Shared Flashcard Set

Details

ARCH 341
HVAC
116
Architecture
Undergraduate 3
12/13/2015

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

US Energy Use and US Building Energy Use

Definition

 

 

 

Buildings > 40 % US energy

HVAC/comfort Use > 40% of building energy

Term

 

 

 

The three general "good" sustainable design strategies

Definition

 

 

1) load avoidance via shape, orientation, shading, etc

2) load reduction/elimination via passive techniques

3) load supply via mechanical system

Term

 

 

 

Building Type: Internal Load Dominated (ILD)

Definition
1) thicker, taller buildings
2) high internal heat gains
3) inside impacts buidling response as much or more than outside
4) daylighting usually limited to perimeter/top floor
5) heating generally only needed at perimetere during winter
6) cooling required in core all year round
Term

 

 

 

Building Type: Skin Load Dominated (SLD)

Definition

1) thinner with most spacing having exterior exposure

2) outside conditions play most significant role

3) daylighting typically easily available

4) increased exterior area may result in higher heating/cooling

5) can have more efficient use of solar energy

6) thin shape better for natural ventilation

Term

 

 

 

Cold Climate SLD

Definition

 

 

Emphasis on insulation 

look for passive heating opportunities

high performance windows with high SHGC

berm on north side (protect from cold winds)

Term

 

 

 

Cold Climate/ILD

Definition

 

 

perimeter heating

use cool outdoor air to balance internal gains

similar recommendations as SLD

Term

 

 

 

Hot, Dry Climate/SLD

Definition

 

Insulation

thermal mass on exterior

shading

evaporative cooling

windows with low SHGC

Term

 

 

 

Hot, Dry Climate/ILD

Definition

 

 

thermal mass (interior/exterior)

shading

evaporative/night cooling

low SHGC windows

Term

 

 

 

Hot, Wet Climate/SLD

Definition

 

shade and/or reflect

insulation

ventilate but watch for moisture

seal building

Term

 

 

 

Hot, Wet Climate/ILD

Definition

 

 

shade/reflect

insulate

seal

low SHGC windows

Term

 

 

 

Temperate Climate for both SLD/ILD

Definition

 

 

shade

open building up as much as possible

low shgc windows

Term

 

 

 

Why Have HVAC?

Definition

 

 

1) comfort: meets heating and cooling loads

2) humidity control

3) indoor air quality

4) other building processes

Term

 

 

 

General Space Necessary for HVAC system?

Definition

 

 

 

5-9% of building floor area and 3-4' of floor-floor height

Term

 

 

 

HVAC: Primary System (Central Plant)

Definition

 

 

energy conversion equipment

provide chilled/hot water (or steam) to secondary system

Term

 

 

 

HVAC: Secondary System

Definition

 

 

comfort delivery or space conditioning equipment

either air, air-water, water (hydronic) or other (gas, etc.)

Term

 

 

 

Air-Based HVAC System

Definition

 

 

1) uses air as heat transport medium

2) controls space air temperature

3) meet sensible and latent loads

4) delivers fresh air

Term

 

 

 

Water-Based HVAC System

Definition

 

 

1) uses water as heat transport medium

2) water more efficient medium than air

3) seeks comfort via convection and radiation

4) much more efficient than air-based system

5) doesn't deal with IAQ

Term

 

 

 

Air vs. Water HVAC System

Definition

 

 

1) air better at sensible load and outide air handling

2) water more efficient at transporting and energy efficient

3) air much more known in states, so water > initial cost

4) air much much more space than water

 

Term

 

 

 

Air-Water HVAC System

Definition

 

limit air flow

use local water coil for most conditioning

comfort improved via user control

benefits of both air and water systems

Term

 

 

 

Baseboards and Radiators (Hydronic System)

Definition

natural convection from hot "coil" surface to air (some radiation)

typically used as baseboards or radiators in old buildings

adv:

1) simple system with/ heat where it is needed

2) combines easily with air system

disadv:

1) steam-based difficult to control

2) not for cooling

3) no outside air

 

