Term
| Beginning 11,000 years ago, why did large game hunting begin to decline? |
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Definition
| Certain large animal species started to become exticnct. |
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Term
| How was the enviroment at the end of the Pleistocene? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Mesolithic? (aka - middle stone age) |
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Definition
| The period between the end of the Pleistocene and the beginnings of agriclture in Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia |
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Term
| The late stone age is used to describe..? |
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Definition
| the artifacts and encampments of Holocene hunter - gatherers in South and East Africa. |
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Term
| In Japan, the period between the bigginning of the Holocene an the introduction of rice cultivation is known as ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The period between 6000 and 1000 bc in North America is known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened to the sea levels at the end of the Pleistocene? |
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Definition
| Inceased temperatures melted continental ince sheets and caued sea levels to rise. |
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Term
| During the maximum cold period( in Pleistocone), sea levels were up to ___ feet below present levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name an example of change that occured to Animals and plants when the tempature changed near the end of the Pliestocene. |
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Definition
- Deciduous forest spread throughout most of westren Europe - large herds such as reindeers, horses disappeared from Europe and were replaced by the more recent species of European mammals (which adapated to the forest) |
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Term
| Why is Vedbaek (near CopenHagen, Denmark) considered an important archaeological site? |
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Definition
7000 years ago, shift in social arrangements - settlements becaome more permanent and societes developed along the coastlines - starting eating more fish(marine life) - found grave sites, with goods and some show evidence of violent deaths |
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Term
| One method of determinng what humans ate in the past is? |
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Definition
chemical analysis of human bone -ei. Carbon 13 is common in terrestial plants sch as corn, people who eat corn have higher ratios of carbon isotopes in their bones |
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Term
| How was it determined that humans at Vedbaek ate alot of marine food |
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Definition
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Term
| What changed about how humans got their food at the end of the PliestoCene? |
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Definition
| the produce it instead of collecting |
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Term
| Name five animals that domesticated early? |
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Definition
- dog, pig, sheep, goats, cattle |
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Term
| What did the Jomon people eat primarly during it beginning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nittano, a fairly typical ___ communtiy was found along the ______? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Archaeological Resource Protection Act of 1979 provide? |
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Definition
| protection of archaeological resources located on public lands and Indian Lands |
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Term
| Archaeologoical remains include any metrial remains of interest that are at leat ___ years old? |
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Definition
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Term
| Occupants of the Carrier Mills area used the rivr, lakes nad swamps for ______ resoures and exploited the uplands behind the settlement for ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Cereals and what are they best known for? |
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Definition
- grasses that produce large hard shelled seeds (carbs -- can be stored) - it is the best known early domesticates. |
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Term
| Why is it hard to find if root crops were domesticated? |
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Definition
| Because they are asexual, difficult to tell different between ancestors. |
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Term
| Where did agriculture first show up in the New Worlld |
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Definition
| Mexico, Northwestren South America and Eastern North America |
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Term
| What is the Oasis Hypothesis and what are its implications? |
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Definition
suggests that plants, animals and humans would have clustered in confined areas near water - it was wetter at the end of the Pliestocene |
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Term
| What is the natural Habitat(Hill Flanks) hypothesis, invented by Robert Braidwood? and implications? |
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Definition
- earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors lived - rich enviorment and increased populations. - Imp: maybe cause technology was ready then (end of pliestocene) |
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Term
| What is the population pressure hypothesis, introduced by Lewis Binford? |
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Definition
human groups would not become farmers unless they had no other choice. - increasing population, ---> domestication |
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Term
| What is the edge hypothesis ? |
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Definition
| where animals occuped , humas lived, so they needed food |
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Term
| What is the social hypothesis/ |
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Definition
| based on the argument that the transition to farming, food storage, and surplus could not be undestood simply of terms of enviroment and population. = social inequaliy |
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Term
| What is wrong with a lot of theories of why humans began to farm? |
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Definition
- human pop wasnt large prior to agriculutre - some plants in other areas were not cultivated - no climate crisis that led people to water |
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Term
| What is discussion about Southwest Asia discussed alot? |
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Definition
- earliest plant domestication - readliy info from excavations |
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Term
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Definition
| Period just before agriculture ( 11,000 - 9000 B.C) |
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Term
| What was so spcial about the Natufian site of Ain Mallaha? |
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Definition
lied beside a natural spring, earliest villages tons of artifacts |
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Term
| What is special about Abu Hureyra? |
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Definition
| larget early postglacial communtites in Southwest Asia |
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Term
| What is the difference between states and Chiefdoms |
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Definition
| - states usually have full time specialtist in things like crafst, bureaccray, relgion |
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Term
| What types of Bureaucracy do States have? |
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Definition
- Codified laws - taxation - centralized miltary speciailts |
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Term
| Name three powers in States |
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Definition
Ecnonomic: control of resources Ideologial: Control of symbols, religion , ceremonies Polital: Control of people and institution Back all this up with force, police |
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Term
| What is the irragation hypothesis? |
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Definition
Karl Wittfogel, - growing population creates need to irrigate large tracts of land - large irrigations systems led to permanent bureucracy, rest of state org. grew from this |
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Term
| What is the problem with the Irrigation Hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Early stages of communties began by riverine areas that need minimal irragation, only after expansion did they begin |
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Term
| What is the Coercive Theory? |
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Definition
Robert Carneiro - since land was taken up due to large population, warfare begun. Eventually a leader arised taking over. State was born |
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Term
