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Ashokan Column, Sarnath, India
Ashoka – first India empire to unite the myriad of the small Indian communities. They learned from their immediate neighbors on the West (Persians, and Ahkmed empire).
Pillars create markers to provide public records of the imperial Edicts. Ashoka was remorseful for his earlier bloodthirsty way. It is based on the monumental architecture of Persopolis. |
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Temple of Vesta, Rome
The extant temple used Greek architecture with Corinthian columns, marble, and a central cella. The remaining structure indicates that there were twenty Corinthian columns built on a podium fifteen meters in diameter. The roof probably had a vent at the apex to allow smoke release. |
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So-Called Temple of Mercury, Baiaie
dome structure, and the interior space has an oculus, it is pierced by windows, Built of stone made of concentric wings and then plastered. It did not face the same technological issues, because it did not have the same size. |
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Pyramid of King Zoser, Saqqare, Egypt
The idea of building a perfect pyramidal shape is a long long process that begis with much smaller chambers in the Egyptian tradition > This begins with Mastaba (way of building single storey buildings to house the dead - Early pharaohs were buried in Mastabas.
Mastabas – early basis of the pyramids
- Next step is the Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqarea, Egypt ca. 2680 BCE designed by Imhotep – responsibility to house the body of the dead
- He used a ruler and measuring tools – It was Imhotep who takes the Mastaba and translate it.
Successive pyramid builders attempted to create successful pyramids
- Bent Pyramid, Dashur, Sneferu (2575 – 2551 BCE)
Black Pyramid of Pharaoah Amenemhat III who ruled from 1855-1808 BC
Benben – the world emerges from primordial water called the benben – this mound is where the original creater god settled and created the world. This stone is where the first rays of the stun fell. The mythological stone was about a prototype for the t ransformatino of the mastaba, stepped pyramid, to the perfect pyramid.
Particular importance of the Pyramids – way of uniting Egyptian people together
The Pyramids built Egypt/ The whole enterprise of pyramid building w as a way of consolidating the Pharoah’s control on the kingdom. |
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Worker's Town, El Kahun Sessostris 2 Egypt
- Subdivision of plan:
o Orthogonal planning
o Regular streets and widths
o Order is broken down in the High Class area
Social Hierarchy is mapped from the plan of El Kahun |
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Treasury of Atreaus, Mycenae, Greece
“Treasury” of Atreaus, Tholos Tomb, Mycenae, Greece, 1300 BCE – similar to many tombs that aawer e seen last time > artificial chamber to house the dead. In many ways iit is an elaboration of an already existing tradition.
Instead of using unmediated standing stones to make a chamber, they employed stone with a corbelling technique to create an interior shape of a beehive space. Sacale of this thing is quite large. – This is a leap on th Egyptian pyrmamid. It was not mean to be inhabited. This is mor e of a theoretical space. |
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Serpent Mound of the Adena, Ohio
Greek Shrine, Votive Clay Model, Argos
Effigy mound of a serpeant, shaped to a serpeeant, which people hypothesize has religious sigifnificance. Earthen Mounds, Mounding up of Earth was a great strategy for the people.
- 1300 Feet in length, located on a site that culminates at the edge of a cliff. Siting is certainly distinctive, archaeology thinks that it approsximates a close village, belief that this might have been a ceremonial space. The head of the serpeant is aligned to the winter solstice, it might have something to situatate a ritual space to alin onself to the cosmos. The building up of the mound needed group work. |
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Parthenon by Ictinus and Calicrates, Athens
Doric order is fatter on the bottom, and it is meant to emphasize the supportive role of the column. It communicates the weight of the roof coming down on the column.
ThE god is patron sait in Greece, but he is not the ruler/ contrast with the god of Sumer. You can step up on all sides in the Greek temple. Athena’s treasury is located on the other side. R. Temples were promintantly detailed. There was a processions tor ritual that pays tribute to the patron goddess.up
The proecession would go up the acropolis, |
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Royal Palace, Persepolis, Iran
Persopolis – had high hypostyle hall with columns hat were distinctive from the Greek columns.
Lions were used for the capital, the elephant was important, and also the idea of the wheel.
Part of the Festaival of Nawruz,
Collaborative design - Assyrian Monsters, Egyptian Cavetto Cornices, Ionic Column Bases and Volutes, Ionic Volutes
Emphasis on festive ceremony and concert of nations. |
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Theatre at Epidaurus, Greece
House of the Surgeon, Pompei, Greece
r atrium, led him to believe the house was the oldest in the city to remain standing in A.D. 79, and he dated its construction to the fourth century B.C. This foundation date for the House of the Surgeon has been fundamental to the study of Italian domestic architecture. Our present stratigraphic excavations are greatly improving our understanding of the history of this house and the development of Pompeian houses in general. |
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2nd Temple of Hera, Samos, Greece
Flimsy Timber armature and its nervous verticality. pre-cursor to Doric Temple design |
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| Worker's Town, El Kahun, Sesostris 2 Egypt |
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Valley Temple of Chefren, Giza Plateau, Egypt
A long vestibule and T-shaped hall at the entrance, alabaster floor taht reflected the light that came in through slits set in the upper parts of the wall. Against wall stood 23 statues of Chefren. masonry does not emulate naturla fomrs or mean anything elseb, but to display geometries and clena abstraction of its sqaure uprights and lintels. From here body was transfered to Mortuary Temple.
- Massive dressed stone pillars
- Flat roof supported by post and lintel architecture
- Floor is made of alabaster, and column is made of pink granite
- Materials led importance to a building’s form (if the materials were far way, then you know the building is important)
- Suggests an earlier response to colonial architecture.
The idea of building a perfect pyramidal shape is a long long process that begis with much smaller chambers in the Egyptian tradition > This begins with Mastaba (way of building single storey buildings to house the dead - Early pharaohs were buried in Mastabas. |
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Tomb of Queen Hatshepsut, Egypt
Funerary Temple of Queen Hat shepsut, Senmut, Luxor, Egypt, 2050 BCE – slightly later than the Giza plateau – signals a shift in the way in which the Pharoah elite were buried. Idea of monumental temples cshifts to Funerary temples that were not so much vertical but horizontal, such temples on the side of cliffs or high plateaus.