Term

 

 

 

Water Tubes (Hydronic Radiant System)

Definition

typically in floor or ceiling

50%+ of energy as radiation to spaces (and convection)

potential for heating and cooling

configurations:

1) floor concrete

2) under floor

3) ceiling panels

adv: 

1) better comfort at more tolerant thermostat setting

2) more energy efficient

3) no ducts or diffusers

dis:

1) no outside air or latent

2) condensatoin (through cooling)

3) slower response (compared to heating air instead of surface)

Term

 

 

 

Chilled Beams (Hydronic System)

Definition

chilled water coil hung from or incorporated into ceiling

hot air from space rises and is cooled by coil

radiation from chilled beam to occupants

types:

1) active: integrated with forced air system and air flow limited to ventilation requirements

2) passive: seperate system with condensation reabsorbed to space late

adv:

1) limited duct space requirements for active system

2) water pipes relatively small

3) brings comfort where needed

disadv:

1) must combine with an air based system

Term

 

 

 

Wood Heating (Fuel/Other Local System)

Definition

Examples: wood/pellet stove or fireplace (with blowers)

adv:

1) heating capacity large and aditional abiance aesthetic

disadv:

1) temperature variation

2) user must supply fuel and dispose of ash

3) consider the air source *use external* (use internal air source, then more inflitration and bring cold air inside, but with external, there is a minimal infiltration impact)

Term

 

 

 

Electric Resistance Heaters (Fuel/Other Local System)

Definition

 

 

1) baseboards: inefficient b/c only ~30% energy used from fuel, so higher electric cost

2) unit heaters/ventilators

Term

 

 

 

Electric Radiant Ceiling (Fuel/Other Local System)

Definition

 

 

 

similar concept to hydronic radiant

often lightweight material for faster response

Term

 

 

 

Radiant Ceiling Panels (Fuel/Other Local System)

Definition

 

 

same concept as ceiling electric

sometimes used more for perimeter heating

can also be hydronic panels

Term

 

 

 

Gas-Fired and Electric Ratiant Heaters (Fuel/Other Local System)

Definition

 

 

high temperature heater, most heat delivered via radiation

impact of heat location dependent

works well in entries, open areas, high inflitration spaces

(think entranceway to hotels during winter)

Term

 

 

 

Heating Thorough Electricity Good?

Definition

 

 

adv: 1) convenient and 2) minimal space requirements

disadv: 1) electrivity expensive and 2) process of generating electricity inefficient in the first place

Term

 

 

 

Air System Components

Definition

duct

fan: centrifugal, axial

damper

mixing box

coils

terminal unit

other: humidifier/dehumidifier, evaporative cooler, heat exchangers, turning vanes, filters

Term

 

 

 

Duct: Air System Component

Definition

 

 

transport path for air from one point to another

supply: from air handler (AHU) to spaces

return: from spaces to AHU
 

Term

 

 

 

Fan: Air System Component

Definition

Primer mover of air through ducts (increase pressure)

Centrifugal:

1) used more often as supply fans

2) higher delta P --> higher flow rates

3) usually more efficient

Axial:

1) Used more often as return fans

2) Lower delta P --> lower flow rates

3) Less efficient than centrifugal

Term

 

 

 

Fan Flow Types: Air System Component

Definition

Fixed:

1) Lower First Cost

2) Varies Supply temperature to meet load

3) Higher operating costs potentially

Variable:

1) Higher First Cost

2) Varies flow (first) to meet load

3) Lower operating cost through less fan energy

Term

 

 

 

Damper: Air System Component

Definition

 

 

 

flow control device

found in duct, terminal unit, or other equipment

Term

 

 

 

Mixing Box: Air System Component

Definition

 

 

device which mixes two or more inlet streams

examples:

1) outside air mixing box

2)dual duct mixing box

 

Term

 

 

 

Coils: Air System Component

Definition

 

 

adds/removes heat to/from air stream (may remove moisture)

energy exchanged with fluid circulating inside pipe

Examples: heating coil, cooling coil, etc.

