Term
| When did the warming trend start? and what happened during that? |
|
Definition
| ~16,000 years ago. Sea levels rose, large pleistocene herds started to disappear. animals became more solitary. cooperative hunting was less productive |
|
|
Term
| What else happened during the warming trend? |
|
Definition
| Plant foods were abundant. resources like fish became more common, due to new lakes, rivers and marshes. |
|
|
Term
| What did the people do during the warming trend? |
|
Definition
| new technologies, less cooperative hunting, more fish, more plants -> beginning of mesolithic |
|
|
Term
| The mesolithic can also be called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the mesolithic occur? |
|
Definition
| the end of the pleistocene |
|
|
Term
| Where does the mesolithic occur earliest? |
|
Definition
| the middle east (the epi-paleolithic) |
|
|
Term
| When was the epi paleolithic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What site is famous as an epipaleolithic site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the climate like in Kebara Cave? |
|
Definition
| wetter and cooler than today |
|
|
Term
| When did the mesolithic start in europe? |
|
Definition
| at the end of the pleistocene |
|
|
Term
| How long ago was the mesolithic in europe? |
|
Definition
| ~11,000 - 5,500 years ago |
|
|
Term
| What did large, migratory species do during the mesolithic? |
|
Definition
| they moved north permanently. |
|
|
Term
| How many MAMMALIAN species went extinct in the mesolithic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some of the species that went extinct during the mesolithic? |
|
Definition
| mammoths, mastodons, giant sloths, giant armadillos, dire wolves, saber toothed cats. |
|
|
Term
| How long ago did those species go extinct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What changes did people start making in the way they lived in the mesolithic? |
|
Definition
| more gathering foodstuff, and storage of food |
|
|
Term
| Where did people live? in the mesolithic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of things did people start eating? in the mesolithic? |
|
Definition
| Fish, smaller game, plant foods |
|
|
Term
| What new tech appeared in the mesolithic? |
|
Definition
| microblades, backed microliths, stone grinding |
|
|
Term
| What does stone grinding indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did stone grinding come about? |
|
Definition
| sedentism. stone ground is more reliable |
|
|
Term
| what animal did humans domesticate during the mesolithic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound implements: they went into spears. They were pointy. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the fertile crescent? |
|
Definition
| From israel and jordan in the south, up to turkey, syria and lebanon in the north, east into northern iraq and west into iran |
|
|
Term
| What is the fertile crescent? |
|
Definition
| area of mediterranean climate that has dry summers, lots of rain in winter and can support vegetation (woods to open woodland) |
|
|
Term
| What happens east and south of the fertile crescent? |
|
Definition
| woodland turns to desert and steppes |
|
|
Term
| name the stages of agricultural development |
|
Definition
1 - kebaran and geometric kebaran - 25-15 kya
2 - natufian - 15-12 kya
3 - early neolithic - 12-8,5 kya
4 - late neolithic - 8,5-7 kya |
|
|
Term
| what characterizes kebaran and geometric kabaran sites? |
|
Definition
bladelets
didnt have burials because they were mobile
no evidence of plant/animal domestication
but plants were used like grasses, fruit, nuts
animals were also used and are not plants |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes the natufian sites? |
|
Definition
| lunates (crescent blades) parts of composite tools |
|
|
Term
| what were some key points of natufian culture? |
|
Definition
13-10,2 kya
horticulture
earliest evidence of stored plant foods
roasting pits contained wild einkorn wheat (13,000 kya)
domesticated rye is at Abu Hureyra, Syria
they were not full time farmers |
|
|
Term
| what was the climate like in the natufian period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the climate in the natufian period produce? |
|
Definition
| a decrease in the abundance of wild crops |
|
|
Term
| what did natufians do to survive in their colder climate? |
|
Definition
| artificially increased crop production |
|
|
Term
| Where did natufians live and what did their living structures look like? |
|
Definition
| villages. they were oval shaped or semicircles. |
|
|
Term
| What were natufian villages made from? |
|
Definition
| undressed stones piled up to form walls 1 m high |
|
|
Term
| What else was significant about the natufian settlements? |
|
Definition
| floors were covered in refuse. stones would have supported wood and brush. |
