Term
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Definition
| patients with aphasia may present a series of associated disorders, such as hemiparesis, sensory defects, apraxia, agnosia, and acalculia. -depending upon the lesion location and extension, these disorders can be mild, severe, or simply be absent |
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Term
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Definition
-disorders of awareness
-motor disorders
-sensory disorders
-disorders of cognitive function |
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Term
disorders of awareness
-confusional state |
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Definition
| -inability to maintain a coherent line of thought). it is associated with aphasia etiology and aphasia type. initially is frequently found, improves in most patients but a residual degree of attention abnormality is often present |
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Term
disorders of awareness
-inattention |
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Definition
| right unilateral inattention may be found |
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Term
disorders of awareness
-inintention |
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Definition
| -motor neglect), may be found |
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Term
hemiparesis
-broca aphasia |
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Definition
| usually associated with a motor defect in the right hemibody. severity is variable depending upon the extension of the lesion. some times is minimal, some times it is severe |
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Term
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Definition
-hemiparesis
-dysarthria
-extraocular motor palsies
-pseudobulbar palsy
-apraxia |
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Term
hemiparesis in:
-conduction aphasia |
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Definition
| is frequent to find some initial hemiparesis that tends to disappear or at least decreases in severity |
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Term
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Definition
may affect the articulatory organs
-is manifested as a dysarthria, usually a spastic dysarthria |
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Term
hemiparesis
-in the extrasylvian motor type II |
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Definition
(aphasia of the supplememtary motor area)
-usually a right leg hemiparesis is found, associated with gait difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
| patients with Wernicke aphasia and extrasylvian sensory aphasia usually do not present motor defects, but occasionally a mild motor defect is observed at the onset of the aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| patients with extrasylvian motor aphasia type I usually do not present hemiparesis, even though may present deficits in controlling the eye movements and defects in visual scanning |
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Term
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Definition
1-spastic (upper motor neuron)
2-flaccid (lower motor neuron)
3-hypokinetic (basal ganglia)
4-hyperkinetic (basal ganglia)
5- ataxic (cerebellum) |
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Term
dysarthria
(pyramidal system) |
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Definition
-upper motor neuron; spasticity
-lower motor neuron; flaccidity |
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Term
dysarthria
(basal ganglia) |
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Definition
-hypokinesia
-hyperkinesia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| extraocular motor palsies |
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Definition
| brain damage involving the frontal eye field (broadman's area 8) will result in impairments in eye movements, particularly by verbal command. it is not unusual to find extraocular motor disturbances in extrasylvian motor aphasia (typeI) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the paralysis hat results from bilateral upper motor neuron lesions of the pyramidal tract. it produces a paralysis very similar to that seen with bulbar palsy |
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Term
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Definition
frequently associated with aphasia
- about 40% of the aphasia patients presents an ideomotor apraxia.
-some types of aphasia have been interpreted as segmentary apraxias |
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Term
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Definition
-conduction aphasia is associated with ideomotor apraxia
-in wernicke aphasia, finding ideomotor apraxia suggests an extension of the damage to the parietal lobe
-patients with broca aphasia may present a sympathetic apraxia |
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Term
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Definition
-represents a disorder due to an impairment in planning and programming the sequences of movements required for speech production
-it is considered with agrammatism, one of the elements underlying broca aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
-characterized by abnormalities in phoneme production (phonetic deviations), omissions, and substitutions of speech sounds.
-speech rate is decreased.
-language is not fluent and produced with effort
-errors are inconsistent
-automatic language is notoriously better produced
-it can be associated with oral apraxia (bucofacial) and/or dysarthria |
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Term
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Definition
2 types:
-pre-rolandic and retro-rolandic
-the first one would correspond to "apraxia of speech |
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Term
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Definition
apraxia of speech(frontal): kinetic apraxia and is associated with Broca aphasia.
-post-rolandic type is associated with conduction aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
it has been suggested that verbal apraxia and conduction aphasia are the same disorder.
-that is; conduction aphasia in a verbal apraxia |
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Term
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Definition
1- somatosnsory defects
2- visual field defects |
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Term
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Definition
| are more evident in conduction aphasia, but they can also be found in a lesser degree in Broca and Wernicke aphasia, depending upon the extension of the lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| in conduction aphasia is not unusual to find hypoesthesia, difficulties in two-point discrimination and tactile extinction |
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Term
somatosensory defects
-visual field defects |
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Definition
-right homonymous hemianopia is almost invariable in alexia without agraphia
-in wernicke aphasia occasionally a right superior quadrantopsia is found
-extrasylvian sensory aphasia; occasionally some visual field defects may be found
-in parietal aphasia an inferior quadrantopsia can be found if damage extends deep into the brain |
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Term
| disorders of cognitive function |
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Definition
-amnesia
-agnosia
-acalculia
-Gerstmann syndrome
-dementia |
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Term
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Definition
present difficulties to memorize verbal information.