Term

 

 

 

Terminal Unit: Air System Component

Definition

 

dampers or local fan used to control flow and/or temperature

equipment is distributed

may mix air streams

may change air temperature through reheat or recirculation of local air

Term

 

 

 

Single Duct All-Air System

Definition

 

 

one supply duct delivers air to all spaces

reheating or flow control varies conditioning at each space

adv: only need room for one supply duct, one return duct

disadv: may be slightly limited in controls and flexibility

Term

 

 

 

Single Zone Draw Through: Single Duct All-Air System

Definition

 

1) simplest all-air system, meets all conditioning needs

2) system can be in zone or at remote location, with or withough ducts

3) less ductwork --> lower pressure drop, fan energy

4) systems can be turned off without affecting adjacent systems

5) application: residential, small buildings

Term

 

 

 

Terminal Reheat: Single Duct All-Air System

Definition

 

 

single supply duct to multiple spaces

local temperature varied by reheat coil

need for reheat wastes energy in summer

humidigy issues when supply temperature varies

Term

 

 

 

Variable Air Volume (VAV): Single Duct All-Air System

Definition

 

objective: reduce flow rate when loads are not as high to save fan energy

flow rate varied locally

terminal devices may provide heating

concerns about IAQ and humitiy at lower flow rates

application: offices, many building types

 

Term

 

 

 

Fan-Powered Variable Air Volume (VAV): Single Duct All-Air System

Definition

 

 

air circulated in main duct only outside air

local air recirculated via terminal fan

applications: perimeter spaces that require heating

Term

 

 

 

Direct Expansion (DX) Packaged Unit System: Single Duct All-Air System

Definition

 

 

relatively inexpensive, easier to replace

units have relatively short (appliance) life

noise from compressor can be problematic

Term

 

 

 

Double Duct All-Air System

Definition

 

two supply ducts deliver air to spaces--one cold air, one hot air

air from each duct mixed at space

adv: better controllability and flexibility

disadv: higher initial and operating costs, larger space requirements

Term

 

 

 

Dual Duct: Double Duct All-Air System

Definition

 

 

total air flow rate constant

volume through each duct varies

Dual Duct VAV possible

applications: museums, assembly spaces, etc.

Term

 

 

 

Fan Coil: Air-Water System

Definition

forced convection (fan) from hot/cold coil via circulation of local air

water circulated to unit from central source

outside air: via central source or locally

configurations: 1) vertical (wall) 2) chase enclosed 3) horizontal (ceiling)

applications: hotels, hospitals, labs

Term

 

 

 

Induction: Air-Water System

Definition

ducts circulate fresh air only

room air "induced" to recirculate

good air mixing and smaller ducts, higher fan energy (high pressure)

Term

 

 

 

Unit Heater/Unit Ventilator

Definition

 

 

manily provide heating

may cool and/or provide outside air

applications: garages, warehouses, mechanical rooms, greenhouses, etc.

Term

 

 

 

AHU Room Main Components

Definition

 

Ducts: supply, return, outside air

Coils: preheat, cooling, heating

Fans: supply, return

Mixing Box

Filters

Term

 

 

 

HVAC System Types

Definition

 

Single-Duct All Air System: single zone draw through, terminal reheat, variable air volume (VAV), Direct Expansion Packaged Unit System

Double Duct All-Air System: Dual Duct

Air Water System: Fan coil, Induction, Unit Heater/Unit Ventilator

Term

 

 

 

Ducts

Definition

transport path for air from point to another

shapes: 1) round 2) square/rectangular 3) other

Potential Problems:

1) pressure losses due to friction or elevation change

2) thermal gains/losses due to exchange of heat through duct wall

3) sound: flow noise caused by air movement or transmitted noise

Term

 

 

 

Duct Goals

Definition

Minimize duct sizes and travel

1) smaller impact on building

2) smaller initial costs

3) smaller heat losses from ducts

Minimize pressure loss and noise

1) smaller fans, less fan energy use

2) Avoid air system related distractions

Term

 

 

 

 

Competiting Effects: Duct Goals

Definition

 

Minimizing space=smaller ducts=higher velocity and noise (more energy)

Minimizing noise/velocity/friction=bigger ducts=more space

Reasonable solution must balance these goals

Term

 

 

 

Most Efficient Duct Size?

