Term
US Energy Use and US Building Energy Use |
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Definition
Buildings > 40 % US energy
HVAC/comfort Use > 40% of building energy |
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Term
The three general "good" sustainable design strategies |
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Definition
1) load avoidance via shape, orientation, shading, etc
2) load reduction/elimination via passive techniques
3) load supply via mechanical system |
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Term
Building Type: Internal Load Dominated (ILD) |
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Definition
1) thicker, taller buildings 2) high internal heat gains 3) inside impacts buidling response as much or more than outside 4) daylighting usually limited to perimeter/top floor 5) heating generally only needed at perimetere during winter 6) cooling required in core all year round |
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Term
Building Type: Skin Load Dominated (SLD) |
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Definition
1) thinner with most spacing having exterior exposure
2) outside conditions play most significant role
3) daylighting typically easily available
4) increased exterior area may result in higher heating/cooling
5) can have more efficient use of solar energy
6) thin shape better for natural ventilation |
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Term
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Definition
Emphasis on insulation
look for passive heating opportunities
high performance windows with high SHGC
berm on north side (protect from cold winds) |
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Term
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Definition
perimeter heating
use cool outdoor air to balance internal gains
similar recommendations as SLD |
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Term
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Definition
Insulation
thermal mass on exterior
shading
evaporative cooling
windows with low SHGC |
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Term
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Definition
thermal mass (interior/exterior)
shading
evaporative/night cooling
low SHGC windows |
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Term
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Definition
shade and/or reflect
insulation
ventilate but watch for moisture
seal building |
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Term
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Definition
shade/reflect
insulate
seal
low SHGC windows |
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Term
Temperate Climate for both SLD/ILD |
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Definition
shade
open building up as much as possible
low shgc windows |
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Term
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Definition
1) comfort: meets heating and cooling loads
2) humidity control
3) indoor air quality
4) other building processes |
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Term
General Space Necessary for HVAC system? |
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Definition
5-9% of building floor area and 3-4' of floor-floor height |
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Term
HVAC: Primary System (Central Plant) |
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Definition
energy conversion equipment
provide chilled/hot water (or steam) to secondary system |
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Term
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Definition
comfort delivery or space conditioning equipment
either air, air-water, water (hydronic) or other (gas, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
1) uses air as heat transport medium
2) controls space air temperature
3) meet sensible and latent loads
4) delivers fresh air |
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Term
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Definition
1) uses water as heat transport medium
2) water more efficient medium than air
3) seeks comfort via convection and radiation
4) much more efficient than air-based system
5) doesn't deal with IAQ |
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Term
Air vs. Water HVAC System |
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Definition
1) air better at sensible load and outide air handling
2) water more efficient at transporting and energy efficient
3) air much more known in states, so water > initial cost
4) air much much more space than water
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Term
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Definition
limit air flow
use local water coil for most conditioning
comfort improved via user control
benefits of both air and water systems |
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Term
Baseboards and Radiators (Hydronic System) |
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Definition
natural convection from hot "coil" surface to air (some radiation)
typically used as baseboards or radiators in old buildings
adv:
1) simple system with/ heat where it is needed
2) combines easily with air system
disadv:
1) steam-based difficult to control
2) not for cooling
3) no outside air
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Term
Water Tubes (Hydronic Radiant System) |
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Definition
typically in floor or ceiling
50%+ of energy as radiation to spaces (and convection)
potential for heating and cooling
configurations:
1) floor concrete
2) under floor
3) ceiling panels
adv:
