ninth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco

he transformed Cuzco into the empire Tawantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire.

He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cuzco to nearly the whole of civilized South America.

had two sons: Amaru Yupanqui and Tupac Inca Yupanqui

Tupac Inca as successor because Amaru was not a warrior.

- a Inca warrior that fought a rebelling culture, won and then became Inca ruler. Name means “change” expands empire, institutes taxes, laws and major building projects (the sun temple) also changed religion so that the Sun god was the major deity

Spanish conquistador,

conqueror of the Incan Empire, founder of Lima

Atahualpa's refusal led Pizarro and his force to attack the Incan army in what became the Battle of Cajamarca

Spaniard that first came in contact with Atahualpa and then conquered them with only a few men and horses.

the last Sapa Inca of the Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, prior to the Spanish conquest of Peru. became emperor upon defeating his older half-brother Huáscar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac

Neither Atahualpa nor Huascar were supposed to go to the throne, but the chosen heirs had died from small pox

Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa and used him to control the Inca empire. Eventually, the Spanish executed Atahualpa, ending the Inca Empire

Became Inca Emperor just before the Spaniards came. Was way to nice to the Spaniards and underestimated their warrior abilities. Was killed by the Spaniards after being taken for ransom.

was Sapa Inca of the Inca empire, succeeding his father Huayna Capac and brother Ninan Cuyochi, both of whom died of smallpox while campaigning near Quito.

Without a clear line of succession, a war broke out between Huáscar and his brother Atahualpa.

Manco Inca was one of the Incas of Vilcabamba

one of the sons of Huayna Cápac and came from a lower class of the nobility.

Manco Inca approached Pizarro to negotiate a pact, to rule the Inca peoples and Peru since all of the royal nobles were dead.

conquistadors agreed, and Manco was crowned the ruler of the Inca

Did not realize that he too was being used by Pizarro as a puppet ruler for the Spanish conquistadors, who planned to conquer his country and its people

artificial beds or plants built up from low lying water logged damp or seasonally flooded terrain. Advantages- able to reclaim land and create some surfaces. Raised bed soils are very well drained. Keeps fields warmer. Creates a micro climate in which cold air sinks. Splash irrigation easily if not enough rainfall. When needing cleaning get muck at the bottom filled with organic material that is good soil. Don’t use raised soils anymore – winded up not being sustained. People in Titticaca basins felt this was a good idea. High yields, canal is a good fertilizer, and makes originally unusable land to produce plants

The view that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture. Those who believe this view say that humans are strictly defined by stimulus-response (environment-behavior)and cannot deviate.  People of Andes are pawns to their environment. Also that tropical weather caused laziness, compared to weather that changed often which caused more determined work.

“Card games”- used as a form of trade at Batan Grande.

(Sican playing cards, possibly form of currency)

word literally means little city

Named after early explorers and archaeologists.

Follows certain rules and basic pattern one single entrance always on the north side

Basic division

Plazas rooms inside

People living here, but not that many people

Majority of space for business of ruler-ship and storage

No central plaza in Chan Chan itself, however always one inside ciudadelas

Distinctive features of ciudadelas are audiencias

(complex houses in the Chimu, Chan Chan city capital. Elite owned. Used for residence, business, and religious ceremonies)

fortified hilltop fort for defensive safety

above ground burials surrounded by small stone structure made of stone, door for easy access, ancestors put into mummy bundles, communal tombs

·      not standardized (varied shape from chullupa to chullupa)

U-shaped structured rooms, opened on one end

Found in elite but not royal architectural compounds

Decorated with sea-creatures

Have female sacrifice buried below the floor

Looks like modern office cubicle setting

One big burial platform on east side or central area

Burial platforms have one central burial area

Areas with niches- possibly used for business

Manco Inca and the Neo-Incas

Chimu people- each emperor upon his death would leave his personal wealth to his direct descendants except for the next emperor who had to build up his own personal wealth

 system of chords with knots on them that possibly kept track of goods and surplus

·      Used by Wari and Inca

- store houses of the resources that the administrative people used when the took them from the people, put into long lines on hillsides of a village/city

- a set of shrines/wakas of carved rocks, water sculptures, boulders, etc. that were linked by lines that radiated our from Cuzco. Used to navigate back to the city.

children from villages of the Inca empire were sent to Cuzco and then the boys and girls would be married together, marched up a mountain top, got drunk, and then be sacrificed. Was to ensure the emperors long life

- emperors decent group, kept the body of the emperor for worship, an oracle would speak for the mummy, and used during diplomatic ceremonies

built off of the Wari roads previously laid out. The state resources would pay for the people to build the roads and feed them

·      Example of a mit’a during Inca time

- although the inca people converted to Christianity, they still worshiped their old gods and the Spanish didn’t like this. They thought their god was a demon

Magco Kapak was “The Son of the Sun” who married his sister, travel to a cave in Cuzco with a golden staff that claimed the land of the Inca people

Negative portrayal of Spanish colonial encounter performed by Spain’s rivals in Britain.

Initial phase of writing becomes institutionalized in the way that we view the Spanish colonial and American encounters.

(Spain’s rivals Britain only aimed to replace the natives, while Spain tried to exploit them and work them into their society)

See voices in defense of Native Andeans, particularly clerics.