- Pharaoh is buried deep inside of the cliff. The cliff overlook directly the Nile river, Hizontal architecture.
- Direct linear axial lines, and progressive ramps. Stacking and the layering of columns.
- Remains of this kind of temple provides inspiration for the Ancient Greeks.
- Controlled axial approach
- As you walk from the river, and walk upwards t he way is lined with rows of statues You are being propelled down the pathway towards the cliff way. That kind of dierectionality and Axiality persists on different levels. P
Funerary temple of Nebheptr Mentuhotep, at Deir- el- Bahri,
Tebes, Middle Kingdom, Eleventh Dynasty c. 2070-2019 BC – Pyramid is samller than the earlier humongeous pyramids, eventually progression will eliminate Pyramids as symbols. |
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Pyramids of Mykerinos, Cheops & Chefren, Giza
Smooth ashalr masonry the main function of these structures were to house the tombs of the pharaohs. Main function is to be a silhouette against the sky. Internal requirement of the pyramids did not dictates the exterior form.
Pyramid of Chefren – massive stones were lifted with ramps, built in stages Relieving arch is placed to allow people to bring in the pharoah’s body
Egyptians did not have the arch technology, they got around this by using the corbelling technology (layering stone further out to create a false arch. |
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Stone Alignments, Carnac Egypt
Kostof’s definiotnn of monument – an opposition to a boundary, the monument is a setting up of a free structure by their mass and height to focus an undifferentiated mass of open space.
- Secondary meaning: a determined marking of nature
Massive, tall, free standing, and differentiates the natural world from man-made
Psychological and mental shift to monumentality – a function of a group mentality
Where do you employ the idea of monumentality – Kostoff suggests that it has to do with making sense of your physical setting in the world – to show through your labor, creation of something large, adherence to a larger world |
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Mycenean Citadel, Pylos, Greece
There is a more direct centrality in the Minoean palace.
Mycenaean palaces are developed according to a megaron. There is a ceremonial hearth in the center. This plan is more about power it seems
Pylos, Greeece, 1300 BCE
- Another palace city that is Myceanean
- Megaron is largest interior space
o With courtyward
- Throne rooms are elaborate.
- Comparions with Minoan Palace: Both of these are palaces, yet the organizing principle is the wall. The dominant feature is the second court |
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| Pont Du Gard, Nimes, France |
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Flavian Ampitheatre, Vespian
Roman Ampitheatres – used for the staging for the grand spectacles
Meant to gain the favor of the Roman people. It was monumental area where the gladiatorial schools trained
The Romans built up artificial platforms, composed of ranges of barrel vaulted passage ways. Which created a series of superimposed arcades on the ground level. In between vaults, there are stairways
- Levels of arcade corresponded to your social class.
- Also about creating a place for visually accessing all segments of society.
The Coliseum – a system of circulation for the spectators.
- Important idea of using the arch and barrel vault to organize the function of this building, to fulfill the need of these people. |
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Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii
Firs t example of a monumental farm, bases the whole tradition of the villa for the whole of Wester architecture.
Takes the domus and aplies it to the landscape. |
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| Maison Carree, Nimes, France |
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71-79 BCE
- Only accessible through the front; which emphasizes political presence and higher podium.
Differences between The Acropolis and the Forum of Ceaser > Your view is controlled , it is part of public space. Located on the main axis |
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House of the Menander, Pompeii, Greece
Example of a Roman Domus =sky-lit with a correpsonding catch basin, Entrance Vesibleu and an atrium > the main room is caleld the tablinum. Adopted the use of the peristyle with Hellenistic inspiration usually Doric or OIonic.
Peristyle absorbed function of the back kitchen garden. Bringing Nature indoors Also used stuccouing walls.
Also you seee the introduction of tabernae, which are commercial units that extend to the street |
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Pantheon, Rome
Pantheon
– domed rotunda experience, non-reinford construction.
Parthenon and Pantheon – both religious buildings function is the same, and programs are the same. Pantheon as a templeand law cour Their functions e not the same.
Made of new material (concrete), the way it is decorated, the structure
Hadrian was particularly interested in architecture
It is typical and atypical – It is meant to be accessed only from the front, with a façade of a temple, yet the inside was a coffered dome.
Pantheon is very large, which contrasts with the Parthenon, which is meant to be human scale. The Pantheon is meant to be large and awe-inspiring. You come in from a very bright light to the shaded darkeness of the door into a highly decorated surface. It has been preserved on the inside because of its religious nature.
- The use of concrete to create a dome is an attempt of building the cosmos (a microcosm of Hadrian’s world) > aligns his political world with the cosmos, he held judicial court at the Pantheon
Its innovative form was meant to support that interpretation fo Roman state religioun.
Interior statues of emporers unified under the coffered dome.
The arch technology perfected by the Romans is a much more flexible form, which requires the compressive strain of these forces meant to be held by the keystones.
The concrete of the pantheon is extremely heavy, The architect relieved the weight pressure on the wall by using arches |
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Apartment Block, Ostia, Italy
House of the Pansa, Pompeii, Greece
developed over tabernae, not everyone could afford a domus, city of renters became overcrowded, had no cooking facilities, look at modern day insulation of brick-faced concrete, because of a fire, attempts to be regulated |
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Markets of Trajan, Apollodorus of Damascus, Rome
Multi-level intracte commercial facility steeply terraced on teh slope of the Quirnal haill facing the cetner of town.
3 level storeys of shopes, standard barrelvaulted taberane, into semi-circular exedra, a curved facade echoeed curved orms of the forum and basililca of Trajan.
Impressive market Hall -0 Aula Traianaa - valuted longitudinal space liked a roofed street, with tabernae on two side broken up into bays
Vaulting of rectangular bays, and relieving arches. Like rib vaults and flying buttresses.
Foregoes visual luxuries in favor of a columnless frame of brick. Stands next to forum complex.
