Term
|
Definition
Borromini
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (San Carlino)
little church
begun in 1634
first major independent commission
very influential on italian baroque architecture
at the height of the catholic reformation
Church dedicated to St. Carlo Borromeo- leading fig in catholic reformation
Francesco added his last name in honor of the saint
Architecture is innovative
Has a main and side facade.
side facade has a tower and fountain
sculptural and dynamic with undulating motion
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Borromini
serpintine motion
deeply recessed niches
casts shadows
all about drama
central plan structure
greek cross plan as well
very different from the typical central plan
4 arms set at right angles within an undulating oval
The interior has movement as well
pulled together by its absolute symmetry
bold columns that seem to sculptural protrude into the space
complex geometric shapes in the vault
coffered dome in an unclassical baroque way
hexagons octagons etc.
has hidden windows at the base so that the dome seems to float |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jacopo Da vignola
Villa Lante
He was also an architecton Peters Basilica
There was an upper parterre that extended down a sloping site
they used thick trees in order to create a Bosco-a dense planting of trees in a shape to design space
He created 'casinos' - little houses, 2 of them to emphasis the garden
has water features at every level
the garden remains a huge feature
had grand stairways
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Philibert De L'Orme
Chateau Chenonceaux
Loire Valley, France
French architecture- strong similarities and differences to Italy
French gardens- parterres are divided into symmetrical spaces
they use patterns that were popular in embroidery
parterre de broidery
used color patterns among the flowers
stong axial alignment betweent he garden and the chateaux
non- traditional parterres
They start cutting hedges into shapes
ordere over nature
very elegant and refined
They have an orangerie- orange grove
terracotta pots and gravel between the parterres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Various Architects
Versailles
The king saw the artists previous garden- Vicomte and got the idea to re-do versailles gardens
Begins with King Louis 13th of France. A hunting lodge was built for him near the village of Versailles
Located 12.5 miles outside of paris
The original building was modest
2 story building surrounded by a moat for protection
1631 asked Louis Le Roy to demolisht he Chateau and Build a larger one in its place
built of brick and stone, 2 square blocks around a central courtyard
North and south wings
arcaded portico encloses the courtyard
It is strongly associated with King Louis XIV- reigned for 70 years.
He continued to work on what the previous kings had started
Trying to end Feudalism and organize a central state ruled by one king.
He believed in the divine right of kings- absolute monarch
'Sun King'
wanted a larger more prestigious palace
enlarged Versailles
first visited the palace at 14 years old-10 years later commissioned Louis Le Vau to enlarge it into a baroque palace
Ordered the noble elite to live and work at Versailles
controlled every aspect of life at the palace
largest and most important palace in france
brought allt he arts under state control
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Louis Le Vau
proposed a new and larger plan.original building is called enveloppe and he encloses it within a larger structure
has acoteria
More classical than what is going on in Italy
Still meant to be grand and dramatic and baroque
Not a lot of movement
rythmically placed sculpture
two wings with 25 bays
North wing for Kind
South wing for Queen, children and kings brother and fam
balistrades, arches
classicising baroque style- takinga step back toward the classical
two facades to versailles one leads to the road and the garden
uses double columns and triple arcade
steep roof and dormer windows
It is much more contained and less flamboyant than italy
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Andrea le Notre
designed gardens at Versailles
King purchased the land surrounding the palace and wrote a guidebook for visitors to versailles on the gardens
includes parterres, avenues, sculptures which surround a solar theme for 'Sun King'
Fountains and waterworks
he wanted the gardens to look endless
had a whole team of engineers who diverted water from rivers for the water works
Gradually he paid for it through govt money and then the army also worked on it
drew water from the Seine. Waterwheels were designed to operate the fountains
1670's Court of Honor was built to house ministers and their departments (2 wings) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Jules hardouin Mansart
added the hall of mirrors- Main and Most impressive room
highly imitated
one side there is mirrors and the other are windows to look over the gardens
Glass candleabra chandeliers
Monarch proceeded through this room to mass etc. 17 mirror on one wall arcade
very long
Paintings are by Charles Lebrun
all of them are glorifying the king
added 2 wings
Interior:
Louis Xiv had a silver balistrade made for his bedroom, contained more than a ton of silver and cost 560, 000 Lera.
built in 1682 and seven years later in 1689 he needed money to pay for the war so he ordered all the silver furniture to be melted down.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mansart
salon De la guerre and the salon of peace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mansart
Grand Trianon
1658 Louis XIV purchased the estate next door called, Trianon
also commissioned a structure made of porcelain
it deteriorated very rapidly- 1670-1687
Trianon de poreclain
Mansart replaces it with a smaller chateau of white stone and pink marble
Double columns open witha colonnade and the other has an arcade
two wings linked by a peristyle
pitched roof with balistrades |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mansard Roof
Slopes on 4 sides often has dormer windows
allowed for an extra room or Garret- a room like an attic
upper slope of the roof is not visible from street level
Lescot created the first mansard roof in 1550. Appears on part of the louvre
Rare until the early 17th century- popularized by Francoise Mansart an early french baroque architect.
