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cromagnon man- around during the ice age (man of the great brain)
Ice age- 3000- 10000 B.C.
Men lived in caves
-painted, sculpted , created jewelry
- found flutes and drums, storytelling
- no need for architecture at this time
-Paintings are usually found deep caverns
-possible initian rights etc
-Paleolithic- stone age.most tools made of stone
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the middle stone age
when the ice began to melt
8000-10000
Still using stone tools
-Big change occurs: groups became nomadic
-developed herbal medicine
-Easier life than paleolithic and neolithic
Dwelings consisted of small caves, rocks, or
TENTS: post holes have been found from aerial photography.
-tents made from animal hides
-also had thatched reed huts
First architecture
Russia had mammoth bone huts
Less survives from the mesolithic than the paleolithic.
many stone objects discovered such as tools and carved relief pillars, jewelery |
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Catal Huyuk
8000-6000 B.C.
Early Neolithic
Located in Turkey
The worlds first city
Covered 32 acres and 10,000 people
The largest settlement in the world
Average life expectancy was 30 years old
Excavated in 1961 by British institute of archaeology
Found a 62ft mound and uncovered the city with 270 square foot houses
- rectangular
-Everything is connected and leaning on eachother
-courtyards were for human waste
-Dwellings connected provided safety
No doors, homes were entered through the roof
-Had clearstory windows at top. If something collapsed it only affected the top
Roofs were flat
buildings made of mud bricks like adobe,
covered with plaster(water, sand, and gypsum) and painted interior
had built in furniture: hard clay benches,
possibly one story houses
1/4 of the city has been excavated
and most isn't there anymore due to a sand storm.
1 out of every 4 homes is a shrine to the bull
-horns, heads, paintings
-Archeaologists believe homes were for nuclear family. Each home had a living area, area to worship the bull, storage area
The dead were buried under the floor for 2-3 generations
Then they would burn their house and then rebuild it
Primitive Farming: very difficult , harsh weather, developing other craft skills
-Become settled people
Early neolithic structures made of- wood, straw, mud brick, animal hides, wattle and daug (woven stick mat covered in mud)
Villages and Hamlets created- roads went between the villages for the salt trade to help preserve food.
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Jericho
7000-6000 BC
in Palestine
oldest continuously occupied site in the entire world
-The people built the 1st wall for protection
dug a ditch and then built the wall
5ft-12ft thick
30ft watchtower made of stone
-seen as very wealthy
round huts- 2 room houses
plastered mud brick walls
Plaster protects the wall
Body of deceased buried under floor while head is left in the house
Coveredin plaster with glass eyes
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Jarmo
6500- 6000 BC Iraq
20-30 houses
each house has 7 rooms and walled courtyard
walls made of pise- clay or earth packed between wooden forms
very small village
roofs made of reed supported by wooden polls
very little change over the years
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Kirokitia
6000-5500
Cyprus
small town with about 100 houses
they had egg shaped houses
round buildings
varied in size between 4-10yards
dead buried under the floor
Had enclosed courtyards
Built out of a variety of materials
Tholos- a round structure
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Term
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Definition
Megalithic Period- architecture occurs during the neolithic era
-refers to big stones
barrow- stones covered with a mound of earth
some of them marked tombs
dolmen- stones which mark tombs
may be laying down
menhirs- big stones which do not mark tombs, standing often in rows
people did not read or write
Henge or cromlech- Huge stone monuments
circular or oval
Composed of many large megaliths that may be trabiated (post and lintel)
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Er Mane
Carnac, Brittany France
4200 BC
Over 3000 menhirs that stretch over a mile
pre celtic
created by 4000 and stopped around 2000 bc
regarded as magical or mysterious over time
in medieval time people believed merlin placed the stones here and that he turned an army legion into stone.