Multilvel, intricate commerical facilityy
steeply terraced on the slope of the Quirinal hillfacing the cetner of town. |
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Stepped Pyramid of King Zosser, Saqqara, Egypt
The idea of building a perfect pyramidal shape is a long long process that begis with much smaller chambers in the Egyptian tradition > This begins with Mastaba (way of building single storey buildings to house the dead - Early pharaohs were buried in Mastabas.
- Next step is the Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqarea, Egypt ca. 2680 BCE designed by Imhotep – responsibility to house the body of the dead
- He used a ruler and measuring tools – It was Imhotep who takes the Mastaba and translate it.
Successive pyramid builders attempted to create successful pyramids
- Bent Pyramid, Dashur, Sneferu (2575 – 2551 BCE)
Black Pyramid of Pharaoah Amenemhat III who ruled from 1855-1808 BC
Benben – the world emerges from primordial water called the benben – this mound is where the original creater god settled and created the world. This stone is where the first rays of the stun fell. The mythological stone was about a prototype for the t ransformatino of the mastaba, stepped pyramid, to the perfect pyramid.
Particular importance of the Pyramids – way of uniting Egyptian people together
The Pyramids built Egypt/ The whole enterprise of pyramid building w as a way of consolidating the Pharoah’s control on the kingdom. |
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Temples, Eridu, Iraq
- Temples stood on a tremendous platform called the ziggurat, and it was free of the pressures of density in its ample precinct, its form could afford to be both regular and open. P. 55
- Ziggurat conceived as a substitute mountain. Sumerians ahd come down from the mountainous north > need to re-create the natural architecture of their homeland. P. 57
NIche of epihpany, statue of a deity or an alter.
Fileds and produced belong to the deity.
Craftsmen, organized in guilds, offered part of their output to the temple.
Economic system
First thin walled rectangular enclosure
Overwhelmed and wind-blown > so perphas purposely buried to introudce antoher, then an oblong scheme with a central nave Corner rooms formed projecting bastions. Cross-axis was set up by an oblong room in middle of each aisle. |
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Greek House Plan, Olynthus
greek houses, like those of Mesopotamia, turned inward. They were usually built around a court with a cistern or well in it as well as an alter.
More substantial houses: simple porticoes on one or more sides.
Megaron has disappeared from residential homes |
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Temple of Apollo, Thermon, Greece
Introduction of the Peristyle, also in the first temple of Hera at Samos.
Efect of Perystle changed concpet of temple from a tabernalce of the holy image to an external thing, a fomr that mattered as a mid-spac object and had visual validity on all sides. |
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Temple of Solomon, Jerusalem
Several temples in Mesopotamia, many in Egypt, and some of the Phoenicians are now known. The description given of Solomon's Temple is not a copy of any of these, but embodied features recognisable in all of them. Its general form is reminiscent of Egyptian sanctuaries and closely matches that of other ancient temples in the region. |
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Great Stupa at Sanchi, India
He divided relics of the Buddha and divdided upon the stuppas. The idea of tethe Stupa is based on the already animistic practice of worshipping outside, and burying people and marking I with rocks. T The architecturalization of that practice into a monumental form. First they were built of mud brick and eventually they were enelarged and built of stone. Each stupa was probably a thir iteration of
In the center is the idea of the axis mundi, in which hthe stupa is connected to the world of the enlightmnet and the earthly world.
Stanga – gateway that allows entrance to a fenced area of the STupa. This tradition in stone is a translation of wood techniques that were already in use. The pattern of this fence acan be seen as logs, and th Torana gates were carved in stone using the techniques of wood carving.
Several Stuppas on the site. Original Stuppa was as pilgrimage site]. The jouney of the site is as important as the ssite itself. When you get there you are then instructed by the decoration of the Torana gate, which contains historical scenes of theBuddha in his past life. Set out in the same way that Gothic cathedrals were set out.
Plan:
Path up and around the building is carefull thought out. > Enter one of the gates so that you could walk around the Stupa. The Entrance is offset, it is not placed on axis. When it is time to get to the staircase, there is a very strong intentionality to make you aware of your movement and presence.
This movement is related to the quest for Enlightenment.
Harmika and chatra |
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| 2nd CenturyBCE - 7th Century CE |
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Cave Sanctuary, Ajanta, India
Cave Temples, Ajanta, india
Cave temples were associated with Buddhist monasteries called viharas. Each vihara consisted of cells with a dining hall and an assembly hall, all arranged around a central courtyard. Viharas were sometimes freestanding, sometimes cut out of rock. Twenty-nine rock-cut monasteries, for example, were discovered in the limestone cliffs at Ajanta during the nineteenth century. They had been carved between the first century B.CE and the seventh century CE. Famous murals on their interior walls illuminate the lives and beliefs of the monks who once lived there.
The cave shrine was a continuing tradition in Indian religion. Indians carved cave temples until the thirteenth century CE. or later, and such temples became a hallmark of Buddhism as it spread along trade routes into Central Asia and then China, where worshippers built cave temples and monasteries in cliffs. Because of their resemblance to long-vanished prototypes, these shrines now serve as texts for the study of early architecture in this region.
- Ascetic followers of Buddhism tended to want live apart from society. They found refuge from society in places in the outskirts of society |
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Domus Ecclesiae, Dura Europos,Syria
here was also the earliest identified Christian house church, located by the 17th tower and preserved by the same defensive fill that saved the synagogue. "Their evidently open and tolerated presence in the middle of a major Roman garrison town reveals that the history of the early Church was not simply a story of pagan persecution".[7]. The building consists of a house conjoined to a separate hall-like room, which functioned as the meeting room for the church. The surviving frescoes of the baptistry room are probably the most ancient Christian paintings. We can see the "Good Shepherd" (this iconography had a very long history in the Classical world), the "Healing of the paralytic" and "Christ and Peter walking on the water". These earliest depictions of Jesus Christ ever found anywhere date back to 235 A.D. |
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Old St. Peters Rome
It was of typical basilical Latin Cross form with an apsidal end at the chancel, a wide nave and two aisles on either side. It was over 103.6 metres (340 ft) long, and the entrance was preceded by a large colonnaded atrium. This church had been built over the small shrine believed to mark the burial place of St. Peter. It contained a very large number of burials and memorials, including those of most of the popes from St. Peter to the 15th century. Like all of the earliest churches in Rome,[13] both this church and its successor had the entrance to the east and the apse at the west end of the building. Since the construction of the current basilica, the name Old St. Peter's Basilica has been used for its predecessor to distinguish the two buildings.[14] |
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Chaitya Hall, Karli, India
Apsidal Chaitya, Karli, India, 100 BCE – designed space Is meant to house people for Cnogregaional worship.