|
|
Term
| What was interesting about natufian burials? |
|
Definition
there were lots
some had the skull removed from the body before burial
some had shells and head coverings
some were buried with dogs (domestication evidence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large variety of wild plants
not evidence of domesticated plants
hunting mostly gazelles
no domesticated herd animals
dogs were domesticated however |
|
|
Term
| what can you call the neolithic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| early neolithic can be divided into... |
|
Definition
| pre pottery neolithic A and B |
|
|
Term
| what is pre pottery neolithic A? |
|
Definition
12-10,8 kya
late in prolonged dry period |
|
|
Term
| what is pre pottery neolithic B? |
|
Definition
10,8-8,5 kya
corresponds to a period of improved climate |
|
|
Term
| what did early neolithic technology look like? |
|
Definition
shifting away from bladelets
based more on arrowheads
sickles, ground stone axes and adzes
grinding stone for grain |
|
|
Term
| the prepottery B site had use of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sort of settlements were in PP Neolithic A? |
|
Definition
larger than before
communal structures
jericho tower (9m tall, mud and brick, attached to wall)
houses are still circular |
|
|
Term
| What changed in settlements from PPN A to B? |
|
Definition
round houses -> rectangular houses
settlement size increase
more houses because shape
lots of planning in villages
no sense that there is centralized authority |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of rituals did the early neolithic have? |
|
Definition
plaster skulls were made
cache in cave included a cap, a bag, beads, bone tools, arrowheads, stone mask with paint, human skull with net pattern |
|
|
Term
| What major shift did the neolithic include? |
|
Definition
| the shift from foraging to domestication |
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest evidence of the neolithic shift? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did farming develop? |
|
Definition
| in the prepottery neo. B period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was domesticated in southwest asia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was domesticated in southeast asia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was domesticated in north america? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was domesticated in south america? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what were some examples of neolithic technology? |
|
Definition
ground and polished stone tools
ceramics
plough (8000 years ago)
woven textiles
permanent housing |
|
|
Term
| what was the neolithic social structure like? |
|
Definition
egalitarian - recognizes few differences in wealth of power
there were no public buildings |
|
|
Term
| what characterized late neolithic sites? |
|
Definition
pottery manufacture
stone tools (minimal energy investment) (local materials)
limited number of large sites, many small dispersed hamlets
large sites not densely packed
symbolic figures -> animals -> toys |
|
|
Term
| what did the late neolithic eat? |
|
Definition
hunting importance declines
domestication evidence in shape of goat horns
main source of food was domestic goat
symbolic emphasis on bulls |
|
|
Term
| what was interesting about late neolithic pottery? |
|
Definition
| earliest pottery has no link to milk from domesticated animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
From mexico to panama.
archaeologists - from mexico to honduras |
|
|
Term
| What was the first mesoamerican domestic plant and when? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was favoured in breeding squash? |
|
Definition
| larger seeds and then thickness in rind/colour |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of maize? |
|
Definition
| true domestic corn in new mexico, 2500 BC |
|
|
Term
| when is domestic maize present in Mesoamerica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did early maize look like in comparison with modern maize? |
|
Definition
small hard seeds, like popcorn
small plant with single stalk, not a large husk
a mutation allowed larger kernels |
|
|
Term
| what was maize's ancestor? |
|
Definition
| teosinte (wild grass) domesticated from sugar in stalk. maybe used for alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with grinding, it could make tortillas |
|
|
Term
| What was used to grind maize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is interesting about domestic beans? |
|
Definition
| they were domesticated independantly in mesoamerica and andes |
|
|
Term
| what did maize culture eventually do? |
|
Definition
spread up to north mexico and southwestern states in late archaic period. some areas adapted some didn't.