No real reason why they are there
They have found a few passage holes as well as some domens. (passage to the next world possibly)
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Skara Brae
Orkney Scotland
a few houses discovered in 1860
a few fell into the sea.
originally they were probably not as close to the sea
Small groupd of neolithic homes- about 20
linked by low allyways that are roofed
Uniform with a large square room and central fireplace as well as built in bed
Shelves made of stone
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Definition
Newgrange passage grave
County Meath Ireland
3200-3100 BC
its a barrow (covered in earth with grass)
a passage 19meters long lead to a chamber
took 300 men 20 years to build
**Illuminated by the sun
During the winter solstice the sun goes straight through the passage and then lights up the chamber
-sunworship
would last 17 minutes
very sacred
could have to do with a calendar
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Newgrange
passage grave
spiral motifs could have something to do with passage into the next world
reminds the viewer of creation and energy
lines of genesis or leading through death |
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Avebury
England
3000 BC
The largest Cromlech
henge monument, circular
7x the size of stone henge
also had a ditch
enclosed by several rings of stones (megaliths up to 70 tons)
stones moved by a group of men
Constructed in stages over many centuries
90% was destroyed during the 18th century due to a puritan minister who decided it was of the devil.
The church people tore bits of it down
10% of the stones survived
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Stonehenge
England
3000BC
near avesbury
the best surviving
has a key stone where sun goes straight through during the summer and mid winder solstice.
sunworship
calendar
They are also aligned with the moon
Rocks: some are found in wales
theory: stones floated into the area during the melting of the ice age
-went and got them and pulled them with barges
started in neolithic and completed in the bronze age
was continually expanded for 900 years
has a shallow ditch and earth embankment
post holes are in alignment with the moon
many cultures believe ancestors go to the moon when they die.
concentric rings in a pattern
with trilathons (areas that are trabiated)
The blue stones from wales came 140 miles
originally there was a continuous lintel
could be an astronomical calendar
perhaps to aid in farming or rituals
post and lintels at the top have mortice and tenon joints
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Term
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Definition
not till 3000 egypt unites as a single country
came together due to harsh living conditions
Nile river- important for farming. Illuvial soil (enriched)etc
Had a unified workforce/army
used to build public works
Pharoah (palace big house...also used to refer to the king)
The king was the incarnation of the god of the sun. The most powerful
Believed the sun floated on the nile of the underworld on a barge (sun in a pyramidal shape)
They used very little wood
The upper class could read and write
1799 Napoleon came to egypt and took linguists who realized the importance of the rosetta stone (found by the side of a road)
has the same proclamation in 3 languages
Inscribed in greek, demotic, and heiroglyphic.
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Mastabas
Temples for the dead
life expectancy was age 30
youthful society, conservative
architecture is conservative and there is a very gradual change throughout the years
The architecture that survives is mainly for the dead
starts out with upper class and eventually trickles down to every level of society.
In the beginning it is only for the pharoah and his advisors, family etc
Believe human being consists of 5 aspects:
1. The Ra: The part that holds the conscience
it grows with you. When a person died the ra would be weight against the feather of truth. If you were good then you'd be granted eternal life. If you were bad your ra was eaten by the jackal
2. the Ka:Holds your memories. grows with you. didnt' see the purpose in the brain. When you die the ka remains on earth and it needs a home. Wandering for eternity is the worst.
3. Your Name: Very Sacred. Erasing a name would be the worst thing
4. Shadow: your shadow follows you and you know you are alive
5: The body
architecture that survives can be found in a necropolis.
Early ones mostly have mastabas.( bench)
has a flat roof and false door.
The Ka can leave and so can gods and goddesses but robbers can't.
People could enter through the roof.
Flat roof- easy to walk on and no worry of rain
mastabas made of clay bricks
covered in plaster so they could paint.
later they used a stone veneer.
Any type of personal possesions were stored down at the bottom.
Burial chamber is also at the bottome, ka lives there as well.
Has sloping sides.
due to salty soil bodies didnt quickly decay.
if you drain the body and salt it, wrap it in linen, it would become preserved.
later they add a serdab (trap door for the ka to get through).Very Sacred.
added a chapel
first people to have portraiture on a large scale.