Definition

 

 

round duct has smallest perimeter per unit cross-sectional area --> most energy efficient

rectangular ducts: "less efficient" as aspect ratio increases

Term

 

 

 

Diffuser (Grille, Register): All-Air System Components

Definition

 

end point of supply duct or starting point of return duct

delivers aire from system into space

architect has some control over type of diffuser, placement, etc.

Importance:

1) impact thermal comfort

2) determines "ventilation efficiency" (fraction of conditioned air to occupied volume)

Diffuser throw:

larger diffuser, lower velocity, shorter throw (less noise)

Term

 

 

 

Ceiling Diffusers Adv/Disadv

Definition

 

 

Adv: generally result in "well mixed" air and can hide behing dropped ceiling

Disadv: dumping, where jets detach from ceiling or direct incorrectly (leaving stagnant air by walls)

Term

 

 

 

Side Wall Diffuser and Displacement Ventilation

Definition

 

 

Characteristics: temperature of air "jet", throw of diffuser, and proximity to ceiling

Displacement Ventilation: use buoyancy and low flow rate to keep conditioner air in occupied region

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Floor Diffuser

 

 

Definition

 

 

compromise betweemn ciling / side wall diffuser

can be used for displacement ventilation

achieves mixing similar to ceiling diffuser

Term

 

 

 

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Definition

air w/out contaminants at harmful concentrations

<20% of people complaining

Increasing problems because > time indoors and > chemicals in buildings

Source of Problems: odors (humans/building) and irritants that incrase distress (Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Ozone, and mineral fibers, toxic particulate like asbestos, mold/fungi, and radon/other soil source gases)

 

Term

 

 

 

Lack of IAQ class: Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)

Definition

 

acute discomfort complaints for 2+ weeks, 20% of occupants, and symptoms end when leaving building

 

Symptoms: headache, fatigue, nauseam eye irriration, memory loss, respiratory irritation

Term

 

 

 

Lack of IAQ Class: Building Related Illness (BRI)

Definition

 

 

any disease caused by exposure to indoor contaminants and felt long after leaving building

 

Ex: Legionnaires Disease

Term

 

 

 

IAQ Equipment

Definition

 

Exhaust Fan

Outside Air Pre-Heating

Filters

Air Washers

Electronic Air Cleaners

U/V Radiation

CO2 monitoring

Term

 

 

 

IAQ Equipment: Exhaust Fan

Definition

 

 

central/local position

used in problem areas (bathroom, kitchen, process/lab areas)

Create local negatice pressure to avoid contaminants leaking to other areas

Term

 

 

 

IAQ Equipment: Outside Aire Preheating

Definition

 

reduce outside air energy costs

 

earth tube

transpired colar collector

double-skinned facade

heat exchanges:

1) heat recovery ventilators (HRV): sensible heat exchanger with fan

2) Energy recovery ventilators (ERV): sensible and latent heat exchanger with fan

3) Energy Transfer Wheels: coating within the honeycomb structure transports moisture

Term

 

 

 

IAQ Equipment: Filters

Definition

 

Particulate (media) filters:

pleated material strains out large particles

capture smaller particles on impact

 

Adsorption filters (gas removal):

activated-charcoal filters or porous pellet filters

Term

 

 

 

Other IAQ Equipment

Definition

air washers: spray fluid to humidify and clean air

Electronic air cleaners: use voltage to remove particulates

UV Radiation: uses lamps to kill fungi, bacteria, etc.