sedentism had impact |
|
|
Term
| what is the optimal foraging theory? |
|
Definition
| humans act on basis of rational self interest to maximize efficiency in collecting resources |
|
|
Term
| what characterizes the formative period? |
|
Definition
intro of pottery
pottery overlaps with bean intro
turkey domestication
sites with pit houses
different village sizes |
|
|
Term
| What characterized the adena culture? |
|
Definition
Early woodland period of east NA
ohio river valley
increasingly large burial mounds and practices |
|
|
Term
| What characterized hopewell? |
|
Definition
hopewell mounds built over structures
many different things built |
|
|
Term
| what was the augustine mound? |
|
Definition
metepenagiag in new brunswick
1000 copper beads
copper -> preserved textiles etc. |
|
|
Term
| What else was interesting about hopewell? |
|
Definition
they exchanged goods across the continent
many expertly made beautiful things that had no use indicate status items
earthworks were not occupied but instead a place you would go for rituals
some earthworks are occupied |
|
|
Term
| Why is it hard to know about hopewell? |
|
Definition
many of the places have been destroyed by modern things
alluvial soil buildup |
|
|
Term
| What did they eat in the early and middle woodland period? |
|
Definition
based on cultivation of domestic plants
maize came in 2-1,8 BP
rare, did not play large role in diet
hunting and gathering still a big part of it |
|
|
Term
| in late woodfall, what sort of things changed? |
|
Definition
maize in north ontario
ceramic vessels had maize as early as 1500 years ago |
|
|
Term
| When did maize play a significant part in diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Bruce Smiths model? |
|
Definition
coevolutionary model for indigenous domestication of plants in east NA
climate change led to permanence of societies
led to gradual ecological changes that allowed emergence of domestic plants over several thousand years |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 major stages of domestication in smith's model? |
|
Definition
1. garbage heaps around longterm settlements are ecological niche for weeds.
2. people tolerated edible plants, got rid of useless plants
3. people encouraged and harvested useful plants, disposed of useless plants
4. seeds of best plants were planted every year
5. plants that were morphologically domesticated emerged |
|
|
Term
| what is prentices model (domestication?) |
|
Definition
| domestication might have been result of intentional actions by individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smiths model is biased, it was unconcious but it might also have been women who came up with it. |
|
|
Term
| watson and kennedy model for domestication? |
|
Definition
| women actively experimented with maize to develop better maize |
|
|
Term
| In africa what happened to hunting methods? |
|
Definition
| intensified hunting and gathering and fishing |
|
|
Term
| What areas did people live in Africa? |
|
Definition
| cave and rockshelter locations, open sites. |
|
|
Term
| What is one unique thing africa had as a tool? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where were wooden digging sticks found? |
|
Definition
| waterlogged deposits in Gwisho hot springs in Zambia |
|
|
Term
| What relevance does the eland antelope have to Bushmen people? |
|
Definition
was frequently depicted in cave art
there must have been a strong link
served as a link to the spirit world, powerful ritual symbol |
|
|
Term
| What did the rock painting of a trance dance depict? |
|
Definition
| 5 men in bent forward position using dancing sticks. women are on either side clapping the rhythm of a song that will send the men into a trance |
|
|
Term
| What was significant about early african farming sites? |
|
Definition
people with stonebased technology
situated north of equator
animals domesticated earlier than plants
indigenous and introduced species |
|
|
Term
| What was found in Daima, northeast Nigeria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did an excavation at Daima (lake chad) reveal? |
|
Definition
| a large mound grown over 2500 years of human occupation on the same spot starting in 1st millennium BC |
|
|
Term
| What was domesticated in africa? |
|
Definition
| oil palm, false banana, yams, cowpea, pearl millet, finger millet, sorghum |
|
|
Term