The ka can dwell in a portrait.
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stepped pyramid of King Djoser
3rd dynasty
Very Powerful pharoah with a powerful vizier
Imhotep
Imhotep was thought to be the architect of the stepped pyramid. making him the first ever recorded architect in history.
Made out of a mastaba
made to honor the pharoah who is the god of the sun incarnate.
stepping up of consecutively smaller mastabas.
Same concept.
at this time eternal life was for the royals.
had a wall around it. 37 acres of funurary complex for djoser.
Built of cut stone. 240 feet tall
the actually burial is way under the ground.
Tomb chamber sealed with granite plug that was 3 tons
had very few male slaves early on
was built by the army
13 false doors
only one actual entrance
building method of stacking and piling
used post and lintel doorways/openings
The gate aroudn the complex has asthetic a
cobras are also repeated
they also used engaged collumns
top of column is called capital
bell shape:flowes, papyrus captials
Drum columns were built in drums
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Definition
The pyramidss at giza
oldest is the largest
Khufu.
480 ft high
now 450 ft
people would go up and take a piece for tourists
Benben- ancient egyptian word for pyramid.
one of the 7 wonders of the world
kind khafre (shefrin by the greeks) is the second
Menkaure the smallest one
built for mykerinos
each pyramid faces north , south , east and west. found by following the stars
The largest pyramid covers 13 acres
each stone weighs up to 10 tons
before invention of the wheel
took 30 years to build each one
up to 40, 000 workers
built by the army
enough stone that napolean scholars said the blocks could build a wall around france
stones brought over on wooden slats to the nile and transported by barges.
they had temporary ramps
pulled stones up by ropes
combines the triangle with the square
they believe in numerical symbolism
elements of the world created from numbers
they are the essence of everything
1- source of all numbers
3- number of the whole beginning middle and end
core blocks are mostly visible but the outer casing blocks were carfully fitted and highly polished. almost all of them are gone.
Ashlar- smooth stone
each one part of a funurary complex
They had a covered causeway leading to the pyramids.
priests left food for the dead.
one of the three has a sphinx |
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Term
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The great Sphinx
of King Khafre
inside the pyramids are nearly solid. They have inner pyramids to relieve the pressure.
stacked and piled occasionally with post and lintel
mostly limestone with a little granite.
outside khufus pyramid are two full sized wooden barges.
Pyramids were filled with burial goods.
barges carried the ka up and down the nile.
pyramids were plundered long ago in roman time.
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The great sphinx
King Khafre
The pyramide of khafre had post and lintel repeated.
khafre was second largest pyramid.It looks like king khafre
There is a message at the bottom
put up later by tutmos who wanted to legitimize his pharoahship.
"whoever cleaned away the sands and preserved teh sphinx should be the next pharoah"
Periodically they have to keep cleaning away the sand.
Sphinx is the symbol of the king. always has teh head of the kind and the body of a lion.
By far the largest sphinx
His paws are each 50 ft long
length 150 ft long
65 ft high
head is 30 ft high and 14 feet wide
was brightly painted, not sure when.
it is in terrible condition. buried in sand.
his sphinx is at the center of his pyramid.
showing his power
scholars think that no ka would go that far from its security.
small opening at the back.
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Rock Cut tombs
middle kingdom
they carve into the rock and then carve out the space within a natural cliff
During the 4th dynasty when the 3pyramids were created egypt was very strong
as dynastys go on they lose their wealth and power. Communication is bad so people turn to a nomark (governor of the area)
Weakens the unity of the country
-the Interim Period
During this period pyramids and necropolis's were raided
Middle kingdom comes about:
more emphasis on art etc
the wealthy didn't want their tombs plundered
The decide to go far away from the cities and have workers hollow out tombs and then cover them up. Very difficult to find.
used for wealthy and powerful
doorways consist of piers and columns
Tombs filled with wooden models instead of leaving actual food or barges. Discouraged robbers
They were the first people to make beer out of barley.
the models tells alot about the society.
