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| Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome, Italy, ca AD 308-312 EARLY CHRISTIAN |
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| San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, AD 526-549 EARLY CHRISTIAN |
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| Isidoros and Anthemios, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, Istanbul, AD 532-537 EARLY CHRISTIAN |
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| Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, Greece, ca 600-300 BC GREECE/PERSIA- ARCHAIC PERIOD |
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| Treasury of the Athenians, Delphi, Greece, ca 500 BC GREECE/PERSIA- ARCHAIC PERIOD |
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| Royal Palace, Persepolis, Iran, 518-460 BC GREECE/PERSIA- ARCHAIC PERIOD |
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| Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-432 BC GREECE - CLASSICAL PERIOD |
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| Mnesikles, Propylaia, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 437-432 BC GREECE - CLASSICAL PERIOD |
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| Kallikrates, Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 421-405 BC GREECE - CLASSICAL PERIOD |
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| City Plan, Priene, Turkey, ca 400 BC, GREECE- HELLENISTIC PERIOD |
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| Agora, Stoa, and Bouleuterion, Priene, Turkey, ca 400 BC GREECE- HELLENISTIC PERIOD |
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| Agora, Athens, Greece, ca 400 BC- 150 BC GREECE- HELLENISTIC PERIOD |
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| Stoa of Attalos, Athens, Greece, ca 150 BC GREECE- HELLENISTIC PERIOD |
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| Theater, Priene, Turkey, ca 400-200 BC GREECE- HELLENISTIC PERIOD |
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| Polykleitos, Theater, Epidauros, Greece, ca 300 BC GREECE- HELLENISTIC PERIOD |
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| Row House, Priene, Turkey, ca 400 BC GREECE- HELLENISTIC PERIOD |
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| House, Olynthus, Greece, ca 350 BC GREECE- HELLENISTIC PERIOD |
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| Villa of Good Fortune, Olynthus, Greece, ca 430-350 BC GREECE- HELLENISTIC PERIOD |
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| Necropolis of Banditaccia, Cerveteri, Italy 700-300 BC ETRUSCANS |
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| Portonaccio/Etruscan Temple, Veii, Italy, 515-490 BC ETRUSCANS |
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| Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, ca 200 BC ROME - REPUBLIC |
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| Amphitheater, Pompeii, Italy, 100 BC ROME - REPUBLIC |
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| Forum Baths, Pompeii, Italy, ca 80 BC ROME - REPUBLIC |
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| House of Menander, Pompeii, Italy, AD 62-79 ROME- EARLY/HIGH EMPIRE |
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| House of Diane, Ostia, Italy, ca AD 100-200 ROME- EARLY/HIGH EMPIRE |
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| Forum, Pompeii, Italy, ca AD 79 ROME- EARLY/HIGH EMPIRE |
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| Basilica, Pompeii, Italy, ca AD 79 ROME- EARLY/HIGH EMPIRE |
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| Apollodorus of Damascus, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, ca AD 110-112 ROME- EARLY/HIGH EMPIRE |
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| Basilica Ulpia and Markets of Trajan, Rome, Italy, ca AD 110-112 ROME- EARLY/HIGH EMPIRE |
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| Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum), Rome, Italy, AD 72-80 ROME- EARLY/HIGH EMPIRE |
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| Maison Carrée, Nimes, France, AD 1-10 ROME- EARLY/HIGH EMPIRE |
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| Baths of Caracalla, Rome, Italy AD 212- ROME- HIGH/LATE EMPIRE |
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| Plan of Timgad, Algeria, founded ca AD 100 ROME- HIGH/LATE EMPIRE |
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| Pont du Gard, Nimes, France, ca AD 100 ROME- HIGH/LATE EMPIRE |
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| Arch of Trajan, Benevento, Italy, AD 100 ROME- HIGH/LATE EMPIRE |
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| Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, AD 312-315 ROME- HIGH/LATE EMPIRE |
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| Pantheon, Rome, Italy, ca AD 120-127 ROME- HIGH/LATE EMPIRE |
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| Old St. Peter's, Rome, Italy, begun AD 320 EARLY CHRISTIAN |