| What did the development of agriculture in africa involve? |
|
Definition
indigenous domestication of plants
possibly animals
adoption of middle eastern domestic plants
adoption of middle easter domestic animals |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major regions of plant domestication in africa? |
|
Definition
north east africa - tef, fingermillet, coffee
central africa - pearl millet, sorghum
west africa - african rice |
|
|
Term
| What plants and animals were introduced to africa from the middle east? |
|
Definition
| wheat, barley, lentils, goats, and sheep |
|
|
Term
| When did the Sahara desert become a desert? |
|
Definition
| within the last 4-5 kya. 14-4.5 kya, more rainfall -> human occupation possible |
|
|
Term
| What kind of villages existed across northern africa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are hunter-gatherer sites in africa similar to natufian sites? |
|
Definition
| size, similar structures, exploitation of resources, grinding stones |
|
|
Term
| How are hunter-gatherer sites in africa different to natufian sites? |
|
Definition
| pottery/storage pits are in african sites, not natufian |
|
|
Term
| What was found at Gobero in the southern Sahara, in Niger? |
|
Definition
| cemetary which is evidence of habitation from 9.7-8.2 kya |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Gobero site located? |
|
Definition
| peninsula in a large lake, fish were a part of diet |
|
|
Term
| What artifacts were found at Gobero? |
|
Definition
| barbed bone points, bladelets, pottery |
|
|
Term
| Facts about pastoralists in North africa? |
|
Definition
domestic animals before plants
cattle, sheep and goats were incorporated into HG mobile societies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focused on maintaining herds of domestic animals |
|
|
Term
| What is site 270 and where is it? |
|
Definition
settlement of 200 hut circles, stone ring used as animal pen dating 7000 years ago
in Dakhleh oasis
wild and domesticated bones: gazelle, hartebeest, cattle, goats |
|
|
Term
| When was rice domesticated in asia? |
|
Definition
| yangtze and huai rivers, china, 9000 BP |
|
|
Term
| when was millet domesticated in asia |
|
Definition
| yellow river valley, china, by 8000 BP |
|
|
Term
| What did the site of Cishan indicate? |
|
Definition
| that the domestication of millet was 10,000 years ago |
|
|
Term
| Where were dogs, pigs and water buffalo domesticated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where were pigs and chickens domesticated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did yangshao villages look like? |
|
Definition
consisted of both round semi subterranean houses and rectangular houses on the surface.
wild plants/animals exploited
millet and dogs and pigs domestic
pottery was made and elaborately painted |
|
|
Term
| What is the cave of Diaotonghuan? |
|
Definition
there is a deep cultural sequence at this cave and it covers the period during which rice was first collected in the wild and then locally cultivated
can be tied to changing climate 12-8 kya |
|
|
Term
| What does the distribution of sites containing domestic rice say about the way people lived in the Yangzi valley? |
|
Definition
| they transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming (east/southeast asia) |
|
|
Term
| What was interesting about the neolithic village of Banbo near Xian? |
|
Definition
| it had a deep ditch all the way around, and cemetaries were outside that. houses were circular and widely spaced apart |
|
|
Term
| What kind of artifacts were found in the neolithic asia? |
|
Definition
stone adzes (clearing forests/woodworking)
ban kao pottery from ban kao in central thailand (tripod vessels) |
|
|
Term
| the earliest date for domestic millet in korea is... |
|
Definition
| 5300 years ago. 4300 years ago, rice, soybeans and wheat appeared in korea. |
|
|
Term
| Yayoi (in japan) is characterized with... |
|
Definition
| arrival of rice farmers in japan. |
|
|
Term
| What was found at Kotoragawa? |
|
Definition
| wooden agricultural tools (spade and hoe) |
|
|
Term
| What represented political power in New Guinea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was domesticated in New Guinea |
|
Definition
| yams, taro, banana, sugarcane, no cereal crops' |
|
|
Term
| What is the Humboldt Current? |
|
Definition