- Material is carved out of rock.
o Carved to look like roof, and in the tradition of wood trussing.
o The ceiling is not necessary and it s a remembrance of wood
Mathuran vs. Gandaharn BBuddha, 2nd century
The design of therobe and the articulation of the fold has a higher sense of realism which is based on classical aristic tradition. All these are indicative of local arsitic conventions.
In Afghanistan, the Stupa is competing with Mounds and thus the Stupa is more vertical. The change of the Stuppa to verticality.
Monasteries like on the silk road, there are also |
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| Synagogue, Dura Europs, Syyria |
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Songyue Pagoda, Henan, China
The Songyue Pagoda (Chinese: 嵩岳寺塔), constructed in 523 CE, is located at the Songyue Monastery on Mount Song, in Henan province, China.[1] Built during the Northern Wei Dynasty, this pagoda is one of the few intact sixth-century pagodas in China and is also the earliest known Chinese brick pagoda.[1] Most structures from that period were made of wood and have not survived.[2][3]
The spread of Buddhism dramatically influenced Chinese architecture. By the sixth century, Buddhism had spread with tremendous momentum throughout China: Chinese culture was adjusting and adapting its traditions to include Indian Buddhism forms of worship.[2] The Chinese transformed the rounded earthen mound of the South Asian stupa into the towering pagoda to house the sacred buried relics of Buddha at its core.[2][3][4]
The unique many-sided shape of the Songyue Pagoda suggests that it represents an early attempt to merge the Chinese architecture of straight edges with the circular style of Indian Buddhism. The perimeter of the pagoda decreases as it rises. As this is seen in Indian and Central Asian Buddhist cave temple pillars and the later round pagodas in China, the changing pagoda shape over time supports the Indian Buddhist origins of the style.[2] |
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Yungung Caves, Northern Wei Dynasty, Shanxi, China
e Chinese province of Shanxi. They are excellent examples of rock-cut architecture and one of the three most famous ancient sculptural sites of China
he grottoes were mainly constructed in the period between 460-525 AD during the Northern Wei dynasty. They are an outstanding example of the Chinese stone carvings from the 5th and 6th centuries. All together the site is composed of 252 grottoes with more than 51,000 Buddha statues and statuettes. In 2001, the Yungang Grottoes were made a UNESCO World Heritage Site The Yungang Grottoes is considered by UNESCO a "masterpiece of early Chinese Buddhist cave art... [and] ...represent the successful fusion of Buddhist religious symbolic art from south and central Asia with Chinese cultural traditions
he Northern Wei early adopted Buddhism as their state religion. Buddhism arrived in this location via travel on the ancient North Silk Road, the northernmost route of about 2600 kilometres in length, which connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xian to the west over the Wushao Ling Pass to Wuwei and emerging in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia.[2] |
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Monastery at Horyuji, Nara, HJpapan
The Core and Oldest Area:
The Core is an enlclosure with roomas around the covered hall
Contains Imager hall called the kondo, stupa, and the library
- Built primarily of wood, taking advantage of Chinese carpentry tradition
o Really a model of Chinese architecture in Japan
- Located near the acapital
- Cells that surround the exterior are held by a system of columns.
- Materials: foundation of stone, deeply pietched roof
- Plan: The Stuppa doesn’t have quite the importance it is placed next to the image hall and both buildings are not in the center> offset. They placing the veneration of the himage s of Buddha in one building and the circumnavigation in ithe other side.
Pagoda: ahas cosmic axis that reaches the top. The height of hthe building also emphasizes the idea of the building as an axis
Image Hall: wood frame with an elaborate bracketing system, to create an interior space
System of rectangular brackets:
Japanese architecture is very much codified.
-There sis a specific way to build a hosue, temple…etc., and all the architects of the day knew how to buildi those things.
- Treatise on how to build a temple: what is the quality of wood that you need.
Atrchitecture was a state enterprise that was regulated and understood as a component of the state.
The cloud bracket was designed in the tradition tthat was borroewed from China that ame to Japan.
Wood construction:
- Used standard modules
o i.e. Jian or bay, the interval four clumns Is the basic =building module of a Chinese dwelling.
Roof: the building is defined by the roof
- the elaborate bracketing system allows for the roof stystem to dominate the skyline.
- Image Hall: is lifted up an additional storey just t ocreate stronger roofline on the interior.
- The center of the image hall
Elaboration of the image Hall has something to do with the fact from the theravata to Mahiyana Buddhism with the imageo fthe Bhudda for the aaid of prayer and mediation. It is a way coof connecting religion with politics, and
-0 elasborating the image hall and placing the Bhudda on the throne.
- Sometimes Rulers would add statues of themselves next to the Bhudda statues.
Emphasis of the image hall changed the nature of worship, and aigned their leadership with a religious cause |
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Dome of the Rock, Kubbat-as-Sakhra, erusalem
– They use multiplication, they break the dome into hundreds of little parts. This is one strategy for transporting to another place. Rather than expressing through a single dome you have unity being represented through an infinite expansion of objects.
Dematerialization
The use of color is a strong feature of Islamic architecture – The patterning is also strong
As opposed to literal depiction of Saints. This is representation of the Human figure in Christian
You don’t need a priest to communicate to god.