Small slope at the top.
Chateau De Blois has a mansard roof.
1902 french law permitted a fourth story under a mansard roof. There was also a window tax.
Mansard roof was a way of having an extra level without breaking building codes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Studied architecture under his great uncle
added Mansart to his name
He worked at Versailles
Designed majored extensions, hall of mirrors, grand trianon, orangerie, and envelope
He is know for classicising French Baroque architecture
often used the Mansard roof |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1700's Roccoco Style
after louis XIV dies many people moved out of the palace and into 'hotels' in the roccoco style.
Louis XV comes into power and is still controlling
art becomes lighter with pastels and genre scenes are popular.
Ensemble- everything has to match from architecture to the furniture creates a unified enviroment.
set for summer and winter
everything is more elegant
emphasis on floral decoration, white with gold trim.
furniture is more comfortable
chinese and english influence
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Petit Trianon
designed by architect Gabriel
king commissioned artist to build this pavilion
is three stories
has 5 bays made of white stone
corinthian columns
Opera house was also built in honor of the Dauphine of france's marrriage to Marie Antoinette
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Petit Trianon
renovated to look more natural
creat artificial ruins and other charming areas in the garden
artificial hills, grottos, rivers and lakes were created.
Pathes were winding
Charming garden buildings
had a theater.
Temple of Love by Joseph Deschamps and Richard Mique
Pompei and herculeneum had been discovered.
Mique was her favorite architect
Emphasis on verticality. Transitioning out of the rococo and into neoclassisism
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Petit Trianon- Belvedere
building with a view, small
on a man made lake
surrounding view |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hamlet
groupd of 12 peasant houses designed by Mique
The towns people couldn't understand the concept
due to the fact that Antoinette was over spending
She was trying to create a nice enviroment for her children inspired by rouseau
Built of a thatched roof.
One has a water wheel
one served as a ballroom
A small village for her ladies in waiting
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most famous of the English Baroque architects
1632- 1723
leader of english baroque architecture
grew up during 1st and 2nd english civil wars
studied latin aristotle and mathmatics
at oxford he associated with mathmeticians and natural scientists.
Very mathmatical and gave lectures on Vetruvius
Formed the Royal Society with his friends
Became increasingly interested in architecture- 'the ultimate demonstration of truth and social order' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sheldonia Theater
1664
paid for by the local archbishop Sheldon as a gift to the university
purpose is to stage graduations
requirements- to shelter and seat a large audience
create a ceremonial entrance, to be sure everyone could see and hear well
illusionistic ceilings
used truss girders- something used in bridges
tiered seating
influenced by roman ampitheaters
done in a D shape
Exterior- super imposed orders
|
|
|
Term
Christopher Wrens Churchs |
|
Definition
christopher Wren
1669 appointed surveryor of kings works
in charge of construction of 47 new church buildings and restoring old buildings
only about half of his churched survived
most have been remodeled
Churches are very practical
draws inspiration from his theater
added additional seating and galleries
many are built on old foundations
they had to be fit into the space they had once been.
Some were central plan .
certain degree of simplicity, light airy, good acoustics.
Most are slightly small, parrish churches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
St Pauls Cathedral
-By Christopher Wren
It was his masterpiece
King Charles II asked him to restore an old Gothic Church before the great fire occured.
1670 Wren presented his first model and it was rejected- not grand enough
He created the Great model: central plan with a dome
supported on a ring of piers on the drum
Dome dominates the structure
Influenced by Bramanted and Michelangelo
1673 presented the model to the committee
many on the committee said it looked too much like a catholic Church in rome. Told him to simplify
Wren was bummed and modified the model.Became more central plan
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
took 30 years to build the church
simplified it and lived to see its completion
has an apse and narthex with transept
Basilica style church
Facade: has influence from Palladio
Double columns influenced by Michelangelo
two towers on either side of the temple
lanterns influenced by Borromini
late renassaince and baroque influences
English old back on the baroque, not so over the top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Interior of St. Pauls Cathedral
Very baroque
Wren died at 91 and is buried at the crypt of St Pauls Cathedral which is considered a high honor
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lived from 1682- 1754
born in Scotland son of a merchant
at 18 he traveled Europe and became aware of european architecture
at 21 he enrolled in the pontifical scots college to study for priesthood
left after one year to study architecture
trained under Carlo Maderno (most influential architect in Rome worked on St Peters)
The Earl of Marre commissioned Gibbs to remodel his home
-first architectural job |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
St. Mary Le Strand
James Gibbs
London, Westminster
Most famous Church
Built while he was working on project- 50 new churches for the city of london
it was the first of the 50 churches to be built
"Queen Anne Churches"
simple plan- square with a campinille over the west end
Strong italian Baroque influence
front had a 17 foot high sculpture of Queen Anne
much like a triumphal roman column- used to be there
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Political unrest after the death of Queen Anne
Many of Gibbs supporters were put in prison or punished.