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Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
18th dynasty
New kingdom
processional temples- could be used with animals, no glass, very light and airy, geometric, post and lintel.
Another interim period.Foreigh rulers, hyxos from a mountainous land invaded and ruled egypt for a while.
They brought in the concept of bronze and the idea of the chariot.
ushered in bronze age
After egypt overthrew them they entered a very strong period
1300-1400 BC
The mortuary temple of Queen hatshepsut
she was one of the most cruel of pharoahs
very fearful that she wouldn't be accepted as pharoah int he afterlife
previous pharoah tutmus I, she was married to her half brother tutmus II
she came to the throne as regent.
Supposed to give the power to her stepson nephew and instead she usurps the power
in front of her temple were botanical gardens and the whole thing was irrigated.
next to her temple was a previous pharoahs temple.
she dismantled it and used it to create her own.
made of limestone, has ramps for processionals
done with post and lintel
piers are used. clarity and simplicity
many sculptures are broken and it is badly damaged
Many sculptures of the queen in the temple and she is always dressed like a man.
often placed obelisks outside temples
temple brightly painted and carved with heiroglyphics
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obelisks
usuallly a stone monolith with a gold cap stone
It represented the rays of the sun.
sarcophogus - sculpted coffin with a mummy coffin inside
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Term
amarna period of egypt
[image] |
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Definition
amenhotep IV
came to the throne during this powerful 18th dynasty
told egyptian people to only worship the god of the sun. WAs very controversial
he changed his name to akhenaten ( referring to god of the sun)
art becomes more relaxed and less formal. emphasis on family life.
His wife nefertiti sculpture was purposely damaged.
moved tha capital from thebes (most sacred part of egypt). Made sense to move away from a place that was associated with traditional religious beliefs.
uprisings all through his reign. Might'vebeen killed
decided to build a new capital called amarna along the nile.
some fo it survives but only in remnants
pharoah had an egg shaped head (disease made him special)
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King tutankhamen
previous pharoah had many daughters and the husband of one became the pharoah.
She was married to Tutankhamen
he was possibly the son of his wifes grandfather.
built many mortuary tombs with lots of decoy tombs
discovered in 1822 by howard carter
son of the gamekeeper of lord carnorvan
It was trendy among the lords to finance an expedition to egypt.
Took the son of his gamekeeper with him because hew as good at drawing
Took him several years to find the tomb.
it was the only tomb not yet found
rock cut tombs, covered with sand and towns
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Definition
pylon temple
Temple of luxor at thebes
along the avenue of sphinxes
the further into th etemple the more holy it was
pylon-slanting walls
also has an obelisk harkens back to monolithic architecture
sacred to the god and symbolic to the god of the sun
temples to the god of the sun resembled modern trains. They would continue to build upon the temple
moves from opening and light to darkness
post and lintel with stacking and piling.
The capitals had plant motifs
dependent on the tensile strength of the stone
they used a lot of sandstone and limestone.
columns had to be closet together.
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egyptian liked to show power through size and repetitions.
large sculptures could be found among the temples |
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Hypostyle hall
having a roof ceiling supported by many columns
far more columns in the hall then is necessary
only for priests
typically painted or sculpted or both
means many columns, used them to tell stories. makes it dark andmysterious
some have clerestory windows
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Temple of Ramses II
In Nubia
had a temple to himself and wife nefartari
they are rock cut
has reserved columns (carving a column out of a rock, around)
They had to be raised when a dam was built. It was an international effort to raisethe temple.