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| An andron is a feature specific to a Greek house, and it existed largely for the purpose of entertaining guests. This room was the only room in a Greek house reserved exclusively for the men of the household. It was found in the homes of the middle and upper classes, and thus was a mark of privilege. So was its main event. |
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| Marketplace of a town. It is a Greek term and is used to refer to the forum of a Roman city founded in Greek lands. |
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| is more specifically a passageway to either side of the nave that is separated from the nave by colonnades or arcades, a row of pillars or columns. Occasionally aisles stop at the transepts, but often aisles can be continued around the apse. Aisles are thus categorized as nave-aisles, transept-aisles or choir-aisles. A semi-circular choir with aisles continued around it, providing access to a series of chapels, is a chevet. |
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| freestanding building of round or, more often, oval shape with a central area, the arena, and seats concentrically placed around it. The word is Greek, meaning “theatre with seats on all sides,” but as an architectural form the amphitheatre is of Italic or Etrusco-Campanian origin and reflects the requirements of the specific forms of entertainment that these people cherished |
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| is a large hypostyle hall, the best known examples being the great audience hall and portico at Persepolis and the palace of Susa. The Persepolis Apadana belongs to the oldest building phase of the city of Persepolis, the first half of the 5th century BC, as part of the original design by Darius the Great. Its construction completed by Xerxes I. |
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| in architecture, a semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir, chancel, or aisle of a secular or ecclesiastical building. First used in pre-Christian Roman architecture, the apse often functioned as an enlarged niche to hold the statue of a deity in a temple. It was also used in the thermae of ancient baths and in basilicas such as the imperial basilica in the Palace of Domitian on the Palatine Hill. |
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| The aqueducts, which served a strictly utilitarian purpose, were, by reason of their size and proportions, striking features of Roman landscape. Ruined aqueducts throughout the Empire show the importance attached by the Romans to an adequate water supply. Immense quantities of water were required for the great thermae and for public fountains, to say nothing of the domestic supply for the large populatio |
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| is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of the columns. As such, it is the lowest part of the entablature consisting of architrave, frieze and cornice. The word is derived from the Greek and Latin words arche and trabs combined together to mean "main beam". They are mainly used in churches and cathedrals, and other religious buildings. |
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| is a large open space, often several stories high and having a glazed roof and/or large windows, often situated within an office building and usually located immediately beyond the main entrance doors |
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| The forecourt of a building, such as an early Christian church, enclosed on three or four sides with porticoes. |
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| A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after another. It is a form of barrel roof. |
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| was originally used to describe a Roman public building, usually located in the forum of a Roman town. Public basilicas begin to appear in Hellenistic cities in the 2nd century BC. |
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| A Christian basilica of the 4th or 5th century stood behind its entirely enclosed forecourt ringed with a colonnade or arcade, like the stoa or peristyle that was its ancestor or like the cloister that was its descendant. This forecourt was entered from outside through a range of buildings along the public street. This was the architectural ground-plan of St Peter's Basilica in Rome |
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| Bouleuterion/ Council house |
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| The Bouleuterion at Olympia, Greece, is the building where the administration took place. It is shaped as early Greek temples were shaped in a kind of square horse-shoe and it has tiered seating arrangement. The Bouleterion was near the Agora. |
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was a room with a hot plunge bath, used in a Roman bath complex.
This was a very hot and steamy room heated by a hypocaust, an underfloor heating system. This was the hottest room in the regular sequence of bathing rooms; after the caldarium, bathers would progress back through the tepidarium to the frigidarium.
In the caldarium, there would be a bath (alveus, piscina calida or solium) of hot water sunk into the floor and there was sometimes even a laconicum—a hot, dry area for inducing sweating.
