountains
- Was dismissed of his duties and city plan was awarded to surveyor Andrew Ellicott, who's revisions became the basis for the development.
- In 1901 a partial redesign of the capital used L’Enfant’s plans, including the development of the national mall where his largest avenue was originally intended. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect/Urban Planner - Late 1800s/Early 1900s - Chicago
- Instrumental in the development of the skyscraper, key contributor to the Chicago School, and served as director of the World’s Columbian Expo
- Studied under William LeBaron Jenny and opened a firm with John Root
- Designed one of the first skyscrapers: the Masonic Temple Building, which was 21 stories tall, and a skeleton frame
- Designed the Flatiron Building in New York and Union Station in Washington DC
- Designed the Monadnock, Reliance Building, Rookery offices, the general plan for the World’s Columbian Expo in Chicago
- Prepared the Plan of Chicago which laid out plans for the future of the city which controlled growth and suggested that every
citizen should be within walking distance of a park
- Helped with McMillan Plan which led to overall design of the national mall in Washington DC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect - Late 1800's - Chicago
- “The Father of the American Skyscraper”
- Designed the Home Insurance Building the first fully metal framed building, considered to be the first skyscraper (8 stories)
- Used masonry, iron, and terra cotta flooring and partitions for fireproof construction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect/Urban Planner - Early 1900's - NYC
- Major proponent of the Garden City Movement in the USA
- Collaborated with Henry Wright to design Rayburn, New Jersey a garden suburb noted for its superblock layout. There was total separation between the automobile and the pedestrian. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Historian/Author - 1950s - 1980s - NYC
- Beleved that what sets humans apart from animals is not our use of tools, but our use of language/symbols.
- friends with Frank Lloyd Wright, Clarence Stein, Edmund Bacon
- Critical of urban sprawl and argued that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for social problems seen in western society. Argues that urban planning should emphasize organic relationships between people and their living spaces
- Said the medieval city should be the basis of the ideal city. Modern cities are too much like Roman cities (a sprawling megalopolis) which ended in collapse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Journalist/Landscape Architect - Late 1800's - NYC
- “The father of Landscape Architecture”
- Famous for designing Central Park and Prospect Park as well as many parks throughout the country |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Planner/Writer - 1920s/1930s - NYC
- A strong advocate of the neighborhood community and -recreation center
- Wrote The Neighborhood Theory which served as a framework to design functional, self-contained neighborhoods in industrial cities. Included the following core principles:
- No major traffic through residential areas, arterial streets should form the perimeter to define the “place” of the
neighborhood
- Interior streets to use cul-de-sacs and curves for low volume traffic
- Population would be determined by the number of people needed to support one school, and would be about 160 acres with 10 families per acre.
- The school would be at the center of the neighborhood so that a child would have to walk 1/4 mile - 1/2 mile, and without crossing any major streets
- Shopping, churches, services would be placed on the edge of the neighborhood so that nonlocal traffic wouldn’t intrude on the neighborhood
- 10% of the land area would be dedicated to parks and open space for community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biologist/Town Planner - Late 1800's - France
- Responsible for introducing the concept of region to architecture
- Believed that by changing spatial form, it would be possible to change the social structure as well
- Emphasized the preservation of human life and energy rather than superficial beautification. The happiness, health, and comfort of all residents is more important than the roads and park for the rich. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect - 1910s-1950s - France
- One of the pioneers of Modern Architecture
- Distanced himself from the past, and based designs on functionality without ornamentation
- Developed the Five Points of Architecture which included: pilotis (reinforced concrete stilts), a free facade (non supporting walls designed however), open plan (no structure in the way), ribbon windows (for unencumbered views), and roof garden (green area consumed by the building on the ground was relocated to the roof)
- Developed The Modulor a continuation of architectural scale and proportion based off the human body, the golden ratio, fibonacci numbers, and the double unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect - Late 1800s/Early 1900s - Chicago
- Father of the modern skyscraper, critic of the Chicago School, mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and inspiration to the Prairie School.
- Used steel frames with terra cotta to create tall buildings that emphasized verticality
- Believed that the exterior of a building should reflect its inter structure and function. Ornamentation must be derived from nature rather than classical architecture of the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect - Early 1900s - Chicago
Leader of the Prairie School, and emphasized structures built in harmony with humanity and its environment, notably seen in Fallingwater. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect/Engineer/Inventor
Mid 1900s
Los Angeles, USA
Developed the geodesic dome, and futuristic prototype housing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect
1910s-1950s
Germany/Boston, USA
Founder of the [b]Bauhaus School[/b], pioneer of modern architecture, and the International Style.