twice a year the statues glow withthe sun
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stelae at axum
ethiopia
78 feet high granite monolith
weighs 160 tons with two false doors at the base
similar to an obelisk
not sure of its purpose
equivalent of a 10 story building
dates between 4th and 3rd century bc
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Definition
alexander the great ruled mesopotamia
main commanderwas ptolemy. at alexs death in323 ptolemy made himself the pharoah of egypt
established his capital in alexandria
would be the cultural and intellectual captial int he world
capital from 323 - 30bc =ptolemaic egypt
cleopatra then became ruler |
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pharos of alexandria
ptolemy ordered teh building of it and was completed after his death
dedicated to the savior gods
so many people died at the island so they built a lighthouse
size of a 40 story building
384ft high
they had a giant mirror that reflected the sunlight by day and they burned a fire at night. can be seen 35 miles off shore
at the summit was a sculpture of poseidon...blending of cultures
lighthouse was destroyed in two earthquakes in the 14th century AD
made of marble stones
the crusaders used them to build a fort
except for the great pyramids its the longest lasting of the 7 wonders
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Definition
mesopotamia is one of the oldest civilizations in the world
mesopotamia and egypt traded goods and ideas
cradle of civilization
located in iraq
mesopotamia= land between two rivers, the tigris and euphrates
Sumer-no natural barriers had problem with flood, heat and drought. very strong seasons
major religion focused on controlling the weather and astrology
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Definition
Cone Mosaics
mesopotamia
pressed into soft mud brick
painted red and black.
helped to reinforce thick walls and sundried brick when they had storms and flooding
it was also aesthetically pleasing
important buildings had cone mosaic
arranged into patterns
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Definition
ziggurat at UR
mesopotamia
2100 bc
ziggurat means raised up
nearly solid made of mud brick
interior 100% solid sometimes with shallow spaces
we dont know what they are used for
at UR they had 100 stairs on each side
symbolic
number of tiers can go from 2 - 7
Ur has 3 tiers
only one written description on the purpose by a greek tourist
priests had animal sacrafices at the top
def- sacred, during flooding it was safe
at ur the ziggurat has a buoyancy to it
by 6th century bc it had almost crumbled to the ground. A king had it rebuilt
exterier was kiln fired brick inside was mudbrick
painted with a white wash- lime and water
sometimes traces of tempera paint
they mightve been built as an artificial mountain to a god and consort godess
each city state had a patron god or goddess. believed they dwelled on mountains
not exactly a temple
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Definition
citadel of sargon
khorsabad 8th c
walled city or fortress built for protection
very popular before invention of the canon
a palace precinct
where the king would ive and work. had its own ziggurat. It was a capital, enclosed
located in north mesopotamia
begunby sargon II.
palaces, temples and administrative headquarters inside
a mile in circumference
buildings were crowded and not aligned straight
labyrinth like
consistently added on
lamassu- large scultpures that guard major entryways to citadels or palace.
have the head of a man, huge, body of an ox
many have 5 legs
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Definition
Palace of precinct of king nebuchadnezzar with ishtar gate
babylon 6th v BC (500)
came to power twice. The second time it was called neo-babylonia
most impressive structure.
had rythmically spaced towers
fortified architecture
had glazed bricks
highway along the wall
top of the wall was so long that they had a road wide enough for two chariots
was a double wall
beneath it was a canal
8 city gates
each dedicated to the principle gods of goddesses
most important gatewas the ishtar gate dedicated to goddess of fertility.
animals adorn the gate (composite) tend to be lined up like a procession
adds to elegance
it has a true arch- first time we see the true arch in the 6th c
can also be seen in italy with the etruscans
no one knows who was exactly first but babylon couldve been first
archis the strongest building system until the 19th century
stronger than walls...based on relieveing pressure
crenolation- defense system, architectural sheild. put at the top and archers can hide behind crenolation.worked until the invention of the canon
babylon known for its elegance
ziggurate in the babylon is to the god bal, believed to be the possible tower of babel.
