Term
What are the four sub-disciplines of anthropology? |
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Definition
cultural anthropology biological anthropology linguistics archaeology |
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Definition
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Definition
The study of past human societies through material culture |
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Definition
The study of past human societies by documentation |
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Definition
artifacts that are manufactured |
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Definition
technomic sociotechnic ideotechnic ecofacts |
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Definition
aid in coping with the environment |
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Definition
deals with manifestation of sub-system of (total) society |
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Definition
abstract rationalizations and theologies of a society |
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Definition
provide data about human environment |
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Definition
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Term
What did Work and Days have in it? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Speculates about three different Ages (gold-Immortals, silver-Humans, bronze) |
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Term
Important people from past civilizations used artifacts of their own as a tool to __________ |
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Definition
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Term
Aztecs were fascinated by what culture? |
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Definition
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Term
Who of Babylon collected artifacts? |
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Definition
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Term
Who are considered to be the founding fathers of archaeology? |
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Definition
Stukely and Cambden (both williams) |
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Term
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Definition
visited sites and documented them-no excavations |
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Term
What of Stukely's work is used today? |
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Definition
His notes in order to aid the curation and stabilization of archaeological sites |
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Term
Who is considered THE founding father? |
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Definition
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Term
When and where did Jefferson excavate |
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Definition
1784 on one of the mounds on his property |
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Term
What are the three important things that Jefferson did? |
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Definition
Used scientific method Touched on topics of stratigraphy and preservation Didn't see it as impossible for the Native Americans to have built the mounds |
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Term
What two men worked on Indian burrows in Europe? |
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Definition
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Term
What did Hoare and Cunnington do to the burial mounds? |
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Definition
Seriated them and left plaques (first public archaeology?) |
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Term
What was the problem with Hoare and Cunnington's work? |
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Definition
Still working within biblical framework |
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Term
What did General Pitt-Rivers introduce? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Who was Pitt-Rivers contemporary with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
further developed seriation techniques at Naqada Cemetary |
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Term
What did the scientific tradition start with? |
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Definition
The search for the origins of humanity, itself linked intimately with geology |
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Term
What did James Hutton do? |
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Definition
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Term
What did the Theory of Earth do? |
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Definition
Foreshadowed Jefferson Stratification |
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Term
What did Charles Lyell do? |
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Definition
Came up with uniformitarianism |
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Term
What did Jaques Bocher de Perthes do? |
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Definition
established anitiquity of humanity |
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Term
What did Charles Darwin write? |
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Definition
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Term
The Current Three Age system includes |
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Definition
Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age |
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Term
Who originally recognized the three age system? |
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Definition
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Term
Who officially proposed the Three Age System? |
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Definition
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Term
What did CJ Thomsen use the Three Age System for? |
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Definition
interpretation in Danish National Museum |
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Term
Stone Age was divided into what? |
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Definition
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic |
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Term
What three things make up the basis of modern archaeology? |
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Definition
antiquity of humanity, principle of evolution, three age system |
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Term
The Classical System focused on what as validation? |
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Definition
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Term
The Classical System used what as the source of archaeological investigation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Who excavated Minoan palace? |
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Definition
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Term
What kind of archaeology began to emerge through The Classical System? |
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Definition
Reconstructive archaeology |
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Term
What did Edward Taylor and Lewis Henry Morgan come up with? |
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Definition
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Term
During the Classical System, archaeologists focused on chronology through what? |
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Definition
typological sequences/seriation |
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Term
What did Boaz do (America)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
ordered artifacts based on similarity |
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Term
Who paralleled Boaz in Europe? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
When was the Indiana Jones Era? |
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Definition
Late 19th and early 20th century |
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Term
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Definition
argued for cultural ecology |
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Term
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Definition
Idea that people interact with their environment at different levels |
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Term
Why was the excavation at Viru Valley important? |
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Definition
First excavation that tried to make sense of what happened, not just to record |
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Term
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Definition
C14 dating. Absolute rather than relative |
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Term
What did Brothwell and Higgs write? |
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Definition
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Term
What did Science in Archaeology do? |
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Definition
Provided a science for exploring trade and diet |
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Term
What did Binford argue for? |
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Definition
positive approach to archaeological evidence (it can be used for something other than just description) |
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Term
What did Binfords theory focus on? |
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Definition
functional processes, ecology |
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Term
What was post-processionalism an argument against? |
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Definition
an argument against processionalism |
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Term
Founders of post-processionalism |
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Definition