- emphasized the [b]gesamtkunstwerk[/b] or total work of art |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect/Urban Planner
1920s-1950s
Germany/Chicago, USA
- Taught at the Bauhaus
- Wrote City Plan which emphasized street hierarchy including safety for children to walk to walk to school while increasing the speed of vehicular circulation
- Developed studies for the new town center which was a dissolution of major cities and a complete penetration of landscape and settlement
- In order to create a sustainable relationship between human,s industry, and nature, human habitation should be built in a way to secure people against disaster and crisis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect
1920s-1950s
Germany/Chicago, USA
- Pioneer of modern architecture,
- “Less is more” and “God is in the details”
- Sought a rational approach that would guide architecture through a creative process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect
Late 1800s
Germany/Boston, USA
- Member of McKim, Mead, and White bringing beaux-architecture to America. Notable buildings include Boston Public Library, Penn Station, New York Herald Building |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Architect
1940s - 2000s
New England, USA
- Modern architect that worked in simple materials and glass.
- Notable buildings include the Glass House and The SeagramBuilding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
1650s - 1660s
Rome
- Designed so that the greatest number of people could see the Pope give his blessing
- Used doric columns so not to complete with the palace-like faced by Carlo Maderno, but done at such a huge scale to evoke emotions of awe |
|
|
Term
| World’s Columbian Exposition |
|
Definition
Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmstead
1893
Chicago
- Celebrated the 400th anniversary of Columbus’ arrival
- The prototype of what they thought a city should be
- Showed desirable results could be achieved through organized efforts
- Designed to follow Beaux Arts principles and French neoclassical architecture based on symmetry, balance, and splendor. |
|
|
Term
| Savannah, Georgia City Plan |
|
Definition
James Edward Oglethorpe
1770s
Georgia, USA
- first colonial town laid out on a grid system
- groups of 40 houses are bound by major streets and each section has a public square |
|
|
Term
| Philadelphia, Pennsylvania City Plan |
|
Definition
William Penn
1690s
Pennsylvania, USA
- an early attempt at a “pre planned” utopian city based on a grid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ebenezer Howard
1903
Hertfordshire, England
the world’s first Garden City |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ebenezer Howard
1920
Hertfordshire, England
- the second Garden City and one of the first New Towns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clarence Stein
1928
New Jersey, USA
- first Garden City plan in the USA. It took on planning for pedestrians and automobiles, by the use of underpasses to allow pedestrians to pass under automobiles. Only 1 underpass was constructed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
900s - end of 1100’s
Medieval Europe
- Round headed arches, arcades, symbolism, sometimes squished elements to fit into tight spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1100s - 1300s
Europe
- Popular for religious structures, and featured the development of the pointed arch, buttressing, and ribbed vaults.
- allowed for thinner walls, larger glass windows, and vaults to be constructed over bays that were square/rectangular/odd shaped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Late 1760s- 1790s
England/Colonial America, USA
- General buildings were 5 bays with 2 stories and a central door, a double gambrel roof, quoining, heavy detailing (molding profile, keystone) thick chimney, 12 over 12 windows that were small compared to the building mass, and mutule blocks |
|
|
Term
| Style - Federal/Adamesque |
|
Definition
1790s - 1820s
USA
- Style that originated from Pompeii.
- Delicate detail & ornamentation, 12 over 12 windows, circulate window in pediment, pilasters that create arcade, splayed/point lintel, finely carved moldings, fan/transom lights around doorway, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1840s - 1860s
USA
- Looks like a temple with chunky details, arched columnist with correct proportions, full pediment, correct entablature (cornice, freeze, architrave), 6 over 6 windows, squared lintel, earlier examples have lower pitched roof
- Facades were in antis (two columns and two pilasters on facade) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1850s - 1860s
England (never took off in US)
- sought to revive medieval forms in contrast to the neoclassical/beaux arts styles prevalent at the time. Associated w/churches
- steep pitch roof, painted arches, verge board, wall dormers, irregular “L” shaped plan, flat buttressing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1865 - 1880
England/Northern Europe/US
- Modeled on 16th century Italian renaissance architecture with picturesque aesthetics.