1) better comfort at more tolerant thermostat setting
2) more energy efficient
3) no ducts or diffusers
dis:
1) no outside air or latent
2) condensatoin (through cooling)
3) slower response (compared to heating air instead of surface) |
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Term
Chilled Beams (Hydronic System) |
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Definition
chilled water coil hung from or incorporated into ceiling
hot air from space rises and is cooled by coil
radiation from chilled beam to occupants
types:
1) active: integrated with forced air system and air flow limited to ventilation requirements
2) passive: seperate system with condensation reabsorbed to space late
adv:
1) limited duct space requirements for active system
2) water pipes relatively small
3) brings comfort where needed
disadv:
1) must combine with an air based system |
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Term
Wood Heating (Fuel/Other Local System) |
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Definition
Examples: wood/pellet stove or fireplace (with blowers)
adv:
1) heating capacity large and aditional abiance aesthetic
disadv:
1) temperature variation
2) user must supply fuel and dispose of ash
3) consider the air source *use external* (use internal air source, then more inflitration and bring cold air inside, but with external, there is a minimal infiltration impact) |
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Term
Electric Resistance Heaters (Fuel/Other Local System) |
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Definition
1) baseboards: inefficient b/c only ~30% energy used from fuel, so higher electric cost
2) unit heaters/ventilators |
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Term
Electric Radiant Ceiling (Fuel/Other Local System) |
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Definition
similar concept to hydronic radiant
often lightweight material for faster response |
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Term
Radiant Ceiling Panels (Fuel/Other Local System) |
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Definition
same concept as ceiling electric
sometimes used more for perimeter heating
can also be hydronic panels |
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Term
Gas-Fired and Electric Ratiant Heaters (Fuel/Other Local System) |
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Definition
high temperature heater, most heat delivered via radiation
impact of heat location dependent
works well in entries, open areas, high inflitration spaces
(think entranceway to hotels during winter) |
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Term
Heating Thorough Electricity Good? |
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Definition
adv: 1) convenient and 2) minimal space requirements
disadv: 1) electrivity expensive and 2) process of generating electricity inefficient in the first place |
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Term
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Definition
duct
fan: centrifugal, axial
damper
mixing box
coils
terminal unit
other: humidifier/dehumidifier, evaporative cooler, heat exchangers, turning vanes, filters |
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Term
Duct: Air System Component |
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Definition
transport path for air from one point to another
supply: from air handler (AHU) to spaces
return: from spaces to AHU |
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Term
Fan: Air System Component |
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Definition
Primer mover of air through ducts (increase pressure)
Centrifugal:
1) used more often as supply fans
2) higher delta P --> higher flow rates
3) usually more efficient
Axial:
1) Used more often as return fans
2) Lower delta P --> lower flow rates
3) Less efficient than centrifugal |
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Term
Fan Flow Types: Air System Component |
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Definition
Fixed:
1) Lower First Cost
2) Varies Supply temperature to meet load
3) Higher operating costs potentially
Variable:
1) Higher First Cost
2) Varies flow (first) to meet load
3) Lower operating cost through less fan energy |
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Term
Damper: Air System Component |
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Definition
flow control device
found in duct, terminal unit, or other equipment |
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Term
Mixing Box: Air System Component |
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Definition
device which mixes two or more inlet streams
examples:
1) outside air mixing box
2)dual duct mixing box
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Term
Coils: Air System Component |
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Definition
adds/removes heat to/from air stream (may remove moisture)
energy exchanged with fluid circulating inside pipe
Examples: heating coil, cooling coil, etc. |
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Term
Terminal Unit: Air System Component |
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Definition
dampers or local fan used to control flow and/or temperature
equipment is distributed
may mix air streams
may change air temperature through reheat or recirculation of local air |
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Term
Single Duct All-Air System |
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Definition
one supply duct delivers air to all spaces
reheating or flow control varies conditioning at each space
adv: only need room for one supply duct, one return duct
disadv: may be slightly limited in controls and flexibility |