CO2 monitoring:

Humans exhale CO2, and control outside air based on # of people in given space (can monitor for other contaminants as well)

Term

 

 

 

Air Exhaust and Intake Suggestions

Definition

Exhaust: exhaust as high as possible, wind/buoyancy take exhaust away, and wind at higher speeds higher up

 

Intake: avoid loading docks, smoking areas, exhaust stack location, and plumbing vents (best on lower 1/3 of building), and ground intake susceptible to debris

Term

 

 

 

Chillers and Heat Pumps

Definition

 

collection of equipment that provides chilled water or refigerant for secondary system

convert electrical energy or waste heat into cooling potential

components linked through refigerant

Term

 

 

 

Chillers vs Heat Pumps

Definition

 

Chiller: cooling only, with variety of configurations, sizes, and cycles

 

Heat Pumps: cooling and/or heating: heat pumped in opposite direction fo natural flow, and typically smaller

Term

 

 

 

Compression Cycle: Condenser (1-->2)

Definition

 

Refigerant Condenses from vapor to liquid

 

Rejection of heat to surroundings or another fluid at lower temperature than refigerant in order to change phase

 

Chiller efficiency depends on condenser temp (the higher the temperature of environment, the harder to change to a liquid)

Term

 

 

 

Compression Cycle: Condenser Types

Definition

Air cooled: condenser water to system, blow cool water over system

 

Water Cooled: keep condenser water into pipe and run it into groundwater source (possibility for contamination)

 

Evaporative: same process as sweating (cool water/air)

 

Cooling Tower: take condenser water and spray it w/in

hyperbolic device (typically used at powerplants)

 

Ground: popular now, because can get lower temps than above ground, no longer visible on outside of building, 30%-50% efficiency though ground, and typical in Oklohama

Term

 

 

 

Compression Cycle: Expansion Valve (2-->3)

Definition

 

 

natural expansion from high to low pressure liquid

"control" device

 

Usually no to little heat transfer (adiabotic)

Term

 

 

 

Compression Cycle: Evaporator (3-->4)

Definition

heat added to refigerant (evaporative)

 

produces chilled water which is pumped to coil

 

evaporator can be coil in air stream (DX-direction expansion coil)


Importance:

lower evaporator temperature (cooling), less efficient and lowers capacity

 

higher evaporator temperature (cooling) leads to moisture removal and higher flow rates

Term

 

 

 

Compression Cycle: Compressor (4-->1)

Definition

Nearly adiabatic (no heat transfer loss) compression from low to high pressure vapor

 

work (energy imput) added to system and that is done on the refigerant

 

avoid liquid in compressor since it could damage system

Term

 

 

 

Types of Compressors

Definition

 

Reciprocating

Centrifugal

Vane

Screw

Scroll

Term

 

 

 

Refigerants

Definition

 

fluid used to absorb heat/energy inot one area and rejects it in another (primarily used in vapor-compression cycle, secondarly pumped around and exhanges heat)

 

Concerns: energy efficiency, environmental effects, safety concerns (toxicity and flamability), and cost/availability

Term

 

 

 

Absorption as Alternative to Compression Cycle

Definition

Absorption: uses heat instead of work and mixture physict to provide cooling with steam, solar power, and "waste heat"

 

New Components:

1) Generator: releases water vapor from solution by adding heat (water boils off)

2) Absorber: absorbs water vapor back into solution

 

Uses:

1) large, industrial installations with plentiful waste heat

2) smaller HVAC and appliances

 

Efficiency:

Not very efficient (COP <1 to 2)

Term

 

 

 

Thermal Energy Storage: Chillers

Definition

 

Store energy at night when cost of power much less

most power used during day

cycling and building power plant expensive

 

Use stored energy during day to reduce need to run chillers

Term

 

 

 

Chilled Water Storage: Chillers

Definition

 

More energy efficient

 

Requires large amount of space

 

Benefit: large water reserve for fires

Term

 

 

 

Ice Storage: Chillers

Definition

 

 

Moderate Space Requirements

 

Save Money but not necessarily energy

Term

 

 

 

Heating Equipment Types

Definition

 

Electric Resistance Heating

Heat Pump in Heating Mode

Solar Panels

Boiler (water and steam)