- very tall/elongated feeling with irregular or symmetrical plan, 2 over 2 long narrow windows, paired bracket, cupola, corner quoining, squared columns with chamfered corners, cast iron details, heavy hood moldings, multiple story bay windows, shallow dormers and narrow double leaf doors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1870s - 1880’s
USA
- Exactly like Italianate but with mansard roofs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Late 1880's
USA/New England
- Closely related to masonry, mimics the shape of stone, has shingles used as membrane, cavernous openings in gable are emphasized, as well as the overall volume of the building instead of details, gambrel roofs have curve edges, and shingles curve around corners and protrusions |
|
|
Term
| Style - Richardsonian Romanesque |
|
Definition
1880's
USA
Developed by HH Richardson
Large Arches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1880s - 1900s
USA
- Hybrid with Shingle Style that emphases many wild colors, scalloped shingles, gable screens (combined verge board) turrets/towers, irregular floor plan, clapboard siding, starburst motifs, weathervanes/finials, 1 over 1 windows typical, cube/ pyramid roof, slate wallhangings/roof, chamfered bays, oriel windows, big windows with little on top
- Heavy, big proportions, with roundheaded arches, belt courses, different color stones, and ornamentation in sandstone. |
|
|
Term
| Style - American Four Square |
|
Definition
1890s - 1930s
USA
- A building type that can be applied to any style.
- typically a cube, with a door and window on first floor and two windows on the second floor, and a hipped roof |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1890s - 1930s
USA
- Excessive in every way, classical columns, 8 over 8 sash windows or any # over 1 windows, blown out of scale details, swans neck pediments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1890s - 1920s
USA
- Low and wide projections that emphasize horizontality, broad eves, stucco facades, windows and doors tucked under eaves for privacy.
- Typically associated with Frank Lloyd Wright |
|
|
Term
| Style - Bungalow/Craftsman |
|
Definition
1913 - 1920s
USA
- Low, small and modest construction that has a Japanese influence with square battered columns, exposed rafter tails, and emphasis of craftsmanship in design (clinkerbrick!) wide eaves, ideas borrowed from single style, and considered a dignified middle class home |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1929
USA
- Vertical/stripped down gothic that seems to go on forever to the sky, any ornamentation is replaced with mechanics, and alludes to speed and industry |
|
|
Term
| Style - International Style |
|
Definition
1920s
Western Europe
- An effort to industrialize craft traditions, which led to the Bauhaus school led by Gopius |
|
|
Term
| History - Industrial Revolution |
|
Definition
1790s - 1860s
UK/Western Europe/USA
- Transition from manual labor to machine based manufacturing beginning with textile industries, and the increased use of coal. Cities became dirty, unsafe places.
- Prompted a reform movement that lead to many ideas about planning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ordinance of 1785 - 1785
USA
- Started the rectangle survey system of the United States that reinforced the idea of grid planning that began with Penn’s plan for Philadelphia |
|
|
Term
| History - Beaux Arts Architecture |
|
Definition
1670s - 1960s
Europe and the US (1880 - 1920)
- Academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
- Slightly over scale details, bold sculpture, deep cornices, swags, flat roof, hierarchy of spaces (from grand staircases to small utilitarian services), arched windows, arched/pedimented doors, classical details, symmetry, sculpture, murals, and coordinated artwork
- In the US, the “White City” of the World’s Columbian Expo was an example of the movement. |
|
|
Term
| History - City Beautiful Movement |
|
Definition
1890s - 1900s
United States (Chicago, Detroit, DC)
- Progressive architecture and urban planning movement with the intent of using beatification and monumental grandeur in cities to counteract the moral decay of poverty stricken urban environments.
- It wasn’t beauty for beauty’s sake, but for social control and improvement of the lives of the inner-city poor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1980s - present
USA
- Reform all aspects of development and urban planning (from urban remodels to suburban infill) to contain a diverse range of housing and jobs and be walkable.
- Ahwahnee Principles were developed by Duany, Platter- Zebeck, Calthorpe, and others as a set of community principles for land use planning that reduce traffic congestion, increase the supply of affordable housing, and rein in urban sprawl. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created by Hippodamus in 400 BC were the first urban planned cities. They used a rectilinear grid pattern with a large central area which became the agora, the center of the city an the society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attributed to Vitruvius in 30s BC were rectilinear grid patter enclosed in walled city, and built off of two main streets the cardus and decumanus. Towns were either for commerce or military. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically built between 1100s-1350s and had no geometry or grid, but were walled for defense. |
|
|
Term
| History - Renaissance Towns |
|
Definition
| typically built between 1300s-1600s, had a town square that was the focus, and cities were often star shaped, and built off of medieval plans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically built between 1600s - 1900s as a growth of the Renaissance. Used boulevards and avenues to connect various parts and expand the city. |
|
|