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Term
Single Zone Draw Through: Single Duct All-Air System |
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Definition
1) simplest all-air system, meets all conditioning needs
2) system can be in zone or at remote location, with or withough ducts
3) less ductwork --> lower pressure drop, fan energy
4) systems can be turned off without affecting adjacent systems
5) application: residential, small buildings |
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Term
Terminal Reheat: Single Duct All-Air System |
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Definition
single supply duct to multiple spaces
local temperature varied by reheat coil
need for reheat wastes energy in summer
humidigy issues when supply temperature varies |
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Term
Variable Air Volume (VAV): Single Duct All-Air System |
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Definition
objective: reduce flow rate when loads are not as high to save fan energy
flow rate varied locally
terminal devices may provide heating
concerns about IAQ and humitiy at lower flow rates
application: offices, many building types
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Term
Fan-Powered Variable Air Volume (VAV): Single Duct All-Air System |
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Definition
air circulated in main duct only outside air
local air recirculated via terminal fan
applications: perimeter spaces that require heating |
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Term
Direct Expansion (DX) Packaged Unit System: Single Duct All-Air System |
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Definition
relatively inexpensive, easier to replace
units have relatively short (appliance) life
noise from compressor can be problematic |
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Term
Double Duct All-Air System |
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Definition
two supply ducts deliver air to spaces--one cold air, one hot air
air from each duct mixed at space
adv: better controllability and flexibility
disadv: higher initial and operating costs, larger space requirements |
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Term
Dual Duct: Double Duct All-Air System |
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Definition
total air flow rate constant
volume through each duct varies
Dual Duct VAV possible
applications: museums, assembly spaces, etc. |
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Term
Fan Coil: Air-Water System |
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Definition
forced convection (fan) from hot/cold coil via circulation of local air
water circulated to unit from central source
outside air: via central source or locally
configurations: 1) vertical (wall) 2) chase enclosed 3) horizontal (ceiling)
applications: hotels, hospitals, labs |
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Term
Induction: Air-Water System |
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Definition
ducts circulate fresh air only
room air "induced" to recirculate
good air mixing and smaller ducts, higher fan energy (high pressure) |
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Term
Unit Heater/Unit Ventilator |
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Definition
manily provide heating
may cool and/or provide outside air
applications: garages, warehouses, mechanical rooms, greenhouses, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Ducts: supply, return, outside air
Coils: preheat, cooling, heating
Fans: supply, return
Mixing Box
Filters |
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Term
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Definition
Single-Duct All Air System: single zone draw through, terminal reheat, variable air volume (VAV), Direct Expansion Packaged Unit System
Double Duct All-Air System: Dual Duct
Air Water System: Fan coil, Induction, Unit Heater/Unit Ventilator |
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Term
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Definition
transport path for air from point to another
shapes: 1) round 2) square/rectangular 3) other
Potential Problems:
1) pressure losses due to friction or elevation change
2) thermal gains/losses due to exchange of heat through duct wall
3) sound: flow noise caused by air movement or transmitted noise |
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Term
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Definition
Minimize duct sizes and travel
1) smaller impact on building
2) smaller initial costs
3) smaller heat losses from ducts
Minimize pressure loss and noise
1) smaller fans, less fan energy use
2) Avoid air system related distractions |
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Term
Competiting Effects: Duct Goals |
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Definition
Minimizing space=smaller ducts=higher velocity and noise (more energy)
Minimizing noise/velocity/friction=bigger ducts=more space
Reasonable solution must balance these goals |
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Term
Most Efficient Duct Size? |
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Definition
round duct has smallest perimeter per unit cross-sectional area --> most energy efficient
rectangular ducts: "less efficient" as aspect ratio increases |
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Term
Diffuser (Grille, Register): All-Air System Components |
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Definition
end point of supply duct or starting point of return duct
delivers aire from system into space
architect has some control over type of diffuser, placement, etc.