Furnace (air)

Term

 

 

 

Boilers

Definition

equipment that provies hot water/steam for building

Capacity range:15 kW --> 30+ kW

Fuels: Coal, wood, fuel oil, (natural) gas, electricity

 

Uses:

1) steam: heating coils, hot water heat exchangers, absorption cooling, laundry, sterilizers

2) water: heating coils, domestic hot water (DHW)

Term

 

 

 

Boiler Efficiency

Definition

Goal: most efficient transfer of heat from flue gas to water

 

Fuel Boiler: efficiency= (input-stack loss)/input

Non-condensing: 75-86%

Condensing: 88-95%

 

Electric Boiler: effiiciency=output/input

efficiency: 92-96+%

 

Space Requirements based on horsepower (HP)

Term

 

 

 

Redundancy

Definition

selecting several smaller pieces of equipment rather than one very large device

 

Why Beneficial:

1) building operation: better to limp along than completely shut down, and can preform maintenance on small portion than on one large machine

2) energy efficiency: equipment preformance and operating strategy can be "optimized" by varying load on each device to minimize energy cost (operates at optimal level at ~75-80%)

Term

 

 

 

Centralization Vs. Decentralization

Definition

Centralization: most or all of primary and/or secondary system in one (or few) location(s)

Adv: redundancy, equipment away from occupied areas, more expensive first cost but last longer, generally more energy efficient due to operation flexibility

 

Decentralization: some  or all equipment distributed throughout building (can be floor-by-floor or area-by-area basis)

Adv: flexibility in placement, lower first cost, and standardized maintenance supplies

Term

 

 

 

District Heating and Cooling

Definition

 

large scale centralized primary systems--used for groups of buildings

 

producing hot water/steam and/or chilled water at remote site

 

Pump fluids in underground pipes to buildings

Term

 

 

 

Cogeneration

Definition

 

Use of heat from electrical generation for space heating or absorption chillers

 

Types: turbines and engines, or fuel cells (hydrogen)

Term

 

 

 

Alternate Energy

Definition

 

Solar: hot water heaters, PV arrays, building integrated PV (such as window as partially transparent solar collector, yet reduced view), roof shingels

 

Wind: horixontal or vertical axis

 

Biomass: ethanol, biodiesel

 

For solar: efficiency is generally 10-12%, some reaching 20% (the more in bulk purchased, the cheaper it is)

Term

 

 

 

Water Characteristics

Definition

origin/source

quality (potential uses)

amount (storage/flow rate)

pressure

hardness (amount of -CO3 in water and considered hard when carbonate level greater than 65 ppm)

pH value

taste, odor, color, toxicity, etc.

temperature:

1) high temp means smaller tank, larger heating element, limit bacteria growth

2) low temp means larger tank, smaller heating element, less energy, possible to use low grade heat source

Term

 

 

 

Domestic Hot Water (DHW)

Definition

to serve general hot water needs other than space heating

 

heating methods: 1) direct (electric or gas fired) and 2) indirect (heat transported elsewhare via other fluid)

 

Types: 1) storage tank water heater (most common for smaller applications), 2) circulating storage water heater (heating component separate from storage) and 3) solar hot water heater (tankless)

Term

 

 

 

DHW Losses and Potential Solutions

Definition

Losses

 

1) Tank--heat loss to surroundings, or 2) Pipe--heat loss as water flows/sits (the greater distance, larger

pipe -->larger losses plus water usage increases)

 

Potential Solutions

 

1) Recirculation--keep all water in pipes at high temperatures by circulating and reheating, still have pipe losses, pump electric consumption, does reduce water consumption

 

2) shorten total pipe length by efficient layout of system

 

3) Distribution of equipment

 

4) Use tankless system

Term

 

 

 

Solar Water Heaters

Definition

Passive: 

1) Batch system: black painted storage tank, simple but high potential for loss

2) Thermosiphon system: no pump but tank must be higher than collector

 

Active and Direct:

1) Drain-down system: uses DHW directly, drains water out (waste) when system not collecting

 

Active and Indirect:

1) Drain-back system: separate loops, water drains out of colector at night to avoic freezing, and a glycol-based system

Term

 

 

 

Water Equipment

Definition

Pipes

Pumps

Water meter

storage tank/heater

fixtures: WC, lavatories, showers

softeners/treatment systems

valves and expansion joints

insulation

Term

 

 

 

Water pressure

Definition

 

 

Pushes water through system

 

pressure losses/drops due to friction, fixtures, and changes in elevation

Term

 

 

 

Upfeed, Pumped Upfeed, and Downfeed

Definition

Upfeed: used in smaller buildings (residential), no pump, relies on water main pressure to overcome all losses

 

Pumped upfeed: medium sized systems, and pump needed to maintain adequate pressure because the higher the building, the more likely it is to overcome the street main pressure

 

Downfeed: Large (tall) buildings (~150'), requires pumps and storage tanks; space, structural, and architectural considerations

Term

 

 

 

Wast Water Sources and Concerns

Definition

Sources: bathrooms, kitchens, and industrial processes

 

Concerns: odor (vent required to avoid siphoning of waste line through top of building); Bends/Cleanouts (avoid 90 degree bends that would prevent flow); backflow prevention (avoide waste coming back into clean air/fresh water), so bring in water abover where waste water goes

Term

 

 

 

Waste Handling

Definition

 

Primary (settling of solids and anaerobic digestion): septic tank (two chambers made of concrete or steel or fiberglass, that allows solids to sink to bottom. Stream is about 70% purified upon exit), aerobic treatment units (use aerobic digestion, more energy and maintenance intensive, but smaller)

 

Secondary: seepage pit/cesspool, disposal field, mound with leaching bed, buried sand filters

Term

 

 

 

Site Planning and Design

Definition

Surface Porosity: methods (roof retention like green roof)

 

Roof Retention: Green Roof

 

Porous Pavement: porous concrete, incremental paving, open-celled pavers

 

Site Design:

slow runoff by increasing water absorbed locally; avoid large, continuous impermeable surfaces; drain roads, parking, and roofs into planted areas; stormwater gardens and ponds

 

Term

 

 

 

Building Roof Drainage and Components

Definition

Goals: divert water to storm sewer system; prevent water from coming into occupied spaces; remove water which enters building as quickly as possible

 

Components: Roof drains; Gutters; downspouts or leaders (vertical) and conductors (horizontal); Sump pumps

Term

 

 

 

Building Drainage Principles and Issues

Definition

Residential/small buildings: handle storm water on-site if possible

 

Other buildings/paved areas: drain into storm sewer; IL state code --> storm sewer separate from waste sewer

 

Issues:

1) Ground Water: water permeating footings/foundation and underdrainage

2) condensation --> insulation or vapor barrier may be needed for systems that drain though interior; entryways free of water

3) Aesthetic effect

4) Exposed pools of water (breeding area)

5) Leak-tight roofing

6) Presence and grading of non-porous surfaces

7) Local and state codes and expectations

Term

 

 

 

Transportation in Buildings

Definition

 

Elevators 

Escalators (retail, entertainment, transportation)

Moving walkways/ramps (airports/baggage claim)

chairlifts (retrolift)

Dumbwaiters (small objects)

Tube transport system

 

Term

 

 

 

Elevator Types

Definition

Hydraulic: fluid pressure moves elevator; low first cost; higher operational costs; slow (<200 fpm); shorter distances only

 

Traction: cables and counterweights; much higher first costs; lower operating costs; faster (<200 up to 2000 fpm); either geared (slower speeds, smaller motors) or gearless (faster speeds, larger motors)

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Elevator Preformance Issues

Definition

Waiting times (minimize)

Transportation rate (quick)

Acceleration/deceleration (smooth, comfortable, rapid)

Loading/unloading (rapid--3'6" doors allow simultaneous load/unload

Door operation (smooth)