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Definition
hanging gardens of babylon
gardens on tiered platforms with anirrigation system
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Definition
harappa
indus valley
mainly farmers and hearders living in fortified citadels
third oldest civilization in the world
(indus valley)
architecture is in ruins but believed to be many large multi story home with wells and drains and running water.
over 100 towns and villages and 5 cities
the indus valley was huge
larger than ancient egypt, china and mesopotamia
average home was made of mud brick
used kiln brick for the drains
homes arranged around inner courtyard. no windows only to the courtyard
most were two stories
the ground floor wallswere thicker
balconies made of wood
each had its own well
had bathroom with a toilet
indication that some homes had 3 stories
used earthen ware pipes
each town was a citadel of mud brick or kiln brick
would include watchtowers
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Definition
great bath
mohenjo daro
great tank or bath
possibly sacred
could've been a pool but they put a lot fo work into it..ritualistic cleansing purpose
rectabgular building surrounded by smaller rooms
pool was 8ft deep and 39 ft by 23 ft.
used kiln burned bricks set with a gypsum morter covered with 1 inch layer or vidimin, surouned in mudbrick and then covered in clay |
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Definition
Neolithic village and Banpo, Shaanxi Province
4th oldestcivilizationinthe world
caves -den residences
lived in cavesearly on
pit and nest houses developed
nest house built on platforms or stilts made of wood
created wood framework with mortice and tenon joints
precursors to major architectural contribution
pit housescouldberoundorrectangular
dig a pit anduse a pillar to raise the walls above the ground
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Definition
Persepolis Iran (persia) 500 BC
was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire
. Cyrus the Great (Kūrosh) who chose the site of Persepolis, but that it was Darius I(Daryush) who built the terrace and the great palaces.
Darius ordered the construction of the Apadana Palace and the Council Hall (the Tripylon or three-gated hall), the main imperial Treasury and its surroundings. These were completed during the reign of his son, King Xerxes the Great (Khashayar)
seven tombs of kings with reliefs carved on them
apadana palace had rectangular porticos with twelve columns in two rows of six
ancient iran
during 6thcentury it wasthe largest and most powerful empireinthe world
cyrus the great etc conqueredeverything
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Term
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Definition
palace at persepolis
found by dariusthe great as the new capital
completed in 460 bc
built on a stone platform which survives
fortified by a mud brick wall, very high
crowded, more than half the space had buildings
no temple or sacredarchitecture
they were zoroastrian
they worshiped before a fire on a platform out of doors
columns are fluted
capitals are animal heads
halls are likehypostyle halls
0
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Term
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Definition
archaic greece
doric- lower greece
Ionic- upper greece not as strict
concentrated on ethics and morality
believed in the here and now
most important architecture was civic
in antis- has arms
portico- porch
Amphiprostyle-double columns in the front and back only
prostyle- columns only in the front
peripteral- goes all the way around, called peristyle too
dipteral- two rows of columns all the way around
tripteral- 3 columns all the way around
henostyle- one column
distyle- two
etc. only count the front row of columns
hexastyle is the most typical
dodecastyle- 11 columns extrememly rare
magna greca- greece was organized into city states
encouraged younger sons to colonize other areas.
helped to spread greek culture to italy africa and egypt.
paeistum- archai
temples didn't have windows they had stacked and piled walls
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Term
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Definition
Paestum hera I
greek columns taper upward and are drums
fatter at bottom and thinner at the top
has an entasis- swells at the center
wooden columnsswelled at the center
all in ruins.
there is a heavyness. getting used to scupltim in stone
triglyphs have dentals
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Term
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Definition
Treasury of the Siphnians
Delphis 6th C
pediment sculpture a
has acoteria on the top
Ionic order- has caryotids and a continuous freize
surviving fromt he actual temple
from archaic greece- they all have a little grin (make lifelike)
striving toward naturalizm and idealism
almost all of the art was abstractt o some degree
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Definition
temple of Artemis diana
6th century
Doric order.
has medusa on it
triglyph metope
soffit- something we are mean to see from unertneath |
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Definition
Ephesus temple of artemis
6th c BC Ephesus 1/7 wonders
was rebuilt several times
was first marble temple
mostly dipteral.