Importance:
1) impact thermal comfort
2) determines "ventilation efficiency" (fraction of conditioned air to occupied volume)
Diffuser throw:
larger diffuser, lower velocity, shorter throw (less noise) |
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Term
Ceiling Diffusers Adv/Disadv |
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Definition
Adv: generally result in "well mixed" air and can hide behing dropped ceiling
Disadv: dumping, where jets detach from ceiling or direct incorrectly (leaving stagnant air by walls) |
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Term
Side Wall Diffuser and Displacement Ventilation |
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Definition
Characteristics: temperature of air "jet", throw of diffuser, and proximity to ceiling
Displacement Ventilation: use buoyancy and low flow rate to keep conditioner air in occupied region
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Term
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Definition
compromise betweemn ciling / side wall diffuser
can be used for displacement ventilation
achieves mixing similar to ceiling diffuser |
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Term
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Definition
air w/out contaminants at harmful concentrations
<20% of people complaining
Increasing problems because > time indoors and > chemicals in buildings
Source of Problems: odors (humans/building) and irritants that incrase distress (Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Ozone, and mineral fibers, toxic particulate like asbestos, mold/fungi, and radon/other soil source gases)
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Term
Lack of IAQ class: Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) |
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Definition
acute discomfort complaints for 2+ weeks, 20% of occupants, and symptoms end when leaving building
Symptoms: headache, fatigue, nauseam eye irriration, memory loss, respiratory irritation |
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Term
Lack of IAQ Class: Building Related Illness (BRI) |
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Definition
any disease caused by exposure to indoor contaminants and felt long after leaving building
Ex: Legionnaires Disease |
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Term
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Definition
Exhaust Fan
Outside Air Pre-Heating
Filters
Air Washers
Electronic Air Cleaners
U/V Radiation
CO2 monitoring |
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Term
IAQ Equipment: Exhaust Fan |
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Definition
central/local position
used in problem areas (bathroom, kitchen, process/lab areas)
Create local negatice pressure to avoid contaminants leaking to other areas |
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Term
IAQ Equipment: Outside Aire Preheating |
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Definition
reduce outside air energy costs
earth tube
transpired colar collector
double-skinned facade
heat exchanges:
1) heat recovery ventilators (HRV): sensible heat exchanger with fan
2) Energy recovery ventilators (ERV): sensible and latent heat exchanger with fan
3) Energy Transfer Wheels: coating within the honeycomb structure transports moisture |
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Term
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Definition
Particulate (media) filters:
pleated material strains out large particles
capture smaller particles on impact
Adsorption filters (gas removal):
activated-charcoal filters or porous pellet filters |
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Term
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Definition
air washers: spray fluid to humidify and clean air
Electronic air cleaners: use voltage to remove particulates
UV Radiation: uses lamps to kill fungi, bacteria, etc.
CO2 monitoring:
Humans exhale CO2, and control outside air based on # of people in given space (can monitor for other contaminants as well) |
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Term
Air Exhaust and Intake Suggestions |
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Definition
Exhaust: exhaust as high as possible, wind/buoyancy take exhaust away, and wind at higher speeds higher up
Intake: avoid loading docks, smoking areas, exhaust stack location, and plumbing vents (best on lower 1/3 of building), and ground intake susceptible to debris |
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Term
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Definition
collection of equipment that provides chilled water or refigerant for secondary system
convert electrical energy or waste heat into cooling potential
components linked through refigerant |
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Term
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Definition
Chiller: cooling only, with variety of configurations, sizes, and cycles
Heat Pumps: cooling and/or heating: heat pumped in opposite direction fo natural flow, and typically smaller |
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Term
Compression Cycle: Condenser (1-->2) |
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Definition
Refigerant Condenses from vapor to liquid
Rejection of heat to surroundings or another fluid at lower temperature than refigerant in order to change phase
Chiller efficiency depends on condenser temp (the higher the temperature of environment, the harder to change to a liquid) |
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Term
Compression Cycle: Condenser Types |
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Definition
Air cooled: condenser water to system, blow cool water over system
Water Cooled: keep condenser water into pipe and run it into groundwater source (possibility for contamination)
Evaporative: same process as sweating (cool water/air)
Cooling Tower: take condenser water and spray it w/in
hyperbolic device (typically used at powerplants)
Ground: popular now, because can get lower temps than above ground, no longer visible on outside of building, 30%-50% efficiency though ground, and typical in Oklohama |
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Term
Compression Cycle: Expansion Valve (2-->3) |
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Definition