Gibbs was able to persuade commission to finish the cathedral but without pay.
Commission requested a simpler plan without the campinille or columns
He designed a regular plan church with a steeple. In england campinilles are part of the church and not seperate.
steeple- tall structure on top of a church.
Steeple are associated with Gibbs
criticised for being too italian.
superimposed orders- ionic and corinthian
cathedral had acoteira and tympanem and
pediment
undulating forms
influence of michelangelo and italian baroque
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
St Martin in the Fields
Original plan was a central plan- rejected
Decided to make it a rectangular plan
regarded as english baroque witha step toward neoclassical
has giant corinthian columns
portico gives a solid entrance and allows protection from the weather.
temple front
pseudo peripheral= columns are free standing in the front but as you go aroudn they are engaged
The steeple is at the west end of the church. Inspired by the towers designed by Wren.
One of the 50 Queen Anne Churches
Located in a fashionable area of london. Many high society weddings took place there
influenced- Inigo jones, palladio, Wren and roman ruins
Gibbs began designing gardens
he was known as the architect that was most in vogue.
in 1800s a sculpture fell off of ST Mary le strand and hit a passerby- caused people to call for a simpler design
Church was widely criticised in its time but it became to be loved by all. Model for anglican churches throughout the world. temple front with large steeple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wrote two books
book of architecture in 1729- 1st british publication devoted to the work of a single architect
was a pattern book. 150 plates including St. Martin
-people could look at the designs and copy them
2nd book: Rules for Drawing
architectural drawings with 64 plates
sold in england and Europe as well as by american booksellers
Thomas jefferson owned these books and was highly influenced by gibbs
|
|
|
Term
Isaac Newton and the transition from baroque to
neoclassical |
|
Definition
17th and 18th century there was an increasing interest in reason and order.
Emphasis on intellect over the emotions
clarity and simplicity of form
look back at architecture of the greek, roman and renassaince
time of scientific and philosophical inquiry.
Newton demonstrated mathmatically that the earth moves with machine like precision. He was also influenced by Christopher Wren's mathmatical ideas.
Middle class starts to become more important.
Very optimistic age , people believed in progress and invention.
Encyclopedia- 1st one edited by Diderot
encyclopedia movement- knowledge became more widespread . Lead to revolution
voltaire- most influential literary icon wrote Candid. critical of human folly. praises rational restraint.
leads to classicism
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Escorial
Juan Bautista de Toleda and Juan de Herrera
The royal seat of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
residence of the King of Spain
located in San Lorenzo de El Escorial
-functions as monastary, royal palace, school and museum
Made up of two buildings: The Monastary and a hunting lodge
It was a place where the church and royalty coexisted
commissioned by King Phillip II of Spain
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
El Escorial
Juan Bautista de Toledo
-bautista had worked in rome on St. Peters basilica
appointed as royal architect in 1559
Edifice commemorates the victory of the Battle of St. Quentin
Also intended to house the bodies of the royal family after death
Floor plan is rectangular- Grigiron form in honor of St lawrence who was roasted to death on a grill.