Space and the relationship to God, early Christianity
Jewel Decoration on the interior meant to surround the hholy places
Borrowed themes from earlier traditions. |
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Borobudur, Sailendra Dynasty, Indonesia
Borobador – much more complex and elaborated idea of the same thing – idea of a cosmic mountain (Ziggurat)
- This structure is meant to be a site of pilgrimage. You are meant to go up the ramps,
- Effects Is made up of the piling of stones. They don’t’t have the arch technology. It is not about technological sophistication, and a totally audacious interpretation of the Stuppa.
- Something that takes you thon a spirtial trip through many different levels
- The different elevels correponsd to the stages of the Bhuddist monk. Or adherent
- Elaborate relief structures around the building
- On the top there are 72 stuppas.
- The relfiefs: ive aus a sense of everyday life. Includes scense of the ship that comes from India
- Sailendra Kng and Queen – enshrined in the fabri c of th e building itself.
- This is a unique world heritage site.
Really is is a mound of earth and rival that is regularized though the application of stone on the exterio
Java – Through the migration of monks form India to Java by sea we have a slow infiltration of Budism into the Indonesian archipelago. |
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Great Mosque of Kairowan, Tunisia
Kairowan was a military outpost, and it was evnentually a fort. In scale the building is an important compared to the city around it.
- Plan is interesting: has open courtyard and rows of lateral columnstha define the interior of the mosque.
- Over time: the plan started simple, simply with rows of columns, then there is an aisle that designates the location of the Mihrab, and becomes articulated in the final version with the introduction of a dome
- Maphsura – the place where the ruler would have prayed (against what Muhamed would say about Islam), thus the mosque becomes a hierarchical space. The need for legitimization of power grows complex.
- Thus: The form of the mosque does not stay static > it changes to suit the needs of the people who use it. |
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S. Constancza, Rome
Mauseloum fo daughter of emperor constantine,
Dome and tall drum perforated by sixteen windows, rests on a circle of twelve piepairs of columns which are spanned by aracade
A barrel vaulted ambulatory wraps around this well-lighted nucleus.
Representsd develoepment for the centrally planned, domed halls with octongal rooms.
Reperesent religh of hiehg, ampler windos space, and the opening out of the domed core into semi-independetn border spaces. p. 252 |
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| Synagogue, Dura Europos, Syria |
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Hagia, Sophia, Isodorus and Anthemious, Istanbul
It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 A.D. on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian,
In 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks and Sultan Mehmed II ordered the building to be converted into a mosque.[4] The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed, and many of the mosaics were eventually plastered over. The Islamic features — such as the mihrab, the minbar, and the four minarets outside — were added over the course of its history under the Ottomans. It remained as a mosque until 1935, when it was converted into a museum by the Republic of Turkey.
For almost 500 years the principal mosque of Istanbul, Hagia Sophia served as a model for many of the Ottoman mosques such as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque of Istanbul), the Şehzade Mosque, the Süleymaniye Mosque, the Rüstem Pasha Mosque, and the Kılıç Ali Paşa Mosque.
reat artistic value was its decorated interior with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings. The temple itself was so richly and artistically decorated that Justinian proclaimed, "Solomon, I have outdone thee!" (Νενίκηκά σε Σολομών). Justinian himself had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time, and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years up until the completion of the cathedral in Seville in Spain.
Justinian's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of late antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim worlds alike. The largest columns are about 19 or 20 metres tall. They are at least 1.5 metres diameter. They are made out of granite, the largest weighing well over 70 tons. Under Justinian's orders, eight Corinthian columns were disassembled from Baalbek, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople for the construction of Hagia Sophia.[1
The dome seems rendered weightless by the unbroken arcade of 40 arched windows under it, which help flood the colourful interior with light. Due to consecutive repairs in the course of its history, the dome has lost its perfect circular base and has become somewhat elliptical with a diameter varying betwee
Basillica Married to a vaulted superstructure but neither was allowed to dominate. Dedicated to Christ of Holy wisdom.
Four Broad arches hold aloft a central dome of brick that hovers some 50 meters above the floor. p. 263
40 round-headed windows that emit light into the building
Visible Universe - hypothesized in the Byzantine Mind as a cube surmounted by a dome.
Church actual house of god and so obliged to have an appropriated design.
Idea of the sublime through the lights that come in. parts completely absorbed into the larger composition.
Scale: god-centered. diametrrically opposed to human scale |
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Bulguksa Temple, Gyeongju, Korea
Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism in the North Gyeongsang province in South Korea.
golden age of Buddhist art in the Silla kingdom
There are two pagodas on the temple site, which is unusual. The three-story Seokgatap (Sakyamuni Pagoda) which stands at 8.2 meters is a traditional Korean-style stone pagoda with simple lines and minimal detailing. |
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Cien Si Temple/Big Goose Pagoda, Sian, China
- Early Chinese interpretation of the Stuappa. Buddhist monasteries were important places for inltelliectual
One of the pagoda's many functions was to hold sutras and figurines of the Buddha that were brought to China from India by the Buddhist translator and traveller Xuanzang.
However, this construction of rammed earth with a stone exterior facade eventually collapsed five decades later |
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Great Mosque of Damascus, Syria
Early Mosques – difference in the way in that the infinite is expressed –
- Pantheon comparison: all interior space enclosed under encompassing dome, and light coming through top lit oculus.
Over spread of geography, there are many different mosque types
- Early mosque composed of covered hallway and courtyard.
- Eventually develops to an Iwan Mosque.
- Hypostyle Mosque comparison:
o Origin is the courtyard house. It emerges from Muhamed’s house, which became a place for his followers to convene and pray.
o When the power of the state was involved, the mosques changed enormously.
Great Mosque of Damascus-
3000 BC , Aramean temple
1st century Ad – Temple to Jupiter
379 AD –Church of St. John the Baptisst
636 – South wall become mosque shared with moslims after Damsacus was taken by the Arabs.
708-715
Ummayad caliph Al-Walid built the Great Mosque
Composed primarily of the courtyard and the prayer hall, which looks a lot like a church.
- Mihrab is a marker that tells the worshipper where he should worship: The mihrab is soley there to indicate where the quibla wall is.
Great Mosque of Damscus, Syria
Shan – the external courtyard. Main entrance
- Reigned by the Colonnade. Muslims Twere not an urban civilization.
