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(1500-1890)
guessing stage
beginning to take shape
2,000 year old city |
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(1890-1960)
beginning of professional Archaeology |
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(1960-?)
science being used |
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European Renaissance
or "Rebirth" |
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Interest In Relics around Them,
focus on lives of the past and "Cabinets of Curiosity." |
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| Volcanoe froze the citys in time |
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(1580-1656)
vice chancellor cambridge University
world created sunday, october 23,4004 bc. |
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| the processes that exist stil exist today, sedimentary rocks form by gradual accumulation of material over very long periods of time. |
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| Thought the world was 100 million years old |
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| discovery of neanderthal fossil |
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| Jacque Boucher de Perthes |
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| found arrowhead imbedded in a hippo bone 1856? |
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Stone Age, Bronze Age, And Iron Age
proposed by CJ Thomsen |
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| Social And Political Movements Contributing? |
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| Age of Enlightenment= Increasing interest in science, exploration, industrial revolution, religious reformation = declining faith |
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| First Systematic archaeological excavation. 1784, excavated an indian burial mound |
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| 19th century social theory |
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| cultured evolution=evolution isnt just for birds...survival of the fittest....marxism |
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| Karl Marx(1818-1883) communist, soviet...founder of materialism=what you have is what you are... influenced by anthropology and cultural evolution |
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| (1766-1834) political economist..human population will outstrip our abilitys to feed ourselves and it would lead to survival of the fittest |
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| Philosopher, sociologist, came up tith the term survival of the fittest, proponent of cultural evolutionism. |
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(1890-1960)
ex. Franz Boas, Gordon Childe. |
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| Franz Boas- Colombia University |
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| cultural particularism, not an archaeologist but a good mentor, his students founded most anthropology departments in old world |
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| England-V. Gordon Childe (1892-1954) |
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| diffusionist converted to marxism, interested in broadscale cultural development in old world. |
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| Cultural Historic Approach |
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| Time/Space Systematics, Chronology, direct historical approach, understanding by working backward from modern cultures |
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| an explanation of culture change and expansion |
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| the gradual exchange of ideas, beliefs, technologies, and other cultural traits from one region to another |
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| one of the oldest paleolithic caves, stone age, markings of animals meaning primitive existence |
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| discovered by Hiram Bingham in 1911, was a mound where primitive life would throw shells of clams and bones |
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| excavated by Nels Nelson, and Max Uhle in 1906 |
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| King Tuts treasure, found in 1922 by? |
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| demonstrated Arch importance of southwest, "indiana jones." |
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| wrote a book in 1948 called A study of Archaeology, was bad because it blamed Kidder |
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| Arch should be more scientific, we should describe old human behavior not just artifacts, arch should be contributing to general laws of human behavior. |
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Julian Steward (1902-1972)
Leslie White(1900-1975) |
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| cutural anthropologists, neo-evolutionists, ecologogical anthropologists, INFLUENCED an entire generation of American archaologists |
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| processual archaeology, cultural ecologists, "(man's) extrasomatic means of adaption."man changes because his surroundings change |
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| ladder of influence, technology is more knowable than society and ideology/beliefs |
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| the reason people migrate is because one driving force that changes everything, ex. food or weather |
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| mid 1940's, c14 dating, contributed to "new" archaeology. |
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| GI bill made it so middle class could have the chance to get educated and many members go to archaeology |
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| Processual Archaeologists |
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| scientist, love data, hypothesis testing, fieldwork, materialism, labwork, team setting |
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| finding links between archaeological data and past behavior |
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| Ethnoarchaeological fieldwork in Kenya, created post-precessual archaeology |
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| everything of cultural significance is imbured with symbiology |
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| the study of interpretation |
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| the intuitive experience of the past |
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| examination of present day influences on our understanding of the past |
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| examination of cultures underlying system of meaning |
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| post processualism, structuralism, hermeneutics, phenomonology, neo marxism |
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| material, oxygen, temperature, erosional environment, moisture, constant temp, acidity, climate |
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| sites where we can learn something from, peoples surroundings |
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| stratigraphic superposition |
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| the vertical sequence of strata reflect the order of deposition with younger strata above older strata |
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| stuff building up over time, burying materials |
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| main technique used in homoinid origins research. potassium argon dating. |
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| the deposition of an artifact found in a given strata must date to the deposition of the strata |
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| homonid fossils, our ancestors lived there, their fossilized bones have been preserved, but now exposed |
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| first stone tool, 2.3 million yrs old, east africa |
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| development of agriculture, 20th century, materialist |
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| indirect evidence indicates an age or age range, stratigraphic position |
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| direct evidence of the age, a coin with a year on it, radio carbon dating, manuscripts, tree ring dating, |
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| it takes 5730 years for 1/2 the carbon to be gone and 11460 years for 3/4 to be gone |
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| the study of past antiques that tell a story of the past |
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| the interpretation of material remains and sites using methodology that is not part of the established scientific method. |
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| a species of the Homo genus that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia |
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| the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture, kinda racist |
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| made uniformitarianism, and interested in geology |
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| Conjunctive archaeology-a method of studying of the past combining elements of both the traditional archaeology of the period and the allied field of anthropology |
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| first Australopithecus afarensis skeleton ever discovered.the last ancestor common to humans and chimpanzees living from 3.9 to 3 million years ago |
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| relating to free market economics before it was a natural selection term |
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| the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of his or her own culture |
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| the evolution of technology is realted to culture |
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| to feel like (doing or having something) |
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| we are hungry and she is thirsty |
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| noi abbiamo fame e lei ha sette |
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| i dont feel like watching tv |
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| io non ho voglia di quadare la televisione |
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gare care iare irregular endings |
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in nosotros and tu form
example
pagare
tu paghi
noi paghiamo
giocare
tu giochi
noi giochiamo |
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| we became nervous an hour ago |
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| noi abbiamo diventati un'ora fa |
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| she was born on july first |
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| lei ha nato il primo luglio |
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| today is not a summer day |
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| oggi non e un giorno l'estate |
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| she left for sicily three weeks ago |
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| lei e partita per sicilia tre settimana scorsa |
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| she closed the doors and opened the windows |
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| lei ha chiuso le porte e ha aperto le finestre |
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