HOWEVER- It is most likely based on the floorplan of the Temple of Soloman
Has: porticos which lead to court yards, arcades, and enclosed passageways
At the four corners is a tower with a spire
Belfries and Round dome of Basilica are at center
Facade has pilasters, mansard roof, niches for statues, pediment
It serves as:
pantheon, a basilica, a convent, a school, a library, and a royal palace. All these functional demands resulted in a doubling of the building's size from the time of its original conception.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Queens House
Inigo Jones
early commission from Anne of Denmark
most important commission after returning from his tour of Roman Architecture in Italy
Located in Greenwich
First conciously classical building constructed in Britain. One of the most important buildings
Jones is credited with the introduction of Palladianism to Britain because of this house
house diverges from Palladios rules a bit
influenced by Villa Medici by Guilano
H shaped layout. has Ionic Columns. Rusticated ground floor. Balistrade on top
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Banqueting House 1619
Inigo Jones
English Renaissance
Located in Whitehall, London
First building to be completed in the Neoclassical style
Only surviving component of the palace at whitehall
Influenced by Palladio
Roofline is a balustrade
Two orders of engaged columns, corinthian over ionic above a high rusticated basement
The first floor appear to be a piano noble and is the banquet hall
ground floor is incredibly small with small windows , indicates its importance
seven bays of windows divided by pilasters
alternating triangular and segmental pediments (tympanum, pediment)
secondfloor windows are unadorned casements
Entablature projects to emphasis the bays and underneath are swag reliefs
Above entablature has dentals
under the swag frieze, festoons and masks suggest revelry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Banqueting House
Inigo Jones
Whitehall London
English Ren
Swag frieze was carved byNicolas Stone, inspired by Michelangelos medici tombs
commissioned by Charles I
Interior: Double cube room inspired by Palladianism
all proportions are mathematically related
Ionic columns
Ceiling is painted for James the 1st. It was an allegory of his own birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chateau De Chambord
By Domenico Da Cortona
French Ren
blends classical and french medieval forms
Building was never completed and commissioned by King Francois I
Largest Chateau in the Loire Valley
Built as a hunting Lodge
28 years to construct and was altered a lot
has gardens and water features
Built like a castle with a moat and a keep
central keep with 4 bastion towers at the corners
over 440 rooms
roof has 11 types of towers and 3 types of chimneys
features- loggia, open windows
double helix staircase- leanardo da vinci
the towers, cupolas, the gables, the lanterns, the chimneys, look more like the spires of a city than the salient points of a single building
800 sculpted columns
wanted it to look like the skyline of Contsantinople
towers are closer in design to minarets
building was possibly influenced by Da Vinci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chateau De Blois
comprises several buildings from the 13th to the 16th century around a main courtyard
utilizes Renaissance, classic and gothic styles
Sprial staircase is italian ren
different kings added different wings
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Santa Susana
Carlo Maderno
Italian Baroque
Most famouse building of Madernos
He put up the facade
1st baroque facade 1568
Added a portruding central vertical bay
Used voluted scrolls like alberti
classical vocabulary in unclassical ways
no longer emphasises clarity and simplicity instead it is the opposite
Very projecting and sculptural
condensed sense of decoration
playfulness yet symmetrical
influenced by Michealangelo
Dynamic rythm of columns and pilasters=energy
shadow and light make it 3d
lots of sculpture, balustrade on top of pediment
niches for sculptures which enhance sculptural effects
Maderno is appointed by the Pope as head architect (1st) of St. Peters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
St. Peters basilica (facade)
Carlo Maderno
Designed Benedictine loggia
designed central plan + facade
Michelangelo did the dome
Maderno was the last architect.
Most important Ren and Baroque structure
Church was built when Constantine legalized Christianity
built over St. Peters grave
Central plan domed church
Greek cross in a square with corner towers
each arm ended in an apse
walls have pilasters hollowed out for niches
St. Peters was never built as planned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
St Peters
Plans
Bramante was first main architect
Michelangelo wanted to stick to the original floor plan
designed 10 column portico for facade
4 column central pediment projection
corinthian order
designs are sculptural
wasnt able to finish but only the dome was finished
on drum he alternates windows with butressing
adds double columns to mask buttress
Dome not intended to be so steep
supposed to be crowned by lantern. Michelangelo died before completion
dome dominates the cityscape
dome is stilted
jacomo designed small domes
the central plan thought up by Michelangelo gets scraped and they want the church to be a basilica
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
St Peters Basilica
Carlo Maderno
goal was to carry out michelangelos plans but pope wanted basilica
not typical of a basilica
added vaults to aisles
irregular forms and symmetry
it is very baroque
classical facade and pediment at the center
benedictine loggia - central where the pop blesses
4 columns-tetra style
Tombs of ST. Peter designed by Maderno
Bernini took over when Maderno died
Bernini did sculpting inside ST. peters
designs an oval baroque piazza tuscan order columns and balustrade
pediment caps it and then end creates place of shade and protection from rain
Trapezoid leads to oval area
monumental and majestic
House bernini and michelangelo sculptures
Baldeccino- guilded bronze spiral arms replaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Santa Maria De La Vittoria ( Cornaro Chapel)
Bernini
baroque
single most important sculptor of the era
major architect of catholic reformation
used hidden light sources to enhance the drama
worked on st peters basilica and piazza- arms of the church
Chapel created as an addition
has tromloleil effects
theatrical
created mini opera boxes
multi media xp
uses marble , stucco, and actual light
hidden windows
in left transept of church - dedicated to st teresa
projects in and out, dynamic
stucco creates clouds
dont know wher wall and ceiling ends
very symmetrical
commissioned by Cornaro Family
has an escuchala- medallion \
used in architecture , coat of arms
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
St. Andre al Quirinale 17th c
Bernini
Italian Baroque
very small, oval church
retreat for jesuit monks
undulating quality
convex and concave contrasts--dynamic
goal to create emotional xp
large architrave
influenced by Michelangelo - stairs
has symmetry
Interior: multimedia xp
painting, stucco, light creat drama
carves chapels into wall space
similar to cornaro chapel
|
|
|