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ARCH History
Exam 2
21
Architecture
Undergraduate 2
11/02/2014

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

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Term
[image]
Definition

Torii gate (Itsukushima Shinto shrine)

Japan

1168

Can only cross by foot at low tide
Pass through to go to Shinto shrine
Red color was believed to keep away demons/bad spirits

Gates between human and spirit world
Term
Hōryū-ji Temple
Definition

Nara

607

Oldest set of buildings in the world
Chinese influence (dougong brackets; ceramic ornamentation)
Tall pagoda on the right
Golden Hall on the left would house gatherings
The buildings are off-center from entrance

5 story pagoda (represents the 5 elements of earth)
Term
Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion)
Definition

Kyoto

1489

Zen Buddhism (interaction with the current world)
Classical age of garden design
Each of 3 floors has a different architectural style
Bronze phoenix (enlightenment within the world) at the top of the building
Simple/minimal dougong brackets
Interior is entirely natural

Picturesque massing and composition
Term
Ryōan-ji Zen Temple and Garden
Definition

Kyoto

1450

Dry garden
Large rock formation interspersed within garden
Tatami mat proportions (2:1)
15 stones (5 groups)
Can only see 14 at a time, you can only see 15 if you’ve reached enlightenment

Space between stones relates to tatami ratio (?)
Term
Basilica of Constantine
Definition

Germany

310

First example of basilica church
Brick construction
Longest surviving single structure from Rome
5 aisles; middle was higher with clerestory for light
Hierarchy of people in religion in space

Priests inside (apse/transept) → worshippers → converts → commoners
Term
Basilica of St. John Lateran
Definition

Rome

314

Social space
First example of basilica church
5 aisles
Wooden roof
Walls ornamented with fresco

Brick-faced concrete
Term
St. Sabina
Definition

Rome

425-432

3 aisles
Built on side of temple of Juno
24 Columns in nave taken from destroyed temple of Juno

Wood roof
Term
St. Peter’s
Definition

Rome

319-330

Martyrium: tomb of a saint
Stairs leading up to platform foundation
House church + basilica

Columns taken from Roman pagan temples
Term
Church of the Nativity
Definition

Palestine

333

Columns stolen from other buildings
Side aisles
Nave in center
Large octagonal area added to apse

Meant to show cave to worshippers
Term
Santa Constanza
Definition

Rome

350

Constantine’s daughter’s mausoleum
Drum with a dome
Number of columns reference to 12 apostles
Trabeated; Arch construction

Dark aisles surrounding brightly lit domed area (Heaven)
Term
San Lorenzo
Definition

Italy

370

Centrally planned
Circular in plan
4 towers buttressing large dome → carried the weight
Lost the ability to create singular concrete structures

Juxtapose basilicas → can’t take in entire structure at once
Term
Hagia Sophia
Definition

Turkey

532-37

Architects: Anthemius of Tralles, Isidor of Miletus

Large pile of masonry domes
Exterior considered less important
Pendentivedome
Esonarthex& Exonarthex
Lots of small windows let in light
Gold mosaics (literal embodiment of heaven)
Revetment
Unified church & emperor

Converted into a mosque and then a museum
Term
San Vitale
Definition

Ravenna

526-48

Martyriumfor St. Vitalis
Octagonal plan; off-center narthex due to surrounding buildings)
Some of the best preserved mosaics
Mosaics depict bishops giving Christ model of San Vitale (offering the building as tribute)

Ornaments dematerialize the heavy brick walls
Term
Monastery of Hosios Loukas, Katholikon and Theotokos churches
Definition

Greece
1020

8 piers around a nave
Interior is marble

Exterior more ornate
Term
Gračanica
Definition

Kosovo

1318-21

Elongated central dome
Use of iron as tie rods
ExonarthexEsonarthex → Nave → Attention goes upward into the dome
Dark interior of aisles with no light

Clerestory windows in dome to illuminate the fresco of Christ
Term
Church of the Intercession
Definition

Russia

1166

Iron tie rods
Onion dome → Eastern churches
Narrow windows to protect villagers under siege

Interior is tiny; only small celebrations held there
Term
St. Sophia
Definition

Ukraine

1200

Labyrinth of fragmented grid spaces
Large windows; light is split by domes and levels
Never see clergy; behind screen

Private/meditative, go to individual rooms to pray
Term
Dome of the Rock
Definition

Jerusalem

691-92

Islam conquered Jerusalem and built structure to leave lasting mark
Oldest Islamic building
Rock inside that Muhammad used to ascend to Heaven
Drum, octagonal plan
Geometric pattern with blue and gold accents
Dome’s/Building’s piers are offset, space is fragmented inside
Communal courtyard

Interior decoration looks like it is inspired by Hagia Sophia
Term
Great Mosque
Definition

Damascus, Syria

705-15

Primary mosque for world community
Minaret
Kept Roman basilica’s walls/Corinthian columns
Peristylecourtyard and hypostyle prayer hall added
Roman and Byzantine : House/dome structure
Double arch in hypostyle prayer hall

Corinthian columns with arches with Tuscan columns holding up smaller arches to support theceiling
Term
Great Mosque at Cordoba
Definition

Spain

785-987

900 : Largest city in Europe after Islamic invasion
Courtyard was a garden
Two-tier arch system (horseshoe arch from Visigoth architecture)
Church was placed in center of prayer hall after Germanic people re-conquered it
Hyper-detailed near Mihrab

Mosaics borrowed from Byzantine architecture
Term
Alhambra
Definition

Granada

1000-1333

Originally a fortress for Khalifa
Rectangular/square buildings in plan
Majority of buildings open into courtyards
Each ruler would add their own wing
Fountains/reflecting pools in gardens
Isolated from the rest of Islam

Court of the Lions : Thin columns; pointed arch; alabaster basin carried by 12 lions oriented by cardinal directions (4 rivers of paradise); Arabesque/Muqarna
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