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Archaeology Test 1
N/A
242
Archaeology
Undergraduate 1
02/27/2012

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Term
What are the four sub-disciplines of anthropology?
Definition
cultural anthropology
biological anthropology
linguistics
archaeology
Term
Anthropology
Definition
the study of humanity
Term
Archaeology
Definition
The study of past human societies through material culture
Term
History
Definition
The study of past human societies by documentation
Term
Material Culture
Definition
artifacts that are manufactured
Term
4 types of artifacts
Definition
technomic
sociotechnic
ideotechnic
ecofacts
Term
Technomic
Definition
aid in coping with the environment
Term
sociotechnic
Definition
deals with manifestation of sub-system of (total) society
Term
ideotechnic
Definition
abstract rationalizations and theologies of a society
Term
Ecofacts
Definition
provide data about human environment
Term
What did Hesiod write?
Definition
Work and Days
Term
What did Work and Days have in it?
Definition
The Age System
Term
What is the Age System?
Definition
Speculates about three different Ages (gold-Immortals, silver-Humans, bronze)
Term
Important people from past civilizations used artifacts of their own as a tool to __________
Definition
validate their position
Term
Aztecs were fascinated by what culture?
Definition
Toltecs
Term
Who of Babylon collected artifacts?
Definition
Nabonidus
Term
Who are considered to be the founding fathers of archaeology?
Definition
Stukely and Cambden (both williams)
Term
What did Stukely do?
Definition
visited sites and documented them-no excavations
Term
What of Stukely's work is used today?
Definition
His notes in order to aid the curation and stabilization of archaeological sites
Term
Who is considered THE founding father?
Definition
Thomas Jefferson
Term
When and where did Jefferson excavate
Definition
1784 on one of the mounds on his property
Term
What are the three important things that Jefferson did?
Definition
Used scientific method
Touched on topics of stratigraphy and preservation
Didn't see it as impossible for the Native Americans to have built the mounds
Term
What two men worked on Indian burrows in Europe?
Definition
Hoare and Cunnington
Term
What did Hoare and Cunnington do to the burial mounds?
Definition
Seriated them and left plaques (first public archaeology?)
Term
What was the problem with Hoare and Cunnington's work?
Definition
Still working within biblical framework
Term
What did General Pitt-Rivers introduce?
Definition
Total recording
Term
Total recording
Definition
Recording everything
Term
Who was Pitt-Rivers contemporary with?
Definition
Flinders Petrie
Term
What did Petrie do?
Definition
further developed seriation techniques at Naqada Cemetary
Term
What did the scientific tradition start with?
Definition
The search for the origins of humanity, itself linked intimately with geology
Term
What did James Hutton do?
Definition
Wrote Theory of Earth
Term
What did the Theory of Earth do?
Definition
Foreshadowed Jefferson
Stratification
Term
What did Charles Lyell do?
Definition
Came up with uniformitarianism
Term
What did Jaques Bocher de Perthes do?
Definition
established anitiquity of humanity
Term
What did Charles Darwin write?
Definition
The Origin of Species
Term
The Current Three Age system includes
Definition
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Term
Who originally recognized the three age system?
Definition
Hoare
Term
Who officially proposed the Three Age System?
Definition
Cj Thomsen
Term
What did CJ Thomsen use the Three Age System for?
Definition
interpretation in Danish National Museum
Term
Stone Age was divided into what?
Definition
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic
Term
What three things make up the basis of modern archaeology?
Definition
antiquity of humanity, principle of evolution, three age system
Term
The Classical System focused on what as validation?
Definition
art/sculpture
Term
The Classical System used what as the source of archaeological investigation?
Definition
biblical archaeology
Term
Who excavated Troy?
Definition
Heinrich Schliemann
Term
Who excavated Minoan palace?
Definition
Arthur Evans
Term
What kind of archaeology began to emerge through The Classical System?
Definition
Reconstructive archaeology
Term
What did Edward Taylor and Lewis Henry Morgan come up with?
Definition
Evolution of culture
Term
During the Classical System, archaeologists focused on chronology through what?
Definition
typological sequences/seriation
Term
What did Boaz do (America)?
Definition
Midwest Taxonomic System
Term
Midwest Taxonomic System
Definition
ordered artifacts based on similarity
Term
Who paralleled Boaz in Europe?
Definition
Childe
Term
What did Childe suggest?
Definition
Neolithic Revolution
Term
When was the Indiana Jones Era?