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Term
What did post-processionalism argue? |
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Definition
individuality of experience |
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Term
Post-processionalism marked a period where archaeology was no longer what? |
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Definition
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Term
what was Binford's theory called? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the four parts of a phase one survey? |
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Definition
pre-excavation ground survey altitude-based survey geophysical survey |
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Term
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Definition
document research, maps property, ect |
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Term
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Definition
pedestrian, shovel-test pit survey |
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Term
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Definition
arial photography satelliete imagery |
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Term
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Definition
resistivity, magnetrometry, geothermal |
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Term
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Definition
placement of excavating units advanced geophysical survey |
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Term
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Definition
More comprehensive excavation |
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Term
What resulted because of Processional Archaeology |
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Definition
archaeology with a research design in mind |
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Term
Four parts of Research Design |
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Definition
Formulation Collecting and Recording evidence processing and analysis Publication |
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Term
2 types of sampling processes |
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Definition
random stratified,random symetric |
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Term
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Definition
random samples of each block (marsh, grass, ect) |
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Term
What are 5 things used in desk-based assessment? |
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Definition
documentary evidence dictation of documents biblical archaeology place-name evidence site archives from previous excavations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are two benefits of oral history? |
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Definition
can provide framework of interpretation encodes info that would otherwise be unavailable |
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Term
What is a benefit of using previous excavations? |
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Definition
Provides a base to continue excavating |
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Term
When was arial photography first used? |
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Definition
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Term
What were the earliest methods of arial photography? |
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Definition
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Term
What did Father Poidebard do? |
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Definition
Identified syrian and roman sites using arial photography |
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Term
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Definition
taken at oblique angle to see shadows and pits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What are the basis of cropmarks? |
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Definition
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Term
What is one recent advantage to satellite imagery? |
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Definition
seeing in EM spectrum rather than just visible light |
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Term
field walking identifies what? |
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Definition
Features and artifact distributions |
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Term
What is one of the most common activities in Cultural Resource Management |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
excavation of small hole to access stratigraphy and absence/presence of human activity in an area |
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Term
Shovel pit-test theory commonly uses what? |
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Definition
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Term
Distance between shovel pit-tests depends on what? |
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Definition
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Term
4 methods of ground pounding |
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Definition
surface detection subsurface detection remote/geophysical survey chemical |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
probes/bore holes shovel test-pit survey |
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Term
remote/geophysical survey |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
squares that an area is divided into |
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Term
4 different types of remote survey |
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Definition
visual seismic/acoustic geochemical supernatural electromagnetic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
seismic is used greatly in which type of environment? |
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Definition
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Term
5 types of electromagnetic detecting methods |
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Definition
Geothermal ground penetrating radar resistivity magnetrometry metal detectors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is a downside of acoustic? |
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Definition
You have to hit it, so you might break something |
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Term
What is an upside of acoustic? |
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Definition
Can build a composite map of subsurface features |
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Term
What type of imagery does GPR use? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
shoot electricity into the ground and measure moisture |
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Term
Limitations to resistiveity |
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Definition
limitations on where you can do it hard to interpret data |
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Term
Site-based resistivity survey |
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Definition
intervals set to relatively small distances search for individual features |
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Term
Landscape resistivity survey |
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Definition
larger distances between points can show trends in landscapes |
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Term
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Definition
based on variations in magnetic field |
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Term
Bad thing about magnetrometry? |
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Definition
hard to identify idividual features |
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Term
Metal detecting is best for wide scale or small scale survey? |
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Definition
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Term
Geochemical analysis looks for: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
how different sites relate to each other |
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Term
You must understand site formational processes before you can understand |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
approaches to evidence as the archaeological method |
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Term
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Definition
a layer of material, naturally or artificially formed, often one of a number of parallel layers on top of each other |
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Term
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Definition
produce a relative chronology |
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Term
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Definition
plant and animal life affect archaeology |
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Term
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Definition
physical forces freeze and thaw, puching rocks up |
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Term
Verticla stratigraphy shows us what |
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Definition
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Term
3 types of site formation processes |
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Definition
cultural formation processes natural formation processes tophonomy |
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Term
culutural formation process |
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Definition
what humans did to the site |
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Term
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Definition
laws of burial what happens to things underground |
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Term
