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ARC 318K - Midterm 2 - Terms
Dr. Christopher Long, Spring 2014
78
Architecture
Undergraduate 1
03/24/2014

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Term
Corinthian:
Definition
the last chronologically of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order.
Term
acanthus:
Definition
acanthus is one of the commonest plant forms to make foliage ornament and decoration. In Ancient Greek architecture acanthus ornament appears extensively in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders, and applied to friezes, dentils, and other decorated areas
Term
arcuated:
Definition
Using arches for structural support, in contrast to trabeated, which uses posts and lintels (Stonehenge)
Term
arch:
Definition
a structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight below it.
Term
kouros (pl. kouroi):
Definition
the modern term given to those representations of male youths which first appear in the Archaic period in Greece.
Term
module:
Definition
in architecture, an arbitrary unit adopted to regulate the dimensions, proportions, or construction of the parts of a building.
Term
hypaethral:
Definition
an ancient temple with no roof.
Term
keystone:
Definition
the wedge-shaped stone piece at the apex of a masonry vault or arch, which is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch to bear weight.
Term
vault:
Definition
An architectural term for an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.
Term
voussoir:
Definition
a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch or vault. Although each unit in an arch or vault is a voussoir, two units are of distinct functional importance: the keystone and the springer.
Term
barrel vault (tunnel vault):
Definition
the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after another. It is a form of barrel roof.
Term
groin vault (cross vault):
Definition
produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults.
Term
rustication:
Definition
an architectural feature that contrasts in texture with the smoothly finished, squared block masonry surfaces called ashlar. Rusticated masonry is usually squared-off but left with a more or less rough outer surface and wide joints that emphasize the edges of each block.
Term
arcade:
Definition
a succession of arches, each counter thrusting the next, supported by columns or piers, or a covered walk enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides.
Term
pseudoperipteral:
Definition
one with free standing columns in the front (colonnaded portico), but the columns along the sides are engaged in the peripheral walls of the building.
Term
oculus (pl. oculi):
Definition
eye, denotes a circular opening in the centre of a dome or in a wall
Term
coffer (coffering):
Definition
a sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault.
Term
dome:
Definition
an element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere
Term
concrete:
Definition
a composite material composed of coarse granular material (the aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together.
Term
pozzolana:
Definition
it was the Romans that eventually fully developed the potential of lime-pozzolan pastes as binder phase in Roman concrete used for buildings and underwater construction.
Term
circus:
Definition
was a large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient Roman Empire. I.E: Circus Maximus
Term
string course:
Definition
or band course is a thin projecting course of brickwork or stone that runs horizontally around a building, typically to emphasize the junction between floors, or just below the eaves
Term
Tuscan order:
Definition
The Tuscan order has a very plain design, with a plain shaft, and a simple capital, base, and frieze. It is a simplified adaptation of the Doric order by the Romans. The Tuscan order is characterized by an unfluted shaft and a capital that only consists of an echinus and an abacus.
Term
Roman concrete:
Definition
lime, sand, water, and pozzolana
Term
castrum (pl. castra):
Definition
Buildings or plots of land reserved for or constructed for use as a military defensive position.
Term
bath:
Definition
A public bathing complex
Term
palaestra:
Definition
open courtyard, where one could exercise or sunbathe; most Romans were in the nude
Term
tepidarium:
Definition
the warm (tepidus) bathroom of the Roman baths heated by a hypocaust or underfloor heating system
Term
frigidarium:
Definition
a large cold pool of Roman baths. It would be entered after the Caldarium and the Tepidarium, which were used to open the pores of the skin
Term
caldarium:
Definition
a room with a hot plunge bath, used in a Roman bath complex.
Term
apodyterium:
Definition
the primary entry in the public baths, composed of a large changing room with cubicles or shelves where citizens could store clothing and other belongings while bathing.
Term
hypocaust:
Definition
an ancient Roman system of underfloor heating, used to heat houses with hot air. The floor was raised above the ground by pillars, called pilae stacks, with a layer of tiles, then a layer of concrete then another of tiles on top; and spaces were left inside the walls so that hot air and smoke from the furnace would pass through these enclosed areas and out of flues in the roof, thereby heating but not polluting the interior of the room
Term
insula (pl.insulae):
Definition
a kind of apartment building that housed most of the urban citizen population of ancient Rome, including ordinary people of lower- or middle-class status (the plebs) and all but the wealthiest from the upper-middle class (the equites).