Definition
Late 19th and early 20th century
Term
What did Steward do?
Definition
argued for cultural ecology
Term
Cultural Ecology
Definition
Idea that people interact with their environment at different levels
Term
Why was the excavation at Viru Valley important?
Definition
First excavation that tried to make sense of what happened, not just to record
Term
What did Libby do?
Definition
C14 dating. Absolute rather than relative
Term
What did Brothwell and Higgs write?
Definition
Science in Archaeology
Term
What did Science in Archaeology do?
Definition
Provided a science for exploring trade and diet
Term
What did Binford argue for?
Definition
positive approach to archaeological evidence (it can be used for something other than just description)
Term
What did Binfords theory focus on?
Definition
functional processes, ecology
Term
What was post-processionalism an argument against?
Definition
an argument against processionalism
Term
Founders of post-processionalism
Definition
Hodder, Shanks, Tilley
Term
What did post-processionalism argue?
Definition
individuality of experience
Term
Post-processionalism marked a period where archaeology was no longer what?
Definition
anti-science
Term
what was Binford's theory called?
Definition
Processionalism
Term
What are the four parts of a phase one survey?
Definition
pre-excavation
ground survey
altitude-based survey
geophysical survey
Term
Pre-excavation survey
Definition
document research, maps property, ect
Term
ground survey
Definition
pedestrian, shovel-test pit survey
Term
altitude survey
Definition
arial photography
satelliete imagery
Term
geophysical
Definition
resistivity, magnetrometry, geothermal
Term
Phase 2 survey
Definition
placement of excavating units
advanced geophysical survey
Term
Phase 3 survey
Definition
More comprehensive excavation
Term
What resulted because of Processional Archaeology
Definition
archaeology with a research design in mind
Term
Four parts of Research Design
Definition
Formulation
Collecting and Recording evidence
processing and analysis
Publication
Term
2 types of sampling processes
Definition
random stratified,random symetric
Term
Stratified random
Definition
random samples of each block (marsh, grass, ect)
Term
What are 5 things used in desk-based assessment?
Definition
documentary evidence
dictation of documents
biblical archaeology
place-name evidence
site archives from previous excavations
Term
What do maps provide?
Definition
records, chronology
Term
What are two benefits of oral history?
Definition
can provide framework of interpretation
encodes info that would otherwise be unavailable
Term
What is a benefit of using previous excavations?
Definition
Provides a base to continue excavating
Term
When was arial photography first used?
Definition
20th century
Term
What were the earliest methods of arial photography?
Definition
balloons and box kites
Term
What did Father Poidebard do?
Definition
Identified syrian and roman sites using arial photography
Term
Oblique
Definition
taken at oblique angle to see shadows and pits
Term
vertically
Definition
used for topography
Term
What are the basis of cropmarks?
Definition
holes
Term
What is one recent advantage to satellite imagery?
Definition
seeing in EM spectrum rather than just visible light
Term
field walking identifies what?
Definition
Features and artifact distributions
Term
What is one of the most common activities in Cultural Resource Management
Definition
shovel pit-text theory
Term
Shovel Pit-test theory
Definition
excavation of small hole to access stratigraphy and absence/presence of human activity in an area
Term
Shovel pit-test theory commonly uses what?
Definition
transects
Term
Distance between shovel pit-tests depends on what?
Definition
research design
Term
4 methods of ground pounding
Definition
surface detection
subsurface detection
remote/geophysical survey
chemical
Term
surface detection
Definition
fieldwalking
Term
subsurface detection
Definition
probes/bore holes
shovel test-pit survey
Term
remote/geophysical survey
Definition
radiation
Term
transects
Definition
squares that an area is divided into
Term
4 different types of remote survey
Definition
visual
seismic/acoustic
geochemical
supernatural
electromagnetic
Term
Visual
Definition
ROVS
satellite imagery
Term
seismic is used greatly in which type of environment?
Definition
underwater (sonar)
Term
5 types of electromagnetic detecting methods
Definition
Geothermal
ground penetrating radar
resistivity
magnetrometry
metal detectors
Term
Supernatural
Definition
dowsing, phsycometry
Term
What is a downside of acoustic?
Definition
You have to hit it, so you might break something
Term
What is an upside of acoustic?
Definition
Can build a composite map of subsurface features
Term
What type of imagery does GPR use?