natural expansion from high to low pressure liquid
"control" device
Usually no to little heat transfer (adiabotic) |
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Term
Compression Cycle: Evaporator (3-->4) |
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Definition
heat added to refigerant (evaporative)
produces chilled water which is pumped to coil
evaporator can be coil in air stream (DX-direction expansion coil)
Importance:
lower evaporator temperature (cooling), less efficient and lowers capacity
higher evaporator temperature (cooling) leads to moisture removal and higher flow rates |
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Term
Compression Cycle: Compressor (4-->1) |
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Definition
Nearly adiabatic (no heat transfer loss) compression from low to high pressure vapor
work (energy imput) added to system and that is done on the refigerant
avoid liquid in compressor since it could damage system |
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Term
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Definition
Reciprocating
Centrifugal
Vane
Screw
Scroll |
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Term
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Definition
fluid used to absorb heat/energy inot one area and rejects it in another (primarily used in vapor-compression cycle, secondarly pumped around and exhanges heat)
Concerns: energy efficiency, environmental effects, safety concerns (toxicity and flamability), and cost/availability |
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Term
Absorption as Alternative to Compression Cycle |
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Definition
Absorption: uses heat instead of work and mixture physict to provide cooling with steam, solar power, and "waste heat"
New Components:
1) Generator: releases water vapor from solution by adding heat (water boils off)
2) Absorber: absorbs water vapor back into solution
Uses:
1) large, industrial installations with plentiful waste heat
2) smaller HVAC and appliances
Efficiency:
Not very efficient (COP <1 to 2) |
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Term
Thermal Energy Storage: Chillers |
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Definition
Store energy at night when cost of power much less
most power used during day
cycling and building power plant expensive
Use stored energy during day to reduce need to run chillers |
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Term
Chilled Water Storage: Chillers |
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Definition
More energy efficient
Requires large amount of space
Benefit: large water reserve for fires |
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Term
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Definition
Moderate Space Requirements
Save Money but not necessarily energy |
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Term
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Definition
Electric Resistance Heating
Heat Pump in Heating Mode
Solar Panels
Boiler (water and steam)
Furnace (air) |
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Term
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Definition
equipment that provies hot water/steam for building
Capacity range:15 kW --> 30+ kW
Fuels: Coal, wood, fuel oil, (natural) gas, electricity
Uses:
1) steam: heating coils, hot water heat exchangers, absorption cooling, laundry, sterilizers
2) water: heating coils, domestic hot water (DHW) |
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Term
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Definition
Goal: most efficient transfer of heat from flue gas to water
Fuel Boiler: efficiency= (input-stack loss)/input
Non-condensing: 75-86%
Condensing: 88-95%
Electric Boiler: effiiciency=output/input
efficiency: 92-96+%
Space Requirements based on horsepower (HP) |
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Term
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Definition
selecting several smaller pieces of equipment rather than one very large device
Why Beneficial:
1) building operation: better to limp along than completely shut down, and can preform maintenance on small portion than on one large machine
2) energy efficiency: equipment preformance and operating strategy can be "optimized" by varying load on each device to minimize energy cost (operates at optimal level at ~75-80%) |
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Term
Centralization Vs. Decentralization |
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Definition
Centralization: most or all of primary and/or secondary system in one (or few) location(s)
Adv: redundancy, equipment away from occupied areas, more expensive first cost but last longer, generally more energy efficient due to operation flexibility
Decentralization: some or all equipment distributed throughout building (can be floor-by-floor or area-by-area basis)
Adv: flexibility in placement, lower first cost, and standardized maintenance supplies |
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Term
District Heating and Cooling |
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Definition
large scale centralized primary systems--used for groups of buildings
producing hot water/steam and/or chilled water at remote site
Pump fluids in underground pipes to buildings |
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Term
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Definition
Use of heat from electrical generation for space heating or absorption chillers
Types: turbines and engines, or fuel cells (hydrogen) |
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Term
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Definition
Solar: hot water heaters, PV arrays, building integrated PV (such as window as partially transparent solar collector, yet reduced view), roof shingels
Wind: horixontal or vertical axis
Biomass: ethanol, biodiesel
For solar: efficiency is generally 10-12%, some reaching 20% (the more in bulk purchased, the cheaper it is) |
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Term
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Definition
origin/source
quality (potential uses)
amount (storage/flow rate)
pressure
hardness (amount of -CO3 in water and considered hard when carbonate level greater than 65 ppm)
pH value
taste, odor, color, toxicity, etc.
