Term
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Definition
an acquired disturbance in reading;
a loss or impairment of the ability to comprehend written or printed language caused by brain damage |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity. it is dependent on fundamental cognitive disabilities which are frequently of constitutional origin |
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Term
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Definition
valerius maximus=(CIRCA 30 AD): after his head was hit, a man lost the memory for letters
johann schmidt=(1673): loss of the reading ability with preserved writing ability |
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Term
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Definition
Dejerine: published in 1891 and 1892 two cases of alexia
in 1891 he described a patient with a vascular accident associated with mild anomia, right henianopia, and total inability to read and write (excepting his signature). A postmortem exam disclosed a left posterior parietal infarct |
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Term
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Definition
in 1892 Dejerine publishes the case of a patient unable to read, but without any other impairment in language, right hemianopia. he could normally write, but only read letters
-left occipital (mesial and inferior) infarct, involving the corpus callosum. |
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Term
| classical alexic syndromes |
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Definition
| alexa without agraphia (pure alexia, occipital alexia, agnosic alexia, posterior alexia, word-blindness, verbal alexia, letter-by-letter reading) |
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Term
| classical alexic syndromes |
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Definition
-dissociation between ability to read and to write
-letter-by-letter reading
-normal writing
-derivational (morphological) paralexias (taking->take)
letter-by-letter reading may result in reading the word
-correct spelling
-ability to change the type of letter |
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Term
classical alexic syndromes
ALEXIA WITH AGRAPHIA |
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Definition
| alexia with agraphia (parietal-temporal alexia,central alexia,literal alexia, aphasic alexia,letter blindness |
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Term
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Definition
-inability to read letters (total alexia)
-copy is better than spontaneous speech
-inability to change the type of letter
-reading other symbolic systems(e.g.,numbers) is also impaired |
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Term
classical alexic syndromes
SPATIAL ALEXIA (visuospatial alexia, neglect alexia) |
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Definition
-asymmetric reading
-difficulties in the spatial recognition of letters
-left hemi-spatial neglect
-completing words
-inability to follow a text
-grouping and fragmenting |
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Term
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Definition
one half of the text is ignored
-patient only reads one side of the text on paper |
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Term
spatial alexia.
examples of some types of errors observed in reading
errors is reading letter, syllables, and words |
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Definition
1-errors in reading letters
h->n;
2-literal substitutions
fama->cama
3-syllables and pseudowords substitutions for words
tas->gas
4-letter additions
dentro->adentro
5-letter omissions
plazo->lazo
6-hemi-spatial neglect in reading words
soldado->dado
7-confabulation in words
bebe->contiene
8-word splitting
convertir->con ventir |
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Term
spatial alexia.
examples of some types of errors observed in reading
errors is reading sentences and texts |
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Definition
1-hemi-spatial neglect in sentences
el hombre camina por la calle-> camina por la calle
2-word substitutions
las personas se reunen en el parque-> las personas se sientan en al parque
3-word addition
la cantina es de juan->la cantina es de don juan
4-word omissions
las personas se reunen en el parque-> las personas en el parque
5-confabulation in sentences
las personas se reunen en el parque->yo estuve en el parque
6-grouping
con tener-> contener |
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Term
classical alexic syndromes
FRONTAL ALEXIA (anterior alexia, broca aphasia alexia) |
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Definition
-reading understanding is better than reading aloud
-meaningful words
-errors are similar to spoken language errors
-agrammatic reading
-verbal reading is better than literal reading |
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Term
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Definition
| aphasic patients present defects in reading as a result of their linguistic defect |
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Term
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Definition
| cutting the splenium of the corpus callosum without associated occipital damage. Difficulties to read the information presented to the left visual field |
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Term
special forms of alexia
ALEXIA FOR BRAILLE |
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Definition
| in blind people has been observed in cases of bilateral or right occipital lesions |
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Term
special forms of alexia
KINESTHETIC ALEXIA |
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Definition
(inability to read following the letters with fingers)
with a normal visual reading has been reported in left parietal damage |
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Term
| psycholinguistic models of alexia |
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Definition
| during the 70's and 80's a new approach to the study of alexia is proposed. this new approach is unusually known as psycholinguistic or cognitive. emphasis changes from the anatomical correlates to the functional mechanisms of alexias |
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Term
| psycholinguistic models of alexia |
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Definition
a model for normal reading is proposed:
two routes;
1-direct route=written word is associated with the representation of the word in memory
2-indirect route=written words is converted in a spoken word following certain graphophenemic rules. meaning is obtained using a phonological mediation |
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Term
| psycholinguistic models of alexia |
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Definition
subsystems used in reading:
-phonological reading word comprehension, impaired; phonologic alexia
-recognition of the word, comprehension of the word, lexical route, impaired: surface alexia
-naming letters |
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Term
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Definition
the word is correctly recognized but there are defects in the semantic or phonologic processing of the word
-phonological alexia
-surface alexia
-deep alexia |
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Term
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Definition
defects in the correct recognition of the word
-letter-byletter reading
-neglect alexia
-attentional alexia |
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Term
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Definition
-indirect route(phonological) impaired
-direct route(lexical) preserved
-inability to read pseudowords
-relative ability to read real words
-frequency is crucial
-visual paraalexias are frequent |
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Term
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Definition
-indirect route(phonological)preserved
-direct route(lexical) impaired
-reading regular words and pseudowords
-regularization of irregular words |
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Term
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Definition
-both routes are impaired and just some few residual abilities remain
-semantic paraalexias (lawyer->attorney)
-grammatical category and imaginability
-impossible to read pseudowords
-morphological (derivational) paralexias
-aphasia and agraphia always observed |
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Term
| cross-linguistic analysis of alexias |
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Definition
reading abilty in two writing systems can be dissociated (syllabic Kana and logographic Kanji)
-even in 2 alphabetic systems
- even in the same alphabetic system |
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Term
| cross-linguistic analysis of alexias |
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Definition
| LOST + VERBAL ABILITY + DISEASE = APHASIA |
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Term
| cross-linguistic analysis of alexias |
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Definition
-english has 26 letters and over 30 phonemes
-english orthography includes 219 ways of combination of 24 consonants and 342 possibilities for 13 vowels
-irregularities is a result of different factors including mixture of different ways of writing |
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Term
| cross-linguistic analysis of alexias |
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Definition
| Landis et al,(1983) found that in a non selected sample of English speaking aphasics, over 50% (11 out of 10) presented one or several semantic paralexias in reading 36 words. four presented a fluent aphasia and seven a non fluent aphasia |
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Term
| cross-linguistic analysis of alexias |
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Definition
-Hindi (Devanagiri) is phonological transparent and almost regular. double route models are not applicable to Hindi
-Lukatela and Turvey (1990) proposed for the Serbo-Croatian language, a model of written language recognition in which word processing was mediated by phoneme processing units
-semantic paralexias are extremely unusual is Spanish |
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