ionic order is moreflexible
was a beautiful large temple. columns 60ft high
the base of clumbs surviv that are cut in stone
naos- main room of a temple and most sacred romans call it a cella
it's in ruins now
used to be huge and decorative true to ionic style
base of the column had figural sculpture
about 60 ft high (columns).
has acoteria at the apex of the pediment
use egg and dart motif in greek architecture and pottery
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Temple of Zeus at Olympia
1/7 wonders
5th c BC
regarded as the height of classical greek art and architecture 400 bc
very early classical
doric order
with triglyph metope
acoteria at the top of the pediment
to participate in olympics you had to be a male citizen of a greek city state
you were either greek or a barbarian
consdered greek in 3 ways
1.0 language
2) all worshiped the same gods and goddesses
3) all participated int he olympics- their major event
in opening ceremonies the athletes would process aroudn the temple of zeus (father of the gods).
temple had a 40ft high sculpture of zeus in the interior in gold and ivory
many written accounts fo the sculpture
descriptions of the sculpture gets hazier as they go upward...no windows so they probably couldnt see the top well
1076 Bc first olympics
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Temple of Zeus at Olympia
Pedimental sculpture
apollo stants up straight at the apex of the pediment
other features are in action
story - lapiths and the centaurs, most popular scene in architecture
the lapiths: twp prominent families whose children are getting married. Invite everyone in the land except the centaurs.
They have a wedding banquet, apollo is guest of honor.
centaurs were mad (smart yet led with their emotions).
greeks believed emotions should alway sbe under the control of the intellect
Centaurs had a plot to abduct the bride and bridesmaids fromthe wedding
apollo is directing the action.
apollos emotions are in check.
part of the sculptures were painted
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Temple of Zeus at Olympia
Sculpture ofZeus
phidias was the sculptor
also sculpts something for the pathenon and both survive a long time
found various pieces of evidence that he sculpted zeus at his workshop
ivory was used
the sculpture was one of the seven wonders of the world
40 feet high gold and ivory
possibly two stories inthe temple |
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Persian capitals , Persepolis 500 bc Iran
The most distinctive feature of Persian architecture is the column. Though modelled after Greek columns, Persian columns are thinner, heightening their sense of verticality. The Persians also developed a unique style of capital (the topmost section of a column), in which the front portion of an animal emerges from either side; this design may be termed the Persian animal capital.D34 |
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Great stupa, sanchi 3rd c
located in india
most prominent budhist temple
It is part of an entire complex of structures, mostly stupas, built between the 3rd Century BCE and the 12th Century AD. The stupa is not a building in any traditional sense. Once a burial or reliquary mound, the stupa has become a purely symbolic object.
Sanchi is 68 kilometers north of Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh. It is unique, not only for having the most perfect and well preserved stupas, but also for offering the visitor a chance to see, in one location, the genesis, flowering, and decay of Buddhist art and architecture during a period of about 1500 years
built during the reign of Ashoka Maurya
Originally stupas were mounds covering the relics of the Buddha or his followers
Its hemispherical shape represents the world egg.
The so-called "parasols," set one above the other along the shaft emerging from its uppermost region, represent a heavenly hierarchy. The cosmic symbolism is completed by a ritual circumambulatory path around the monument.
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palace at knossos
crete, minoan greece
bronze age
The palace of Knossos was undoubtedly the ceremonial and political centre of the Minoan civilization and culture. It appears as a maze of workrooms, living spaces, and storerooms close to a central square.
The palace also includes the Minoan column, a structure notably different from other Greek columns. Unlike the stone columns that are characteristic of other Greek architecture, the Minoan column was constructed from the trunk of a cypress tree, common to the Mediterranean
minoan columns are small at the bottom and wide at the top
mounted on stone bases with round, pillow-like capitals.
frescoes are of mythological people and painted on stucco
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Beehive tomb
mycenaean greece, bronze age
also known as tholos tomb
is a burial structure characterized by its false dome created by the superposition of successively smaller rings of mudbricks or, more often, stones. The resulting structure resembles abeehive, hence the traditional English name. |
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