Church of St. John the Baptist and renovation into Great mosque of Damascus
- Cultural exchange – take the idea of the arcade arou d the exterior and the row of columns, but the orientation has been completely changed.
On the exterior, many of the decorative motifs are repreated and built by Byzantine craftsmen.
The mosaic from the Great mosque of Damascus – depicts buildings and the river. Interior has monumental columns, which were salvaged from the earlier church. Another way of making a link with the past. Connecting Islam to the Judeo Roman World.
Mihrab – simply a marker with elaborate geometric patterns |
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Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
Visigothic arches and roman capitals, and a layer of gothic arches
The building is most notable for its giant arches, with 856 columns of jasper, onyx, marble and granite. These were made from pieces of the Roman temple which had occupied the site previously, as well as other destroyed Roman buildings. The double arches, pictured above, were a new introduction to architecture, and helped support the tremendous weight of the higher ceilings. The double arches consist of a lower horseshoe arch and an upper semi-circular arch. The Mezquita also features richly gilded prayer niches. A centrally located honey-combed dome has blue tiles decorated with stars. The mihrab is a masterpiece of architectural art, with geometric and flowing designs of plants. The Mezquita reached its current dimensions in 987 with the completion of the outer naves and orange tree courtyard. |
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Mohenjo Daro, Indus Civilization, Pakistan
Succumbed to invasion of light-skinned Aryans
It has a planned layout based on a grid of streets, which were laid out in perfect patterns. At its height the city probably had around 35,000 residents. The buildings of the city were particularly advanced, with structures constructed of same-sized sun dried bricks of baked mud and burned wood.
he public buildings of these cities also suggest a high degree of social organization
Mohenjo-daro was a well fortified city. Lacking actual city walls, it did have towers to the west of the main settlement, and defensive fortifications to the south. Considering these fortifications and the structure of other major Indus valley cities like Harappa, lead to the question of whether Mohenjo-daro was an administrative centre. Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro share relatively the same architectural layout, and were generally not heavily fortified like other Indus Valley sites. It is obvious from the identical city layouts of all Indus sites, that there was some kind of political or administrative centrality, however the extent and functioning of an administrative centre remains unclear. |
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Deir El Medinah, Worker's Town, Egypt
- Made of stone: which suggest permanence
- Not shantytowns for the workers, but they built mud brick walls – this was a well established integrated aspect of Egyptian life that was considered permanent
- Egyptian houses were fairly linear: Central room supported by Column/ Not as regimented and perfect as those houses of El Kahun. Contrast with Ur with a circular courtyard pattern, yet these houses were linear |
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Amarna, King Akhaten, Egypt
Supervisor’s house – was near the controlled entrance – plan suggest the preordained size and good circulation, easy control and access
Roads match the bends of the river > Kostof suggests that the orientation of the river really affected thecities even if they wre not planning in advance. |
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Changan, Tang, China
Ch-ang-an –center was a circular moat that enclosed a square platform was a four-winged structure around a court set on its own circular terrace.
- Here Han emperor adjusted his behavior to nature’s cycles, moving forom hall to hall as the seasons changed and completing a revolution in the course of the year. |
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Teotihuacan, Peru
Non-walled city, really spread out city
Walls are used as boundaries to define inside and outside. It is important, because it provides a n alterantive understanding of the city. Tehey denot what the city is through the axial planning of the city on the west side
- There aer mountains in the distanc is their arcthiectural forms sonform ro the landscapes of mountains surrounding it. |
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Skara Brae, Scotland
Orkney Isalnds – Dry stone masonry, no mortar is used. Underground passages. Dry Stone masonry wall there was a harried abundance of stone.
All th dwellings are connected by tiny walkways. The small paces are important for the manifestation of community and altars. |
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Zigguraut, Precinct, Ur, Iraq
Emulation of the mountain which was meant to be the place of the gods
Major Physical Features
- Walls and gates as consstitutent facts of the city.
- The Temenos Wall – includes the Ziggurat and the districts and the Granaries and the storehouses.
- Residential districts
- Canal and Harbor – both had to be constructed and dredged to make this a functional city
- Part of the achievement of the planning and urban city design is the infrastructe: canal and harbor
o As important as the Ziggurat in defining the city.
- Royal Paalce and Royal Mausoleum – the king was the essentially the god’s representative on the world
Residential Quarter, Ur, Mesopotamia – distinct areas dedicated to the marketplace and the Khan (or other marketplace) small religious chapels, and even a school all based on archeological evidence. These cities are very similar to the cities we have today.
Vernacular housing – basic form is the courtyard house |
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| Pompeii Forum, Residential Neighborhood |
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Circular Plan,Baghdad
Yakut: Baghdad under the Abbasids, c. 1000 CE
[Introduction (adapted from Davis)]
Baghdad "the city of the Arabian nights" was founded in 764 CE. by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur. It was in its prime about 800 CE., during the reign of the famous caliph Harun-al-Rashid. What this city - which represented the crown of Medieval Muslim civilization - resembled, is told by an author who saw Baghdad in its glory.
Yakut: Geographical Encyclopedia:
The city of Baghdad formed two vast semi-circles on the right and left banks of the Tigris, twelve miles in diameter. The numerous suburbs, covered with parks, gardens, villas and beautiful promenades, and plentifully supplied with rich bazaars, and finely built mosques and baths, stretched for a considerable distance on both sides of the river. In the days of its prosperity the population of Baghdad and its suburbs amounted to over two millions! The palace of the Caliph stood in the midst of a vast park several hours in circumference which beside a menagerie and aviary comprised an inclosure for wild animals reserved for the chase. The palace grounds were laid out with gardens, and adorned with exquisite taste with plants, flowers, and trees, reservoirs and fountains, surrounded by sculptured figures. On this side of the river stood the palaces of the great nobles. Immense streets, none less than forty cubits wide, traversed the city from one end to the other, dividing it into blocks or quarters, each under the control of an overseer or supervisor, who looked after the cleanliness, sanitation and the comfort of the inhabitants.