Two parts of cultural formation processes? |
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Definition
original behavior post-depositional impact (ex graverobbing) |
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Term
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Definition
Systematic allows horizontal and vertical does not always provide ideal records dig boxes, skip the lines |
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Term
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Definition
dig in specific spots development of alternate recording strategies |
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Term
What is established before excavating? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of grid is it normally? |
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Definition
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Term
A grid is established off a what |
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Definition
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Term
Trowel scrapes back to find |
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Definition
a change in stratagraphic mix |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Natural stratigraphy excavation |
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Definition
scrape off one natural level at a time |
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Term
Two primary forms of archaeological field drawing |
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Definition
profile (elevation/section) sketch maps |
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Term
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Definition
pictures of the whole site put together to form one big map |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
body of info that we will have afterwards and that we will pass onto future generations |
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Term
What is included in the site archive? |
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Definition
stratigraphy sheet drawn record photogrpahic record "meta sheets" final report daily journal archaeological materials |
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Term
Post-excavation processing for artifacts |
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Definition
washing, drying,catalouging |
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Term
post-excavation processing for soil samples |
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Definition
water screening, drying, floatation,gradient sorting, picking, |
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Term
4 reasons to study artifacts |
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Definition
gives us an understanding of technology available chronology trade and exchange patterns wider social and economic issues |
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Term
4 reasons to study artifacts |
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Definition
gives us an understanding of technology available chronology trade and exchange patterns wider social and economic issues |
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Term
4 reasons to study artifacts |
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Definition
gives us an understanding of technology available chronology trade and exchange patterns wider social and economic issues |
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Term
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Definition
things passed down from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
things passed down from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
things passed down from generation to generation |
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Term
5 levels of artifact analysis |
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Definition
between sites assemblage category-can study across sites micro macro |
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Term
5 levels of artifact analysis |
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Definition
between sites assemblage category-can study across sites micro macro |
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Term
5 levels of artifact analysis |
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Definition
between sites assemblage category-can study across sites micro macro |
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Term
5 categories of artifacts |
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Definition
stone ceramic metal glass organic material |
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Term
5 categories of artifacts |
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Definition
stone ceramic metal glass organic material |
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Term
5 categories of artifacts |
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Definition
stone ceramic metal glass organic material |
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Term
5 methods of stone manufacture |
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Definition
flaking abrading pulverizing cutting splitting/cleaving |
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Term
5 methods of stone manufacture |
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Definition
flaking abrading pulverizing cutting splitting/cleaving |
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Term
5 methods of stone manufacture |
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Definition
flaking abrading pulverizing cutting splitting/cleaving |
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Term
three types of stone used for stone tools |
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Definition
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Term
three types of stone used for stone tools |
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Definition
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Term
three types of stone used for stone tools |
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Definition
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Term
When struck, these stone produce what shape? |
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Definition
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Term
When struck, these stone produce what shape? |
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Definition
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Term
When struck, these stone produce what shape? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
banging rocks together to get it |
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Term
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Definition
banging rocks together to get it |
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Term
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Definition
banging rocks together to get it |
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Term
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Definition
further developing the flakes (ex. serration) |
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Term
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Definition
further developing the flakes (ex. serration) |
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Term
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Definition
further developing the flakes (ex. serration) |
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Term
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Definition
anvil direct freehand pressure indirect pressure |
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Term
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Definition
anvil direct freehand pressure indirect pressure |
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Term
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Definition
anvil direct freehand pressure indirect pressure |
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Term
4 methods of abrasive stone tool manufacture |
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Definition
solid block abrasion powdered abrasion rocks that are unsuitable for flaking can be used to make other tools/objects |
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Term
Why are ceramics studied often? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
fired clay primary (kaeolin) residual (riverline) |
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Term
6 ways of putting the pot together |
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Definition
pinching,throwing, coiling, slab building, pressmoulding, slip casing |
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Term
4 ways of plastic molding |
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Definition
impressed, incised, excised, applied |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
domestic, bonfires, kilns,terracotta, earthenware, stoneware, porcelin |
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Term
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Definition
lead, soda/lime,potash, salt |
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Term
3 huge benefits to ceramics |
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Definition
been around for a long time decorations can provide large amount of data residual annalysis |
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Term
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Definition
ground up from previous glass and ceramics |
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Term
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Definition
Originally a surface find Early phase of bronze age (7.5-6 k years ago, earlier in AMerica) Contains impurities (antimony, arsenic) |
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Term
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Definition
Binary alloy w/ tin or arsenic (5.5kya) Cold working, casting Brass, casting brass |