| What is a problem with the Coercive Theory? |
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Definition
| research in Peru shows a wide variety of levels of social complexity at diff time periods |
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Term
| Instead of looking at "prime movers" what should we look at to why state's were formed? |
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Definition
| look at interaction between many factors.. ei contol of trade items, subsistence devolopments |
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Term
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Definition
| Alluvial plain between Tigris and Eurphrates Rivers in Iran and Iraq |
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Term
| What does Mesopotamia mean in greek |
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Definition
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Term
| What as North, west, south east of mesopotamia? |
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Definition
North - Akkad South - sumer East - Zagros West - Syrian Dessert |
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Term
| When was the Ubaid Period? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When was the Sumerians ( Early Dyastic Period) |
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Definition
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Term
| How was the jewellary and architeteture of the Ubaid Period? |
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Definition
Not much wealth(jewellery) until en of Ubaid, most people lived in farming villages - arch - mud brick with reed rofing |
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Term
| When was Eridu found and were is it now? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was special about Eridu's temples? |
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Definition
| They were rebuilt on top of each other over 1000 years |
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Term
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Definition
| large stepped temple mound in Mesopotamia, centre of urban life |
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Term
| How did the Sumerians saw Eridu? |
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Definition
| saw it as a sacred ancient place - "the earliest city" |
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Term
| Urban centers during the Uruk Period were still quite small? T or F |
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Definition
| F, First devolopment of large urban centres |
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Term
| What is so special about the city of Uruk |
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Definition
large settlement at time - 50000 ppl, 250 hectare urban area - social hierachy, people of diff classes |
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Term
| What was in the middle of the city of Uruk? |
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Definition
| White temple, sky god(anu) , shows how cnetral religion was important |
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Term
| Secular leaders, (none religious) emerged from religious leaders in Uruk? T or F |
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Definition
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Term
| What invention helped pottery in the Uruk Period? |
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Definition
| potters wheel and moulds, mass production |
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Term
| How culd humans mark ownership when send material in Uruk era? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sumer was made up of how many autonomous city states? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did each Sumerian city state have? |
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Definition
| - a governer and council of citizen |
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Term
| Did Sumerian city states ever untie? |
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Definition
| Once in a while a strong leader would unite a few but never all |
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Term
| What metals were introduced during the Sumerian age that induced warfare? |
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Definition
| bronze tin copper excellent for weapons tools and chairots |
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Term
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Definition
| temples, as well no money involved just barter goods |
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Term
| The most important Sumarian city was? What about their burials? |
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Definition
| Ur. included 2500 burials only 20 of which were royal (2800 bc) |
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Term
| How did Sumerians see the after life? |
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Definition
| Unpleasant, so they shipped them with gifts and items for the lords of the underworld |
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Term
| Give an example of social inequity in Sumer |
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Definition
| Human sacrifce, voluntarily entered tombs, took posion |
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Term
| What is the olderst know form of writing? |
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Definition
Sumerian Cuneiform, used in Southwest Asia fr 2000 yars after Sumerians were gone - ideas came from Uruk Cylinder seals, and now they were writing on clay tablets |
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Term
| What was Cuneiform used for? |
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Definition
admistration and trade document - very small population was litarate |
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Term
| Who were Sumarians conquered by and when? |
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Definition
| Conquered by the Akkadians in the north, 2334 BC |
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Term
Name the dates it ruled: Ubaid Uruk Sumerians |
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Definition
Ubaid - 5300-3600 Uruk - 3600 - 3100 Sumerians 3200 - 2300 BC |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Neolithic? what is it aka |
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Definition
| The period of time of early farmers with domesticated plants and animals, polished stone tools, permanent villages, and often pottery (The new stone age) |
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Term
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Definition
dependent on humans to survive; go through a morphological change |
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Term
| The same plants and animals that the Neolithics survivied on are quite similair to the ones today. T or F |
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Definition
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Term
Name two plants domesticated in the following: Southwest Asia, Far East, Africa, Americcas |
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Definition
S: Wheats and barely FE: rice and millet Africa: millet and sorghum Americas : maize and beans |
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Term
| What is the Sunflower effect (aka apical dominance) |
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Definition
| Where you control which way the buds and leaves grow due to selective picking/harvesting |
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Term
| What Docility and does it have to do with Domestication? |
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Definition
- ready to be taught, easily mangaged. Animals or plants must be docile and able to withstand crowding.
. |
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Term
| What is the Origin Theories? |
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Definition
| Theories that explain why people started domestication, eit Disease, drought, climate change? |
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Term
| What is the Social Models |
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Definition
| trade increased pressre for more agriclutre |
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Term
| What is Co-evolution,mutualism, and Symbiosis? |
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Definition
interactions between organisms can produce both conflict and co-operation. ei Humans and Plants - M: where both organisms benifit off each other - S: the living together of unlike organisms |
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Term
| Give four reasons for instability in the Neolithic |
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Definition
- climate - less species pathogens (disease agents) - not enough land |
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Term
| Where is Natufian? and when did it reign |
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Definition
| In southwest asia, 11000 - 8500 BC |
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Term
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Definition
| Started as Natufian oasis camp around 10000 BC |
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Term
Bee hive Neolithic huts appear after ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wall and ditch with tower appreaded when? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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