| brings cool water up the andean coast, responsible for marine wealth that allowed people to not need agriculture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reversal of humboldt current, occurs every 25-40 years. decline in fish/shellfish, lots of rain and floods |
|
|
Term
| What are the Andes altitude zones? |
|
Definition
quechua zone: 2300-3500 m (corn grows here)
suni zone: 3500-4000 m (indigenous crops)
puna zone: 4000-4800m (llamas and alpacas)
cordillera zone: 4800+m not used |
|
|
Term
| What type of villages were settled along the peruvian coast by 8000 BP? |
|
Definition
houses built of reeds/grasses over a frame
10 families per village
burial data -> no hierarchy |
|
|
Term
| What were people like in these coastal villages? |
|
Definition
relied on marine life
used plant life as well
gourds were domesticated but not a huge part of diet |
|
|
Term
| What are some domestic species in the andes? |
|
Definition
beans from guitarrero cave -> 4300 BP
quinoa from panaulauca cave -> 5700-4500 BP
potatoes -> 4000-3000 BP |
|
|
Term
| When were llamas and alpacas domesticated? |
|
Definition
| 10-5 kya. guinea pigs after this. |
|
|
Term
| what are some characteristics of the cotton preceramic? |
|
Definition
named after prevalence of cotton seeds and absence of pottery in sites
often quite large and have monumental architecture |
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest monumental architecture in New world? |
|
Definition
| Huaca de los Idolos, 5.5-4.5 kya (flat topped pyramid) |
|
|
Term
| What was eaten in cotton preceramic? |
|
Definition
lots of fish and shellfish
lots of domestic plants ( gourds squash etc)
cotton was used to make textiles and nets |
|
|
Term
| what was europe like 10 kya ago |
|
Definition
mostly thick forest, some river and coast and wetlands
when agriculture happened rivers and valleys became the best place to be |
|
|
Term
| What is the 3 stages of neolithic europe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
after middle east
did it come from diffusion/migration?
it varies a lot between regions |
|
|
Term
| Earliest evidence of farming is... |
|
Definition
from greece (franchthi cave)
oats, lentils, peas, barley
domestic animals |
|
|
Term
| The mediterranean islands and coast were colonized by... |
|
Definition
| farmers from anatolia who followed the climate zone |
|
|
Term
| What are cardial ware ceramics? |
|
Definition
use cardium shell to impress decoration into vessel before firing
characteristic of early farming communities of west med.
first made 5600 BC |
|
|
Term
| What is linear pottery culture? |
|
Definition
straight or curved incised lines in pottery pieces.
includes ceramic sieve
adze
they had community longhouses
domestic animals and plants |
|
|
Term
| What else is interesting about LBK? |
|
Definition
fixed plot horitculture
small hamlets up to 200 people
there were permanent occupations |
|
|
Term
| What did a bandkeramik longhouse look like? |
|
Definition
| patterns of postholes and then pitched roof covered side walls |
|
|
Term
| LBK also did trading, what did they trade? |
|
Definition
| used shells as beads and status items, egalitarian society |
|
|
Term
| In the middle neolithic...? |
|
Definition
cultures increase dramatically
funnel beaker culture
had funnel beakers (no shit)
used copper a lot (6800 years ago) |
|
|
Term
| When did farming appear in the middle neolithic? |
|
Definition
scandinavia - 6300 years ago
british isles - before 6000 years ago
expansion into forest zones
population increase
increase in warfare |
|
|
Term
| What are some major innovations from the middle neolithic? |
|
Definition
domestic horses in central europe
wool production
wheeled vehicles
wooden tracks
ards
marks on burial mounds |
|
|
Term
| What else was an innovation of Mid Neo? |
|
Definition
extensive use of metals (pendants, axes, beads, spearheads)
cheese
salt
alcohols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has arch recently realized |
|
Definition
| huntergatherers and agricultural societies had social complexity without living in formal states |
|
|
Term
| What are megalithic monuments and when are they from? |
|
Definition
appear after 6000 years ago
middle neolithic
coastal europe
they are tombs |
|
|
Term
| What else do we know about megalithic monuments |
|
Definition
walled and roofed with stones
burial for many people/individuals
reused over time
bones moved inside
ritual activities inside |
|
|