The bath's patrons would use olive oil to cleanse themselves by applying it to their bodies and using a strigil to remove the excess |
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cardo (also cardo maximus) was a north-south oriented street in Roman cities, military camps, and coloniae. The cardo, an integral component of city planning, was lined with shops and vendors, and served as a hub of economic life.
Most Roman cities also had a Decumanus Maximus, an east-west street that served as a secondary main street. Due to varying geography, in some cities the decumanus is the main street and the cardo is secondary, but in general the cardo maximus served as the primary road. The Forum was normally located at the intersection of the Decumanus and the Cardo.
The cardo was the "hinge" or axis of the city, derived from the same root as cardinal. |
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is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head
The best-known and most-copied examples are those of the six figures of the Caryatid Porch of the Erechtheion on the Acropolis at Athens |
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| The auditorium (in Roman times called Cavea) evolved into a semi-circle and was sometimes separated from the orchestra by a short wal |
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| is the inner chamber of a temple in classical architecture, or a shop facing the street in domestic Roman architecture (see domus). |
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| is an architectural term that historically denoted an upper level of a Roman basilica or of the nave of a Romanesque or Gothic church, the walls of which rise above the rooflines of the lower aisles and are pierced with windows. In modern usage, clerestory refers to any high windows above eye level. In either case, the purpose is to bring outside light, fresh air, or both into the inner space. |
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| A dome is a structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. Dome structures made of various materials |
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| earliest of the orders of architecture developed by the Greeks and the one that they employed for most buildings. It is generally believed that the column and its capital derive from an earlier architecture in wood. The cornice details, which have a resemblance to carpentry forms, have also led to the theory of its origin in wooden forms. The type had arrived at a definite form in the 7th cent. B.C., but further improvements produced the perfected order of the 5th cent. B.C. as it appeared in the Parthenon and the Propylaea at Athens (see under propylaeum). |
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| refers to the superstructure of moldings and bands which lie horizontally above columns, resting on their capitals. Entablatures are major elements of classical architecture, and are commonly divided into the architrave (the supporting member carried from column to column, pier or wall immediately above), the frieze (an unmolded strip that may or may not be ornamented), and the cornice (the projecting member below the pediment). |
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| is the application of a convex curve to a surface for aesthetic purposes. Its best-known use is in certain orders of Classical columns that curve slightly as their diameter is decreased from the bottom upwards. In the Hellenistic period some columns with entasis are cylindrical in their lower parts. |
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| A frieze is a horizontal band that runs above doorways and windows or below the cornice. The frieze may be decorated with designs or carvings. |
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| The cooling room of the Roman thermæ, furnished with a cold bath. |
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| is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. The word groin refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults; cf. ribbed vault. Sometimes the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round (see the image of the Gårdslösa Church below). In comparison with a barrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies of material and labour. The thrust is concentrated along the groins or arrises (the four diagonal edges formed along the points where the barrel vaults intersect), so the vault need only be abutted at its four corners. |
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| open space below a floor that is heated by gases from a fire or furnace below and that allows the passage of hot air to heat the room above. This type of heating was developed by the Romans, who used it not only in the warm and hot rooms of the baths but also almost universally in private houses in the northern provinces. |
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| is the sunken part of the atrium in a Greek or Roman house (domus). Designed to carry away the rainwater coming through the compluvium of the roof, it is usually made of marble and placed about 30 cm below the floor of the atrium. |
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| was a kind of apartment building that housed most of the urban citizen population of ancient Rome, including ordinary people of lower- or middle-class status (the plebs) and all but the wealthiest from the upper-middle class |
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| The Ionic columns normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from the stylobate or platform; The cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart. Originally the volutes lay in a single plane (illustration at right); then it was seen that they could be angled out on the corners. This feature of the Ionic order made it more pliant and satisfactory than the Doric to critical eyes in the 4th century BC: angling the volutes on the corner columns, ensured that they "read" equally when seen from either front or side facade. |