temperature:
1) high temp means smaller tank, larger heating element, limit bacteria growth
2) low temp means larger tank, smaller heating element, less energy, possible to use low grade heat source |
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Term
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Definition
to serve general hot water needs other than space heating
heating methods: 1) direct (electric or gas fired) and 2) indirect (heat transported elsewhare via other fluid)
Types: 1) storage tank water heater (most common for smaller applications), 2) circulating storage water heater (heating component separate from storage) and 3) solar hot water heater (tankless) |
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Term
DHW Losses and Potential Solutions |
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Definition
Losses
1) Tank--heat loss to surroundings, or 2) Pipe--heat loss as water flows/sits (the greater distance, larger
pipe -->larger losses plus water usage increases)
Potential Solutions
1) Recirculation--keep all water in pipes at high temperatures by circulating and reheating, still have pipe losses, pump electric consumption, does reduce water consumption
2) shorten total pipe length by efficient layout of system
3) Distribution of equipment
4) Use tankless system |
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Term
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Definition
Passive:
1) Batch system: black painted storage tank, simple but high potential for loss
2) Thermosiphon system: no pump but tank must be higher than collector
Active and Direct:
1) Drain-down system: uses DHW directly, drains water out (waste) when system not collecting
Active and Indirect:
1) Drain-back system: separate loops, water drains out of colector at night to avoic freezing, and a glycol-based system |
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Term
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Definition
Pipes
Pumps
Water meter
storage tank/heater
fixtures: WC, lavatories, showers
softeners/treatment systems
valves and expansion joints
insulation |
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Term
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Definition
Pushes water through system
pressure losses/drops due to friction, fixtures, and changes in elevation |
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Term
Upfeed, Pumped Upfeed, and Downfeed |
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Definition
Upfeed: used in smaller buildings (residential), no pump, relies on water main pressure to overcome all losses
Pumped upfeed: medium sized systems, and pump needed to maintain adequate pressure because the higher the building, the more likely it is to overcome the street main pressure
Downfeed: Large (tall) buildings (~150'), requires pumps and storage tanks; space, structural, and architectural considerations |
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Term
Wast Water Sources and Concerns |
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Definition
Sources: bathrooms, kitchens, and industrial processes
Concerns: odor (vent required to avoid siphoning of waste line through top of building); Bends/Cleanouts (avoid 90 degree bends that would prevent flow); backflow prevention (avoide waste coming back into clean air/fresh water), so bring in water abover where waste water goes |
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Term
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Definition
Primary (settling of solids and anaerobic digestion): septic tank (two chambers made of concrete or steel or fiberglass, that allows solids to sink to bottom. Stream is about 70% purified upon exit), aerobic treatment units (use aerobic digestion, more energy and maintenance intensive, but smaller)
Secondary: seepage pit/cesspool, disposal field, mound with leaching bed, buried sand filters |
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Term
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Definition
Surface Porosity: methods (roof retention like green roof)
Roof Retention: Green Roof
Porous Pavement: porous concrete, incremental paving, open-celled pavers
Site Design:
slow runoff by increasing water absorbed locally; avoid large, continuous impermeable surfaces; drain roads, parking, and roofs into planted areas; stormwater gardens and ponds
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Term
Building Roof Drainage and Components |
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Definition
Goals: divert water to storm sewer system; prevent water from coming into occupied spaces; remove water which enters building as quickly as possible
Components: Roof drains; Gutters; downspouts or leaders (vertical) and conductors (horizontal); Sump pumps |
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Term
Building Drainage Principles and Issues |
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Definition
Residential/small buildings: handle storm water on-site if possible
Other buildings/paved areas: drain into storm sewer; IL state code --> storm sewer separate from waste sewer
Issues:
1) Ground Water: water permeating footings/foundation and underdrainage
2) condensation --> insulation or vapor barrier may be needed for systems that drain though interior; entryways free of water
3) Aesthetic effect
4) Exposed pools of water (breeding area)
5) Leak-tight roofing
6) Presence and grading of non-porous surfaces
7) Local and state codes and expectations |
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Term
Transportation in Buildings |
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Definition
Elevators
Escalators (retail, entertainment, transportation)
Moving walkways/ramps (airports/baggage claim)
chairlifts (retrolift)
Dumbwaiters (small objects)
Tube transport system
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Term
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Definition
