Difference between Crocs and Gators

Alligators have round snouts and are relatively peaceful, living in N.A., S.A., and China.

Crocs are larger with a narrow snout, and dangerous (remember Jumanji?). Found in tropical areas.

3 Derived features of crocodillians

describe them

2° palate:

so they can eat & breate at the same time

4 cham heart:

sep. oxegenated and deoxygenated blood

maternal care

hatchlings emerge from shells & call for mama who digs them out & carry to nursery area

Small ridges on Crocodillians back are for....

solar panels & heat dumpers

Gavials are

narrow skulled crocodillians found in India

Who filled the Anklyosaurus (herbivorous) niche?

Simosuchus (extinct Croc)

Now what niche do Crocodillians fill?

That of the giant salamanders.

Archosaurs are....

Crocodillians, Pterosaurs, & Dinosaur-Birds

Ornithischian means

bird-hipped

Saurischian means

lizard hipped

What clade are birds in

Saurischian (lizard-hipped) clade

odd? yes

How long ago did dinos go extinct?

65 MYA

How do we think Dinosaurs went extinct?

Asteroids hit The Yucutan Peninsula, England, & Russia causing env. change and plant biomass produced.

Meaning they likely starved.

Ornithischians are....

What did they have to protect themselves?

Herbivorous dinos (Ceratopsians & Anklosaurians)

They had horns or armor.

Giant dinos had what?

Long necks with 

Several hearts to pump blood to the brain

& Long Tails

Some cracked them like a whip to scare predators

Tyrannosaurus couldn't ____.

Run.

Archaeopteryx

Feathered dinosaur. Didn't have a wishbone or keel.

What do Hoatzins have?

An elongated gut to digest cellulose.

Where do Hoatzins live?

What do their young have?

Venezuela

Offspring have clawed thumb on each wing.

Name a pterosaur.

What did it eat?

Quetzalcoatlus.

probably ate crustaceans

What are some adaptations for flight?

keeled sternum, hollow bones, & feathers.

pterosaurs have _______ ______ instead of feathers.

hairlike scales

You can find most pterosaur remains in.....

What did most of them eat?

Marine sediment.

They ate fish.

Pitx1 gene will tell you to....

"make leg"

Whats happens if you put a Pitx1 gene into wing buds of bird? Put Tbx5 into a leg bud?

You get legs where wings should be & vice versa.

Why are bird bones so light?

They are hollow.

What do bird bones have to keep strength?

Struts provide structural strength

 What did birds get rid of to lose weight?

Teeth

Goodbye Jenny Craig, hello dentist!

Name three feathers & what they are for

Flight-flight (go figure)

Contour-help make aerodynamic

Downy-insulation

What do birds do to replace feathers?

Molt

What are feathers made out of

Keratin Protein

In mating season males molt into ______ _______

Breeding Plumage

1) so they can still fly

&

2) it costs a lot of energy to replace feathers

What is the difference in what a hawk does when it flys and what diving birds do?

What about owls?

Hawks spread their wings to soar, diving birds fold them to easily catch prey.

Owls have eyelash like extensions to be quiet while hunting prey.

What species violates Fisher Sex Ratio Theory?

How?

Seychelles warblers do

 They adjust the sex of their offspring to the territory quality...

Why do female like brightly colored males?

They have a lower risk of parasitism. That way the offspring are more disease resistant.

brighter=prettier too

How do birds mate?

They put together their cloacas to rapidly transfer sperm.

How do birds know when to migrate?

Its innate

What is a supernormal stimulus?

A larger egg. or bigger breasts

The larger the stimulus the larger the response.

What are migration cues for birds?

Constellation recognition and they use an internal magnetic compass.

Why do birds migrate after a storm.

The wind changes causes a tailwind for birds, this means less energy

What do hummingbirds eat?

What is their waste product?

They eat nectar and waste ammonia.

How does an egg breathe?

Pores in the egg

Eggs you find on a cliff are most likely what kind of shape?

Cone shaped.

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What is a brood patch?

[image]

Birds lay on eggs with this. Loss of feathers exposes the skin.

Who has the biggest eggs in proportion to size?

Kiwis

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What is brood parasitism?

Who does it?

Laying of eggs in other species nests, so they raise their young.

Cukoos and cowbirds do this

Why do passive colonies allow brood parasitism?

Hint: There are no wasps there

There are no wasps to eat bot flies so when the cowchick eggs hatch first they get attacked instead of their own young.

In aggressive colonies cowbirds must be....

Secretive,

sneaky sneaky!

What large species of birds have we killed off?

Elephant Birds in Madagascar,

Moa Moa in New Zealand,

Genyornis in Australia

What kind of beak do Raptors have?

Finches?

Fish-eating birds?

Flycatchers?

Raptors have hooked bills, cuz they tear flesh.

Finches have conical beaks for cracking seeds.

Fish-eaters have rear facing "teeth" to hold fish, others have pointed ones to spear them.

Flycatchers have broad beaks & bristles for funneling insects.

&

This card, has way too much info.

If you see a shorebird with a longer bill, that means........

They can feed deeper, duh!

Thus, partition resources (thats a new one!)

Who has the best lungs out there?

Our aviator friends

(birds)

How does a bird breathe?

They inhale & air enters posterior sacs

exhale and air goes to tubes

Inhale a second time & air is drawn into anterior sacs

Exhale #2 air finally leaves.

How do sea birds get rid of excess salt?

actively pumped out in tubules of nasal glands.

this leads to salty snot, mmmm.