Definition
slice
Term
Resistivity survey
Definition
shoot electricity into the ground and measure moisture
Term
Limitations to resistiveity
Definition
limitations on where you can do it
hard to interpret data
Term
Site-based resistivity survey
Definition
intervals set to relatively small distances
search for individual features
Term
Landscape resistivity survey
Definition
larger distances between points
can show trends in landscapes
Term
Magnetrometry
Definition
based on variations in magnetic field
Term
Bad thing about magnetrometry?
Definition
hard to identify idividual features
Term
Metal detecting is best for wide scale or small scale survey?
Definition
wide scale
Term
Geochemical analysis looks for:
Definition
human identifiers
Term
verticle archaeology
Definition
dig down
Term
horizontal archaeology
Definition
how different sites relate to each other
Term
You must understand site formational processes before you can understand
Definition
depositional context
Term
Relatedness
Definition
approaches to evidence as the archaeological method
Term
Strata
Definition
a layer of material, naturally or artificially formed, often one of a number of parallel layers on top of each other
Term
Strata allow us to
Definition
produce a relative chronology
Term
Bioturbation
Definition
plant and animal life affect archaeology
Term
Growing rocks
Definition
physical forces freeze and thaw, puching rocks up
Term
Verticla stratigraphy shows us what
Definition
sequences through time
Term
3 types of site formation processes
Definition
cultural formation processes
natural formation processes
tophonomy
Term
culutural formation process
Definition
what humans did to the site
Term
Tophonomy
Definition
laws of burial
what happens to things underground
Term
Two parts of cultural formation processes?
Definition
original behavior
post-depositional impact (ex graverobbing)
Term
Wheeler Box-Grid
Definition
Systematic
allows horizontal and vertical
does not always provide ideal records
dig boxes, skip the lines
Term
Open area excavation
Definition
dig in specific spots
development of alternate recording strategies
Term
What is established before excavating?
Definition
a grid
Term
What type of grid is it normally?
Definition
Euchlidean (north/east)
Term
A grid is established off a what
Definition
known point
Term
Trowel scrapes back to find
Definition
a change in stratagraphic mix
Term
Edge in deposit =
Definition
change in matrix
Term
Natural stratigraphy excavation
Definition
scrape off one natural level at a time
Term
Two primary forms of archaeological field drawing
Definition
profile (elevation/section)
sketch maps
Term
Composite maps
Definition
pictures of the whole site put together to form one big map
Term
3 types of human remains
Definition
gooey
skeletal
cremated
Term
Site archive
Definition
body of info that we will have afterwards and that we will pass onto future generations
Term
What is included in the site archive?
Definition
stratigraphy sheet
drawn record
photogrpahic record
"meta sheets"
final report
daily journal
archaeological materials
Term
Post-excavation processing for artifacts
Definition
washing, drying,catalouging
Term
post-excavation processing for soil samples
Definition
water screening, drying, floatation,gradient sorting, picking,
Term
4 reasons to study artifacts
Definition
gives us an understanding of technology available
chronology
trade and exchange patterns
wider social and economic issues
Term
4 reasons to study artifacts
Definition
gives us an understanding of technology available
chronology
trade and exchange patterns
wider social and economic issues
Term
4 reasons to study artifacts
Definition
gives us an understanding of technology available
chronology
trade and exchange patterns
wider social and economic issues
Term
residual artifacts
Definition
things passed down from generation to generation
Term
residual artifacts
Definition
things passed down from generation to generation
Term
residual artifacts
Definition
things passed down from generation to generation
Term
5 levels of artifact analysis
Definition
between sites
assemblage
category-can study across sites
micro
macro
Term
5 levels of artifact analysis
Definition
between sites
assemblage
category-can study across sites
micro
macro
Term
5 levels of artifact analysis
Definition
between sites
assemblage
category-can study across sites
micro
macro
Term
5 categories of artifacts
Definition
stone
ceramic
metal
glass
organic material
Term
5 categories of artifacts
Definition
stone
ceramic
metal
glass
organic material
Term
5 categories of artifacts
Definition
stone
ceramic
metal
glass
organic material
Term
5 methods of stone manufacture
Definition
flaking
abrading
pulverizing
cutting
splitting/cleaving
Term
5 methods of stone manufacture
Definition
flaking
abrading
pulverizing
cutting
splitting/cleaving
Term
5 methods of stone manufacture
Definition
flaking
abrading
pulverizing
cutting
splitting/cleaving
Term
three types of stone used for stone tools
Definition
chert, flint, obsidian
Term
three types of stone used for stone tools
Definition
chert, flint, obsidian
Term
three types of stone used for stone tools
Definition
chert, flint, obsidian
Term
When struck, these stone produce what shape?