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Term
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Definition
More difficult to process (3kya) Requires smelting, forging, pig iron |
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Term
4 techniques to study artifacts |
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Definition
microwear analysis trace element analysis isotope chemistry biochemical analysis |
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Term
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Definition
stone tool use, re-use, function |
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Term
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Definition
provenance, manufacture techniques |
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Term
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Definition
provenance, diet, pollution, toxicology |
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Term
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Definition
blood, lipids, proteins, ect |
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Term
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Definition
13.5 kya (Upper Palaeolithic) Percussion flakes Arrangement of activities by function (individual knapping, collective processing). E.g. dry hide scraping segregated from re-sharpening of tools. |
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Term
Unusual evironmentmental conditions for preservation: stratagraphic matrix |
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Definition
Acid (degradation). Copper (preservation). Salt (preservation). |
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Term
Unusual evironmental conditions for preservation: climate |
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Definition
Cold (preservation) Dry (preservation) Caves (micro-climate; preservation). Tropical (high degradation)—World without Humanity. Temperate (degradation—importance of local conditions, e.g. bog bodies). Natural disasters (transformative!). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Examples of cold environments |
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Definition
o Permafrost-> Bersovka/Dima (mammoth) o Nomads at Pazyrk o Andes, Inca “mummies” o Otzi o Franklin expedition |
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Term
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Definition
o 6th-3rd century BCE Siberia o Kurgans o Ice Princess o Tattooes o Woolen carpets o Clothing o Animal carcasses/tack |
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Term
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Definition
o Sir John Franklin, 1845 o Northwest passage o Icebound o All hands lost o Scurvy and lead poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
o Found with kitchen sink o Lots of artifacts o Juxtaposition of technological materials o 5.3 mya ago |
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Term
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Definition
tolland man lindow man grauballe man |
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Term
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Definition
o 4th century BC o Jutland penn o 4th century BC o Pointed skull cap o Stomach contents o Hide belt o Garotte |
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Term
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Definition
o Stratigraphy- 1st century Roman or Iron Age with carbon dating o Ate charred bread |
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Term
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Definition
o 3rd century BC Jutland Penn o Throat cut o Periods of starvation o No hard labor |
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Term
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Definition
o Dated 2050-2049 BC o Ring of 54 pylons o Excarnation? o Gradual washing away? |
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Term
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Definition
o Sealed burials, lead coffins o Embalmed o Underwear o Supernatural? o Cryogenics |
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Term
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Definition
the placement of things into a series to produce an ordered sequence from older to younger |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Before christ, after death |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Lowercase letters indicate |
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Definition
un-calibrated radiocarbon dates |
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Term
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Definition
calibrated/uncalibrated radiocarbon dates |
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Term
7 methods of relative dating |
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Definition
stratigraphy genetic dating linguistic dating pollen and ice/deep sea cores fossil/biostratigraphy Typology seriation FUN |
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Term
What is the most common of relative dating? |
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Definition
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Term
Law of Original Horizontality |
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Definition
Unconsolidated deposits will tend towards a horizontal position |
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Term
Law of Original COntinuity |
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Definition
A stratum will be bounded by a feather-edge or bounded by a basin of deposition. |
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Term
Law of Stratigrpahic Succession |
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Definition
An archaeological deposits position in a matrix is determined by its physical relationship to overlying and underlying deposits. |
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Term
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Definition
“limit after which” (earliest) |
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Term
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Definition
“limit before which” (latest) |
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Term
Linguistic dating is not applied to atrifacts unless |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
try to figure out how long ago two languages separated |
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Term
1000 years equals what percent difference? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 5 steps of the appearence of language? |
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Definition
colonization, divergence, convergence,replacement |
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Term
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Definition
Variations in mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplotypes. |
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Term
What hypothesis is supported by genetic dating |
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Definition
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Term
New world origins: Linguistic evidence |
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Definition
(3 migrations; most thought more because of 1000 languages spoken by American Indians. Amerind, NaDene (Siberia)… 20 kya+ & 16-5 kya Aleut-Eskimo… 5 kya |
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Term
New World Origins: Genetic evidence |
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Definition
Andrew Merriwether… single population group because mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C, D) present everywherelinguistic/cultural diversification. Early date of entry (25-20 kya), then subsequent re-entry (NaDene, Aleut-Eskima) after glacial maximum. “Native American Adam” 85% Native American Indian males |
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Term
Where is pollen preserved? |
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Definition
bogs, lake sediments, other archaeological contexts (e.g. under anthropogenically-deposited rocks!). |
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Term
Comparison of pollen samples to a given site can give an understanding of: |
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Definition
Local conditions (site). Approximate date (c.f. region). |
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Term
How can deep sea/ice core dating be used as absolute? |
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Definition
Absolute dating of foraminifera. |
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Term
What are the three things done by ice cores |
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Definition
Natural/human—natural disasters. Human—silver mining. Principally of use to us for reconstructing past environments (later lecture). |
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Term
Fossil/biostratigraphy dating |
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Definition
Presence of a given variation/species can approximately date the site |
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Term
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Definition
Ordering of artefacts into similar categories, then decorative styles, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
collagen degrades, thus nitrogen % decreases at a rate dependent on burial environment. |
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Term
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Definition
Ground water percolates through the bone, thus depositing uranium |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
9 absolute dating techniques |
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Definition
Historic Chronologies Dendochronology Varbes Radiocarbon (C14) Thermoluminescence Electron-spin Resonance Potassium-Argon Uranium-series Fission-track |
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