Painting all Spaniards to the black legend doesn’t work, and painting all the Natives to this doesn’t work because they were not just weak people captured easily, they too had their own imperialisms and rise and fall of an empire.

·      Middle Horizon

·      When the Southern Moche was abandoned they moved to Galindo

·      Densely populated with strict social class

o   Strict social separation is seen in the walled complexes/storage facilities

·      Middle Horizon

·      When northern Moche was abandoned they moved to Pampa Grande

·      Lots of social tensions happened at this site

·      Grid layout city

·      Strict social classes

·      Huaca Grande

o   Access for only elite and governmental people

o   Baffle gates

o   Rituals performed here

o   Possible invasion or lower class rebellion

·      Early Horizon

·      Southern highlands

·      Small site

·      Sunken court

·      Plaza with female burials

Adult women were respected highly or leaders

·      Middle Horizon

·      Southern Shore of Lake Titicaca

·      Pilgrimage center OR state level society

·      Artwork:

o   Iconography emphasizes felines

o   Trophy heads

o   Portrait vessels

o   Kero- fancy drinking vessels

o   Snuff Tablets

·      Early Intermediate Period

·      Small farming hamlet

·      Became a small village of Tiwanaku

o   Sunken courts added

o   Ritual vessels found

o   Social stratification increased

o   Storage complexes disappear

·      Middle Horizon

·      Empire type state

·      Military based society

·      Harsh terrain

·      No obvious center, no single grid pattern

o   Puzzling system

·      Small neighborhoods

·      “D” Shaped temples

o   ritual pottery smashing

·      road system connected Wari colonies

·      high walled architecture

·      Wari and Tiwanaku weren’t friendly but weren’t always fighting

·      Middle Horizon

·      Wari colony site

·      Connected to Wari by road system

·      Perfectly square grid pattern

·      High walls

·      501 standardized tiny rooms

o   military barracks or labor camp

·      Wari colony

·      Connected to Wari by road system

·      Planned square grid-like

·      Located in Marcahuamachuco (smaller empire)

o   Possible fight between Wari and them

·      valley where the Wari and Tiwanaku Empires overlapped:

o   Omo

§  Tiwanaku site

§  Assosciated with Altiplano people

ú  They moved away from Tiwanaku, still are affiliated with the empire, but aren’t fully controlled by them

o   Chen Chen

§  Tiwanaku site

§  Organized irrigation fields

§  Lots of fieldwork tools found by archaeologists

§  Tiwanaku established this site to expand resources

ú  Example of Verticality

o   Cerro Baul

§  Wari Site

§  Biggest wari colony site

§  Located on high plateau

ú  Visual control

§  No water on top

§  “D” Shaped temple

·      Late Intermediate Period

·      Powerful warlord kingdom

·      By lake Titicaca

·      Lots of pukara in area

·      No real central city

·      Little storage centers

·      Northern highlands

·      Late Intermediate Period

·      Largest site of the time

o   10,000 people

·      not a lot of social stratification

·      no Chullpas

·      Late Intermediate Period.  North westlands.  Naymlap Legend- Naymlap, founder of Sican culture arrives from an unnamed land by boat. Brings with him a powerful green stone idle called pampallec. Legend depicts lots of elites that serve him and it says he grows wings and flies away but leaves his son to start a dynasty.Sican diety- central god of Sican peopleo   Identified by teardrop shaped eyes and birdlike features on artwork.   Metallurgy was highly used oIodized copper alloyso .Naipes- ‘playing cards’ copper alloy sheets§  Standardized currency o   Lots of GOLD§  Sican masks ·      Burials: o   Commoners = shallow pits with barely any goodso   Elite = deep shaft tombs by monuments, lots of goods

o   Sican center

o   Probably a capital city

o   Religious center

o   Mostly nobility living here

·      Late Intermediate Period

·      Also had a legend of king coming off a boat

·      Brought Chan Chan metal workers to make them stuff

·      Chan Chano   Capital city

o   Ciudadelas- big palace compounds (10 total)

§  Elite residence§  Surrounded by walls §  Business and storage space

§  Audiencias- small “u” shaped rooms with niches in them. Might have been used for rituals or business

§  Burial platforms- one central burial and then smaller slots for other people

o   Women sacrificed and buried

Over the burials Chimu people build teo ciodedelas

·      Original land of the Inca people

·      Where the Emperor lives

·      Significant for its 500 collcas on the hills above the site

·      Abandoned before Spanish conquest

o   Example of a real Inca site

·      Cemetery outside of the Lima coast

·      Hasty burials with bullet wounds

·      Caused by primitive guns from the Spaniards

·      Neo-Inca jungle site where Manco Inca stayed

lots of tiwanaku influence but not tiwanaku people-just influence-possibly control

Tiwanaku is Middle Horizon (see come early occupations)

North coast. Early colonial settlement in association with a new Spanish church that’s built. Cemetery where people are being buried underneath the floor of a chapel.

More or less in tune with what’s expected as Christian burials.

When these coffins are opened, they don’t have heads, and then in another coffin are there way too many heads. People are going to these coffins after burials and removing and replacing body parts-earlier concepts of moche times we see people doing this, removing crania and used as reflects for ritual purposes.

This is not a case of overt actions, just shows us that they are maintaining traditions, no text on these things, something only found and understood through archaeology, Spanish didn’t know or write about it, and natives weren’t literate.