Hydraulic: fluid pressure moves elevator; low first cost; higher operational costs; slow (<200 fpm); shorter distances only
Traction: cables and counterweights; much higher first costs; lower operating costs; faster (<200 up to 2000 fpm); either geared (slower speeds, smaller motors) or gearless (faster speeds, larger motors)
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Term
Elevator Preformance Issues |
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Definition
Waiting times (minimize)
Transportation rate (quick)
Acceleration/deceleration (smooth, comfortable, rapid)
Loading/unloading (rapid--3'6" doors allow simultaneous load/unload
Door operation (smooth)
Space/cost
Architectural appearance
Safety (fireproof hoistway, emergency stopping capability, ADA) cutoff traction, apply brake, and then apply emergency brake wedges |
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Term
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Definition
Lobby dispatch time
Average time between departure of cars from lobby |
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Term
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Definition
Average time required for a car to go thorugh set cycle: start/end at lobby
Function of car size, floor to floor height, elevator speed, and the number of floors in the building |
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Term
Handling Capacity (HC) and PHC |
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Definition
maximum passengers transported in 5 minutes
PHC (% handling capacity) |
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Term
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Definition
Number of passengers car can handle |
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Term
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Definition
Protection of Life: minimize injuries and deats; use of sprinklers, exits, emergency lighting, etc.
Protection of Property: structure, equipment, special concerns (artwork), etc.
Continuity of Operation: HVAC, power, water, business |
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Term
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Definition
Chmeical (spontaneous combustion) , electrical, or mechanical |
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Term
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Definition
During fire: flame and heat <25% of fatalities, smoke and other gases >75%
After fire: destruction of property b/c of fire, but also water and other fluid damage
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Term
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Definition
Fuel: building structure, construction, furnishings, etc.
Temperature (high)
Oxygen: fire needs O2 to burn, and we need O2 to breathe |
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Term
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Definition
Allow occupants to safely exit building before fire department arrives (firefighters concentrate on fire, not rescue) (note: 30% of fire deaths occur when cut-off from exits)
Methods: provide clear pathway to exits; isolate fire exits clear from smoke; minimize distance to exits (dead end limit, the allowable distance of hallways with only 1 end); control number of people per exit; meet exit stair requirements; plan exits and stairwas for efficient escape from smoke/fire (building > 7 stories, fire exits/stairways must allow two-way traffic for firefighters and people)
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Term
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Definition
Allow fire equipment to approach all sides of building; need water reserves/pump; internal fire suppression (allows time for fire department to arrive); compartmentation (dividing areas up into fire zones for containment, which are established by codes, the openings require doors/dampers, and "concealed spaces" are concerns); exterior exposture protection (materials resist heat and fire, deployable devices); structural protection (building stays standing during fire, and can be salvaged afterwards) |
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Term
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Definition
Reduce injuries, death, and propetry damage though confinement, dilution, and exhaust
Confinement: fire walls and smoke barries (curtain boards)
Dilution: Dilution helps reduce concentration of smoke, not effective for long time periods, and fire produces toxins faster than can be diluted
Exhaust: Use 100% outside air for supply air, exhaust directly to outside, positive pressure in occupied zones, and fire doors and dampers important |
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Term
Water for Fire Suppression |
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Definition
Adv: Inexpensive, readily available, and effective
Disadv: steam can burn, ruins building materials, draining, conducts electricity, not as effective on oil fires |
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Term
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Definition
System types: wet pipe, dry pipe, and pre-action
Head types: upright, pendant, and sidewall
Effective: over 90% of fires are stopped, many with just 1 sprinkler head
Savings: Reduce insurance costs and less stringent codes
Extra equipment needed: piping, storage tanks, connections, etc.
Aesthetics
Sprinkler Layout: limits on sprinkler area coverage and separation distance, even distribution, adn all spaces must have at least one sprinkler, typically copper or steel pipes
Cautions: deal with water using sloped floors, drains, and scuppers, etc. |
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Term
Other Extinguishing Systems |
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Definition
Portable extinguishers, CO2 systems (remove O2), and foam |
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