Definition
conical
Term
When struck, these stone produce what shape?
Definition
conical
Term
When struck, these stone produce what shape?
Definition
conical
Term
flake scar
Definition
inverse of flake
Term
flake scar
Definition
inverse of flake
Term
flake scar
Definition
inverse of flake
Term
Primary flaking
Definition
banging rocks together to get it
Term
Primary flaking
Definition
banging rocks together to get it
Term
Primary flaking
Definition
banging rocks together to get it
Term
secondary flaking
Definition
further developing the flakes (ex. serration)
Term
secondary flaking
Definition
further developing the flakes (ex. serration)
Term
secondary flaking
Definition
further developing the flakes (ex. serration)
Term
4 methods of flaking
Definition
anvil
direct freehand
pressure
indirect pressure
Term
4 methods of flaking
Definition
anvil
direct freehand
pressure
indirect pressure
Term
4 methods of flaking
Definition
anvil
direct freehand
pressure
indirect pressure
Term
4 methods of abrasive stone tool manufacture
Definition
solid block abrasion
powdered abrasion
rocks that are unsuitable for flaking
can be used to make other tools/objects
Term
Why are ceramics studied often?
Definition
they are well-preserved
Term
three types of ceramics
Definition
fired clay
primary (kaeolin)
residual (riverline)
Term
6 ways of putting the pot together
Definition
pinching,throwing, coiling, slab building, pressmoulding, slip casing
Term
4 ways of plastic molding
Definition
impressed, incised, excised, applied
Term
3 ways of surface decor
Definition
slurry, slip, gloss
Term
7 types of firing
Definition
domestic, bonfires, kilns,terracotta, earthenware, stoneware, porcelin
Term
4 types of glazes
Definition
lead, soda/lime,potash, salt
Term
3 huge benefits to ceramics
Definition
been around for a long time
decorations can provide large amount of data
residual annalysis
Term
Grog
Definition
ground up from previous glass and ceramics
Term
Copper
Definition
Originally a surface find
Early phase of bronze age (7.5-6 k years ago, earlier in AMerica)
Contains impurities (antimony, arsenic)
Term
Bronze
Definition
Binary alloy w/ tin or arsenic (5.5kya)
Cold working, casting
Brass, casting brass
Term
Iron
Definition
More difficult to process (3kya)
Requires smelting, forging, pig iron
Term
4 techniques to study artifacts
Definition
microwear analysis
trace element analysis
isotope chemistry
biochemical analysis
Term
microwear analysis
Definition
stone tool use, re-use, function
Term
trace element analysis
Definition
provenance, manufacture techniques
Term
isotope chemistry
Definition
provenance, diet, pollution, toxicology
Term
biochemical analysis
Definition
blood, lipids, proteins, ect
Term
Rekem, Belgium
Definition
13.5 kya (Upper Palaeolithic)
Percussion flakes
Arrangement of activities by function (individual knapping, collective processing).
E.g. dry hide scraping segregated from re-sharpening of tools.
Term
Unusual evironmentmental conditions for preservation: stratagraphic matrix
Definition
Acid (degradation).
Copper (preservation).
Salt (preservation).
Term
Unusual evironmental conditions for preservation: climate
Definition
Cold (preservation)
Dry (preservation)
Caves (micro-climate; preservation).
Tropical (high degradation)—World without Humanity.
Temperate (degradation—importance of local conditions, e.g. bog bodies).
Natural disasters (transformative!).
Term
dry environments =
Definition
dessication
Term
Unnatural dessication
Definition
salt
Term
Examples of cold environments
Definition
o Permafrost-> Bersovka/Dima (mammoth)
o Nomads at Pazyrk
o Andes, Inca “mummies”
o Otzi
o Franklin expedition
Term
Pazryk
Definition
o 6th-3rd century BCE Siberia
o Kurgans
o Ice Princess
o Tattooes
o Woolen carpets
o Clothing
o Animal carcasses/tack
Term
Franklin Expidition
Definition
o Sir John Franklin, 1845
o Northwest passage
o Icebound
o All hands lost
o Scurvy and lead poisoning
Term
Otzi
Definition
o Found with kitchen sink
o Lots of artifacts
o Juxtaposition of technological materials
o 5.3 mya ago
Term
3 examples of bog bodies
Definition
tolland man
lindow man
grauballe man
Term
Tollund man
Definition
o 4th century BC
o Jutland penn
o 4th century BC
o Pointed skull cap
o Stomach contents
o Hide belt
o Garotte
Term
Lindow man
Definition
o Stratigraphy- 1st century Roman or Iron Age with carbon dating
o Ate charred bread
Term
Grauballe man
Definition
o 3rd century BC Jutland Penn
o Throat cut
o Periods of starvation
o No hard labor
Term
Seahenge
Definition
o Dated 2050-2049 BC
o Ring of 54 pylons
o Excarnation?