The water exits both on the north and the south were like the city gates, guarded night and day by relays of soldiers stationed on the watch towers on both sides of the river. Every household was plentifully supplied with water at all seasons by the numerous aqueducts which intersected the town; and the streets, gardens and parks were regularly swept and watered, and no refuse was allowed to remain within the walls. An immense square in front of the imperial palace was used for reviews, military inspections, tournaments and races; at night the square and the streets were lighted by lamps.
There was also a vast open space where the troops whose barracks lay on the left bank of the river were paraded daily. The long wide estrades at the different gates of the city were used by the citizens for gossip and recreation or for watching the flow of travelers and country folk into the capital. The different nationalities in the capital had each a head officer to represent their interests with the government, and to whom the stranger could appeal for counsel or help.
Baghdad was a veritable City of Palaces, not made of stucco and mortar, but of marble. The buildings were usually of several stories. The palaces and mansions were lavishly gilded and decorated, and hung with beautiful tapestry and hangings of brocade or silk. The rooms were lightly and tastefully furnished with luxurious divans, costly tables, unique Chinese vases and gold and silver ornaments.
Both sides of the river were for miles fronted by the palaces, kiosks, gardens and parks of the grandees and nobles, marble steps led down to the water's edge, and the scene on the river was animated by thousands of gondolas, decked with little flags, dancing like sunbeams on the water,
and carrying the pleasure-seeking Baghdad citizens from one part of the city to the other. Along the wide-stretching quays lay whole fleets at anchor, sea and river craft of all kinds, from the Chinese junk to the old Assyrian raft resting on inflated skins.
The mosques of the city were at once vast in size and remarkably beautiful. There were also in Baghdad numerous colleges of learning, hospitals, infirmaries for both sexes, and lunatic asylums.
The city of Baghdad is often said to have been founded on the west bank of the Tigris on 30 July 762 by the Abbasid dynasty, led by caliph al-Mansur, replacing Harran as the seat of the caliphal government; however, a city of Baghdad is mentioned in pre-Islamic texts, including the Talmud,[4] and the Abbasid city was likely built on the site of this earlier settlement.
Zumurrud Khaton tomb in Baghdad,1932
Baghdad eclipsed Ctesiphon, the capital of the Persian Empire, which was located some 30 km (20 miles) to the southeast, which had been under Muslim control since 637, and which became quickly deserted after the foundation of Baghdad. The site of Babylon, which had been deserted since the 2nd century BC, lies some 90 km (55 miles) to the south.
The city was designed as a circle about 2 km in diameter, leading it to be known as the "Round City". The original design shows a ring of residential and commercial structures along the inside of the city walls, but the final construction added another ring, inside the first.[5] In the center of the city lay the mosque, as well as headquarters for guards. The purpose or use of the remaining space in the center is unknown. The circular design of the city was a direct reflection of the traditional Persian Sasanian urban design. The ancient Sasanian city of Gur/Firouzabad is nearly identical in its general circular design, radiating avenues, and the government buildings and temples at the center of the city.
The roundness points to the fact that it was based on Persian precedents such as Firouzabad in Persia.[6] The two designers who were hired by al-Mansur to plan the city's design were Naubakht, a former Persian Zoroastrian who also determined that the date of the foundation of the city would be astrologically auspicious, and Mashallah, a Jew from Khorasan, Iran.[7]
Firuzabad is situated in a low-lying area of the region, so Alexander was able to drown the city by directing the flow of a river into the city. The lake he created remained until Ardashir I built a tunnel to drain it. He founded his new capital city on this site.
Ardeshir's new city was known as Khor Ardeshīr, Ardeshīr Khurah and Shāhr-ī Gōr. It had a circular plan so precise in measurement that the Persian historian Ibn Balkhi wrote it to be "devised using a compass". It was protected by a trench 50 meters in width, and was 2 kilometers in diameter. The city had four gates; to the north was the Hormoz Gate, to the south the Ardeshir Gate, to the east the Mithra Gate and to the west the Bahram Gate. The royal capital's compounds were constructed at the center of a circle 450m in radius. At the center point of the city was a Zoroastrian fire temple 30m high and spiral in design, which is thought to have been the architectural predecessor of the Great Mosque of Samarra of Iraq. |
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Prehistoric Hut, Terra Amata, France
Mongolian Yurt – in this you see important significance of the abstract nature of design. The hearth at the center is practical, and allows for the smoke to come out. Yet being placed at the center of the circle is symbolic in representing a microssm – relation of the earth to the heavens. Before there are cities there are abstract thinking s oabout design. This is a significant shift on the way that human beings relate to their environment.
Terra Amata – France 400,000 BCE – This was a seasonal hunting camp. The huts were collapsed the huts were rebuilt. There is a commonly accepted way of allocating space.
The Yurt – highly abstracted and symbolic- The tent is a circle which is enscribed in the four corners of the Earth. IN the center is the Hearth Sqaure with the Brazier representing the center.
Even in Nomadic culture, architecture or tent can be a highly symboli tnet. It is as symbolic as a primitive dwelling. |
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| Neolithic Settlement, Khirokhitia, Cyprus |
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Prehistoric Settelement, Sitthard, Netherlands
Settlements were oriented northwest – to privde the most protection from strong winds. Used planks of woods in the North west part to shield the house.
Longhouse is one type of Neolithic site. |
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Miletus, Ionia, Turkey
Harbors define 3 main areas of the cities
- Standardized features of urban life including:
o Temples and Stadium
- Certain streets are wider and more important than other areas
- Edges are defined by Stoas and become defining edges
o Determined that it would be the defining factor
o Stoas really defined the Agora
o Grid affects the form of the architecture
Codified approach to planning/
Appears to look at Hippodamoss who conceiveid of ideal city of 10k people |
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| Pompeii Forum, Residential Neighborhood |
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| the gatewway dispalced on the edge of the water, with no door > seen as a marker with literally no mass |
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| A Shinto enclosure used to celebrate a particular spirit or deity. – Architectural idea of enclosure. |
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- During this period, all of Japan is consolidated under sa single ruler
o Unification of these units, wa like the Roman empire
o Architecture was used by the new ruler to provide justification for the ruler being attached to the deity.
o They look to the imperial model of China for inspiration
Tyhey sent Chinese craftsmen and experts be brought over to ehelp build sthese structures such as monasteries. |
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Athens:
Athens 5th Century BCE – Really urban civilization in contrast to Egypt
- These Athenians were aware of the monumental architecture of Egypt
- Affected them even after they won against the Persians
- Athens rebuilt itself in the 5th century BCE
- Was the most sophisticated of the Greek Cities
- Was not planned, and was rebuilt from the earlier city.