Space/cost

Architectural appearance

Safety (fireproof hoistway, emergency stopping capability, ADA) cutoff traction, apply brake, and then apply emergency brake wedges

Term

 

 

 

Interval Time (I)

Definition

 

 

Lobby dispatch time

 

Average time between departure of cars from lobby

Term

 

 

 

Round Trim Time (RT)

Definition

 

Average time required for a car to go thorugh set cycle: start/end at lobby 

 

Function of car size, floor to floor height, elevator speed, and the number of floors in the building

Term

 

 

 

Handling Capacity (HC) and PHC

Definition

 

 

maximum passengers transported in 5 minutes

 

PHC (% handling capacity)

Term

 

 

 

Car Capacity (p)

Definition

 

 

 

Number of passengers car can handle

Term

 

 

 

Fire Safety Objectives

Definition

Protection of Life: minimize injuries and deats; use of sprinklers, exits, emergency lighting, etc.

 

Protection of Property: structure, equipment, special concerns (artwork), etc.

 

Continuity of Operation: HVAC, power, water, business

Term

 

 

 

Sources of Ignition

Definition

 

 

 

Chmeical (spontaneous combustion) , electrical, or mechanical

Term

 

 

 

Results of a fire

Definition

 

During fire: flame and heat <25% of fatalities, smoke and other gases >75%

 

After fire: destruction of property b/c of fire, but also water and other fluid damage

 

Term

 

 

 

Fire: Triangle of Need

Definition

 

Fuel: building structure, construction, furnishings, etc.

 

Temperature (high)

 

Oxygen: fire needs O2 to burn, and we need O2 to breathe

Term

 

 

 

Protection of Life

Definition

Allow occupants to safely exit building before fire department arrives (firefighters concentrate on fire, not rescue) (note: 30% of fire deaths occur when cut-off from exits)


Methods: provide clear pathway to exits; isolate fire exits clear from smoke; minimize distance to exits (dead end limit, the allowable distance of hallways with only 1 end); control number of people per exit; meet exit stair requirements; plan exits and stairwas for efficient escape from smoke/fire (building > 7 stories, fire exits/stairways must allow two-way traffic for firefighters and people)

 

 

Term

 

 

 

Protection of Property

Definition
Allow fire equipment to approach all sides of building; need water reserves/pump; internal fire suppression (allows time for fire department to arrive); compartmentation (dividing areas up into fire zones for containment, which are established by codes, the openings require doors/dampers, and "concealed spaces" are concerns); exterior exposture protection (materials resist heat and fire, deployable devices); structural protection (building stays standing during fire, and can be salvaged afterwards)
Term

 

 

 

Smoke Management

Definition

Reduce injuries, death, and propetry damage though confinement, dilution, and exhaust

 

Confinement: fire walls and smoke barries (curtain boards)

 

Dilution: Dilution helps reduce concentration of smoke, not effective for long time periods, and fire produces toxins faster than can be diluted

 

Exhaust: Use 100% outside air for supply air, exhaust directly to outside, positive pressure in occupied zones, and fire doors and dampers important 

Term

 

 

 

Water for Fire Suppression

Definition

 

Adv: Inexpensive, readily available, and effective

 

Disadv: steam can burn, ruins building materials, draining, conducts electricity, not as effective on oil fires

Term

 

 

 

Sprinkler Systems

Definition

System types: wet pipe, dry pipe, and pre-action

 

Head types: upright, pendant, and sidewall

 

Effective: over 90% of fires are stopped, many with just 1 sprinkler head

 

Savings: Reduce insurance costs and less stringent codes

 

Extra equipment needed: piping, storage tanks, connections, etc.

 

Aesthetics

 

Sprinkler Layout: limits on sprinkler area coverage and separation distance, even distribution, adn all spaces must have at least one sprinkler, typically copper or steel pipes

 

Cautions: deal with water using sloped floors, drains, and scuppers, etc.

Term

 

 

 

Other Extinguishing Systems

Definition

 

 

 

Portable extinguishers, CO2 systems (remove O2), and foam

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