o Gradual washing away?
Term
Human environments
Definition
o Sealed burials, lead coffins
o Embalmed
o Underwear
o Supernatural?
o Cryogenics
Term
Relative dating
Definition
the placement of things into a series to produce an ordered sequence from older to younger
Term
BP
Definition
before present (1950)
Term
BC/AD
Definition
Before christ, after death
Term
BCE/ACE
Definition
Before/after common era
Term
Lowercase letters indicate
Definition
un-calibrated radiocarbon dates
Term
cal/uncal
Definition
calibrated/uncalibrated radiocarbon dates
Term
7 methods of relative dating
Definition
stratigraphy
genetic dating
linguistic dating
pollen and ice/deep sea cores
fossil/biostratigraphy
Typology
seriation
FUN
Term
What is the most common of relative dating?
Definition
Stratigraphy
Term
Law of Original Horizontality
Definition
Unconsolidated deposits will tend towards a horizontal position
Term
Law of Original COntinuity
Definition
A stratum will be bounded by a feather-edge or bounded by a basin of deposition.
Term
Law of Stratigrpahic Succession
Definition
An archaeological deposits position in a matrix is determined by its physical relationship to overlying and underlying deposits.
Term
TPQ – Terminus Post Quem
Definition
“limit after which” (earliest)
Term
TAQ – Terminus Ante Quem
Definition
“limit before which” (latest)
Term
Linguistic dating is not applied to atrifacts unless
Definition
it is written down
Term
Linguistic divergence
Definition
Seperation
Term
Lexicostatistics
Definition
how two words differ
Term
Glottochronology
Definition
try to figure out how long ago two languages separated
Term
1000 years equals what percent difference?
Definition
15%
Term
What are the 5 steps of the appearence of language?
Definition
colonization, divergence, convergence,replacement
Term
Genetic dating
Definition
Variations in mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplotypes.
Term
What hypothesis is supported by genetic dating
Definition
out of africa
Term
New world origins: Linguistic evidence
Definition
(3 migrations; most thought more because of 1000 languages spoken by American Indians.
Amerind, NaDene (Siberia)… 20 kya+ & 16-5 kya
Aleut-Eskimo… 5 kya
Term
New World Origins: Genetic evidence
Definition
Andrew Merriwether… single population group because mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C, D) present everywherelinguistic/cultural diversification.
Early date of entry (25-20 kya), then subsequent re-entry (NaDene, Aleut-Eskima) after glacial maximum.
“Native American Adam”  85% Native American Indian males
Term
Where is pollen preserved?
Definition
bogs, lake sediments, other archaeological contexts (e.g. under anthropogenically-deposited rocks!).
Term
Comparison of pollen samples to a given site can give an understanding of:
Definition
Local conditions (site).
Approximate date (c.f. region).
Term
How can deep sea/ice core dating be used as absolute?
Definition
Absolute dating of foraminifera.
Term
What are the three things done by ice cores
Definition
Natural/human—natural disasters.
Human—silver mining.
Principally of use to us for reconstructing past environments (later lecture).
Term
Fossil/biostratigraphy dating
Definition
Presence of a given variation/species can approximately date the site
Term
Typology
Definition
Ordering of artefacts into similar categories, then decorative styles, etc.
Term
2 types of seriation
Definition
contextual and frequency
Term
Nitrogen
Definition
collagen degrades, thus nitrogen % decreases at a rate dependent on burial environment.
Term
Uranium
Definition
Ground water percolates through the bone, thus depositing uranium
Term
Flourine
Definition
concentrations increase
Term
9 absolute dating techniques
Definition
Historic Chronologies
Dendochronology
Varbes
Radiocarbon (C14)
Thermoluminescence
Electron-spin Resonance
Potassium-Argon
Uranium-series
Fission-track
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