Agora and Acropolis: 2 major components
- Distinction between religious and civic areas/ yet religion and civic were not firmly divided as they were before
- Parthenon could be seen as both religious and civic buildings
Agora
– contains Mint and assembly houses and also temples
- Open space defined by buildings on the edges
- Major roads that go through it
- It is a stop on the route on the panamic procession ( like a highway )
- Constantly changing, has painted Stoas
Stoas:
- Multifunctional space used for a variety of purposes
- Depositories for paintings
- More than one Stoa may be needed for different reasons
- Later on efined loose edges of the Agora
- Flat democratic space
Height: really long hike procession to the Acropolis from the everyday life of the Stoa
Stoa – open to the elements
- Used for seating/ shelter
- Steps could be used for places to give lectures
- Equivalent of the exchange floor/ such as themodern stock exchange
Stoa of Attalos: mid 2nd Century BCE – buildings became more elaborate later on and this stoa is two stories with a colonnade, and the steps and approach to the building
- Athens was an organic city/ not plan
- Ritual consultaion of the oracle
- Location of a spring
- Building of a wall: determines the size of the city, primary act that sets the ideal number of people who are going to live there
- Laying out a grid of braod avenus in one direction nad nthree others a right angles.: next you lay in the grid system using an orthogonal grid – grid efficiently subdivides the land/ could also be seen as a democratic block
- Reservation of sites for agora and public purposes: Laid within the grid/ after public places subdivide the streets
- Construction of houses served by lesser streets
Hippodamus: de facto City Planner
- Physical form and the city form of the city should match up
- Wrote extensively on this topic
- There is a religious basis to the city that involves locating the oracle
Public space for everybody articulated within the democracy and polis of the city state
- Collects all the places that people need to interact in public.
Acropolis – elevated plateau where the gods would dwell |
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Priene
not a regular site/ slopes down from the acropolis
Grid – has to accommodate the slope
- Some of the streets are actually stairwells
- Divided much the same way as other Greek Cities
- Theatre/ temple connected to the Agora
- Example that Greek Cities were standardized
Greek colonization the source of codification—outside of Mainland Greece, combination of the political and the physical, the physical deisgned to support the idea political plan, as discussed by Aristotle and other philosophers—necessary to know one another
Ten citizens do not make a polis but neighter to ten thousand
Four broad terraces, standard wideth of streets, descends 320 feet from acropolis to the stadium and gymnasium on edge
Hippodamus and orthogonal planning—Harrapan cities? |
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was a messy example of city planning/ Completely organic city planning
- Contained elaborate temples, baths, theatres etc. distributed around the city in a haphazard way
Rome in the Imperial Age – city had to be extended from the original walls. Cities organized around the seven hills.
- Roman For a: Symbolic heart of rome/ the example of the Agora – became honorific device for Roman emperors. Forums were showpieces for each emperors/ each of them had different functions such as temples and marketplaces. |
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Trajan's Forum
Forum of Ceasar – similar to Agora in its colonnade and orthogonal planning/ lots of open spaces, and access to it is very limited. Your vision and experience is linear and axial towards the temple. Eye is directed towards the building. Temple could be used as a place for speeches.
Most elaborate Forum is Trajan’s Forum, Apollodorus of Damascus, 100-112 CE –
- Architect is playing very creatively with different forms to create a experience.
- Controlled entrance, yet with a hemicycle on the sides (introducing curves into the language)
o Also semicircular marketplaces – screen of columns on each side
o Semiccircular space aallowed you to have rest – This is matched on both sides
o Market is built around that.
o Twin libraries of collected scrolls and a temple at the end.
o You would see the basilica as soon as you entered the Forum.
Romans never copied the city of Rome plan/ They were very methodical with new cities
- They were interested in uniting the empire
- They established an urban civilization where there wasn’t one
- Roman foundations spread throughout Europe
- The way that Romans planned was very powerful to the landscape
- Romans had a similar kind of strategy
- Founding a town was an act of creation that related to God |
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Timgad, Algeria
Centuriation: using surveying device or groma to organize the city
They would plan cities , and subdivide the country side all according to an orthogonal city
Towns were governed like Greek strategies/ Rectangular plan that was standard/ standard Roman plan had two streets which halligned wit the main gates of the streets
- Institutions would be laid into the grid
- Cities divided up into districts, and the command structure in the middle
Timgad, Algeria
- Was founded as a colony for military veterans
- Beautifully preserved because it is in the desert
- Has almost perfect geometry/ established in a flat plain.
- Over time, the size of the city was compromised
- Four gates, ampitheatre and the forum.
- Streets were paved and drained with sewers.
o A way to welcome people from the outside: lining the paved streets were the colonnades/
o Street was collective tissue combining different aspects. |
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Church of San Vitale, Ravenna
- Introduction of Round Planned Churches instead of Basilica Church. Built of Brick, Composed of two different levels with a tall drum in the center.
Church of the Holy Sepluchure, Jerusalem, 326-337
- Combined both round idea nd the basilica idea in one complex. Has atrium, nave, apse, and the actual tomb of Jesus is placed at the center of the circle. Circle allows for better circulation
Light coming from the drum, and there is an exterior walk way with niches around the perimeter – These are the precedence for the round buildings.
San Vitale very sim[ly made of brick o n the exterior. Very simple and based on round arches.
Centrally dipsosed - Eight wedge shaped piers connected by arches, carry a cupola on a tall drum.Counteract sense of focused height with strong longitudinal path toward the apse. Many oblique view |
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