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| is a rectangular architectural element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze, which is a decorative band of alternating triglyphs and metopes above the architrave of a building of the Doric order. Metopes often had painted or sculptural decoration; the most famous example is the 92 metopes of the frieze of the Parthenon marbles depicting the battle between the Centaurs and the Lapiths. The painting on most metopes has been lost, but sufficient traces remain to allow a close idea of their original appearance. |
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| is the entrance or lobby area, located at the end of the nave, at the far end from the church's main altar. Traditionally the narthex was a part of the church building, but was not considered part of the church proper. It was either an indoor area separated from the nave by a screen or rail, or an external structure such as a porch. The purpose of the narthex was to allow those not eligible for admittance into the general congregation (particularly catechumens and penitents) to hear and partake in the service |
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| is the central approach to the high altar, the main body of the church |
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| in architecture, any of several structural elements resembling an eye. A small window that is circular or oval in shape, such as an oeil-de-boeuf window, is an oculus. The round opening at the top of some domes, or cupolas, is also an oculus; one example of this kind is found in the Pantheon, in Rome. |
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| A pediment is a low-pitched triangular gable on the front of some buildings in the Grecian or Greek Revival style of architecture. |
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| in architecture, a triangular segment of a spherical surface, filling in the upper corners of a room, in order to form, at the top, a circular support for a dome. The challenge of supporting a dome over an enclosed square or polygonal space assumed growing importance to the Roman builders of the late empire. It remained for Byzantine architects, however, to recognize the possibilities of the pendentive and fully develop it. One of the earliest examples of the use of the pendentive is also one of the largest—that of Hagia Sophia (completed ad 537) at Istanbul. |
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| a row of pillars around an open space in a building, or the open space itself |
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| is the porch of a temple. |
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| is the top step of the crepidoma, the stepped platform on which colonnades of temple columns are placed (it is the floor of the temple). The platform was built on a leveling course that flattened out the ground immediately beneath the temple. |
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in Greek architecture, a freestanding colonnade or covered walkway; also, a long open building, its roof supported by one or more rows of columns parallel to the rear wall. The Stoa of Attalus at Athens is a prime example.
Stoae surrounded marketplaces and sanctuaries and formed places of business and public promenade |
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| heated with warm air of an agreeable temperature, in order to prepare the body for the great heat of the vapour and warm baths, and, upon returning, to prevent a too-sudden transition to the open air. In the baths at Pompeii this chamber also served as an apodyterium for those who took the warm bath. The walls feature a number of separate compartments or recesses for receiving the garments when taken off. The compartments are divided from each other by figures of the kind called Atlantes or Telamones, which project from the walls and support a rich cornice above them. |
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| area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform ("cross-shaped") building in Romanesque and Gothic Christian church architecture. The transept separates the nave from the sanctuary, whether apse, choir, chevet, presbytery or chancel. The transepts cross the nave at the crossing, which belongs equally to the main nave axis and to the transept. Upon its four piers, the crossing may support a spire, a central tower (see Gloucester Cathedral) or a crossing dome. Since the altar is usually located at the east end of a church, a transept extends to the north and south. The north and south end walls often hold decorated windows of stained glass, such as rose windows, in stone tracery. |
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| monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. In its simplest form a triumphal arch consists of two massive piers connected by an arch, crowned with a flat entablature or attic on which a statue might be mounted or which bears commemorative inscriptions. The main structure is often decorated with carvings, sculpted reliefs and dedications. More elaborate triumphal arches may have multiple archways. |
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| is an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze, so called because of the angular channels in them, two perfect and one divided, the two chamfered angles or hemiglyphs being reckoned as one. The square recessed spaces between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze are called metopes. The raised spaces between the channels themselves (within a triglyph) are called femur in Latin or meros in Greek.[1] |
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