-a sub-type of wernicke aphasia has been interpreted as a specific verbal amnesia (anterograde and retrograde)
-in aphasia if damage extends to other areas, (prefrontal areas, hippocampus,), a broader amnesia can be found |
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Term
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Definition
1- visual agnosia
2-auditory agnosia
3-somatic agnosia |
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Term
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Definition
can be associated with aphasia
-semantic agnosia; mild moderate agnosic disorders re frequent.
semantic anomia implies some difficulties in revisualization (representing for oneself) of the objects. |
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Term
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Definition
-can be associated with alexia
-alexia without agraphia (also called agnosic alexia) is always associated with visual agnosia.
-alexia without agraphia can even be interpreted as a particular type of visual agnosia.
it can be also associated with achromatopsia or achromatognosia |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific type of aphasia that has been interpreted as a verbal auditory agnosia (word deafness, acoustic-agnosia aphasia, Wernicke aphasia type I) |
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Term
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Definition
| -word deafness refers to inability for the phonological recognition of language. in acoustic-agnosic aphasia there are some difficulties in the recognition of the language sounds, associated with other aphasic phenomena, such as paraphasias |
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Term
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Definition
-finger agnosia, right-left disorientation, acalculia and agraphia are included in the so-called GERSTMANN SYNDROME
-finger agnosia, autotopagnosia and even right-left disorientation can be interpreted as specific types of anomia (anomia for body lateral dimensions) |
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Term
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Definition
-not easy to find pure cases without associated aphasic defects
-usually, it has been assumed that lef posterior parietal damage is associated with primary _______________
-conduction aphasia is the type of aphasia most frequently associated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
aphasic acalculia
-----in broca aphasia
-----in wernicke aphasia
-----in conduction aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
alexic acalculia
-----in central alexia
-----in pure alexia |
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Term
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Definition
-agraphic acalculia
-frontal acaculia
-spatial acalculia |
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Term
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Definition
-calculation difficulties can be observed in aphasia, correlated with the language defects
-wernicke aphasia patients with verbal memory defects, will manifest these defects when performing arithmetical operations and solving numerical problems |
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Term
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Definition
-broca aphasia patients will present difficulties in using the syntax applied to the numerical problems and arithmetical operations
- in conduction aphasia, language repetition defects will be observed when repeating inverse numerical sequences |
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Term
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Definition
-calculation defects can be correlated with reading difficulties. This is an alexic acalculia or alexia for numbers
-alexia with agraphia, alexia without agraphia, frontal alexia |
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Term
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Definition
-patients can count, to compare quantities, and to perform simple arithmetical operations, especially if they can use pencil and paper. they present difficulties in mental operations, successive operation and solving arithmetical problems.
-it canbe found in extraslyvian motor aphasia type I |
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Term
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Definition
-acalculia
-finger agnosia
-right-left disorientation
-agraphia
-also referred to as angular gyrus syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
-aphasia is not supposed in "pure" cases
-possible association with semantic aphasia (extrasylvian sensory aphasia type II) usually not considered
-agraphia would correspond to an apraxic agraphia (non-aphasic), not necessarily associated with alexia |
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Term
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Definition
| -it has been proposed to replace agraphia by semantic aphasia; or simply to consider semantic aphasia as the 5th characteristic of syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
or angular gyrus syndrome
-would include acalculia
-finger agnosia (or a more extended form of autotopagnosia)
-right-left disorientation
-semantic aphasia
-sometimes agraphia without alexia is observed, but agraphia would be the consequence of the extension of the lesion toward the inferior parietal lobe |
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Term
disorders of cognitive function;
-dementia |
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Definition
| a progressive decline in cognition due to damage or disease in the brain (degenerative condition, multiple brain infarcts,etc) beyond what might be expected from normal aging. particularly affected areas may be memory, attention, language and executive functions |
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Term
disorders of cognitive function;
-dementia |
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Definition
| the language impairment found in Alzheimer's Disease has been equated with an anomia(initially), with an extrasylvian sensory aphasia (later), and with a mutism or semi-mutism in the terminal stages |
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Term
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Definition
second most common form of dementia.
-vascular disease produces either focal or diffuse effects on the brain and causes cognitive decline.
focal cerebrovascular disease occurs secondary to thrombotic or embolic vascular occlusions. the 3 most common mechanisms of vascular dementia are multiple cortical infarcts, a strategic single infarct, and small vessel disease. in multi-infarct dementia, the combined effects of different infarcts produce cognitive decline |
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Term
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Definition
| aphasia can be found associated with other cognitive disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
language disturbances can be found in different types of dementia such as:
1-frontal-temporal dementia
2-traumatic dementia
3-pick's disease
4-dementia due to infections of the brain
5-subcortical dementia (parkinson's disease) |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive aphasia can be found in a particular subtype of alzheimers disease |
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