Term
forum:
Definition
a public square in a Roman municipium, or any civitas, reserved primarily for the vending of goods; i.e., a marketplace, along with the buildings used for shops and the stoas used for open stalls
Term
tablinum:
Definition
a room generally situated on one side of the atrium and opposite to the entrance; it opened in the rear on to the peristyle, with either a large window or only an anteroom or curtain. Most formal of the 3 public spaces of a house, similar to a living room.
Term
atrium:
Definition
a large open space located within a building. Atria were a common feature in Ancient Roman dwellings, providing light and ventilation to the interior
Term
vestibule:
Definition
a lobby, entrance hall, or passage between the entrance and the interior of a building
Term
basilica:
Definition
has three distinct applications in modern English. The word was originally used to describe an open, Roman, public court building
Term
pilaster:
Definition
used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function
Term
finial:
Definition
an architectural device, typically carved in stone and employed decoratively to emphasize the apex of a gable or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure
Term
Composite order:
Definition
a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. The composite order volutes are larger, however, and the composite order also has echinus molding with egg-and-dart ornamentation between the volutes.
Term
broken pediment:
Definition
PEDIMENT: A pediment is an element in classical, neoclassical and baroque architecture, and derivatives therefrom, consisting of a gable, originally of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the entablature, typically supported by columns. BROKEN PEDIMENT: In the broken pediment the raking cornice is left open at the apex
Term
exedra:
Definition
a semicircular recess or plinth, often crowned by a semi-dome, which is sometimes set into a building's facade
Term
Hiram Bingham (rediscovered Machu Picchi, 1911):
Definition
made public the existence of the Quechua citadel of Machu Picchu in 1911 with the guidance of local indigenous farmers
Term
Nazca culture:
Definition
the archaeological culture that flourished from 100 BCE to 800 CE beside the dry southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage and the Ica Valley
Term
Sapa Inca:
Definition
the ruler(s) of the Kingdom of Cusco and later, the Emperor of the Inca Empire
Term
intihuatana:
Definition
a ritual stone in South America associated with the astronomic clock or calendar of the Inca
Term
cancha:
Definition
Basic courtyard made up of 3-4 buildings surrounding a space.
Term
Hernán Cortés:
Definition
A Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Term
Toltec:
Definition
The Toltec culture is an archaeological Mesoamerican culture that dominated a state centered in Tula, in the early post-classic period of Mesoamerican chronology (ca 800–1000 CE). The later Aztec culture saw the Toltecs as their intellectual and cultural predecessors and described Toltec culture emanating from Tollan ['to?l?a?n] (Nahuatl for Tula) as the epitome of civilization; indeed in the Nahuatl language the word "Toltecatl" [to?l'te?kat??] (singular) or "Toltecah" [to?l'te?ka?] (plural) came to take on the meaning "artisan".
Term
atlantes:
Definition
a support sculpted in the form of a man, which may take the place of a column, a pier or a pilaster.
Term
Buddhism:
Definition
a nontheistic religion that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly known as the Buddha, meaning "the awakened one"
Term
Khmer:
Definition
(Architecture): The period of Angkor is the period from approximately the latter half of the 8th century AD to the first half of the 15th century.
Term
Hinduism:
Definition
After Buddhism. Hindu architecture starts around 4th century CE after Buddhism gets started to be exported.
Term
stupa:
Definition
a mound-like or semi-hemispherical structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the ashes of Buddhist monks, used by Buddhists as a place of meditation.
Term
chaitya:
Definition
a Buddhist shrine including a stupa.
Term
vihara:
Definition
referred to "dwellings" or "refuges" used by wandering monks during the rainy season AKA dormitories
Term
torana:
Definition
a type of gateway seen in the Hindu and Buddhist architecture of the Indian subcontinent AKA entrance/gate to a stupa
Term
ambulatory:
Definition
a place for walking; is the covered passage around a cloister.
Term
pradakshina:
Definition
Keep your right hand to the inside (walk clockwise) and as you move around, you perform pradakshina, a ritualized prayer in motion.
Term
balustrade:
Definition
Multiplied balusters together to make up the ambulatory railing.
Term
baluster:
Definition
Makes up the railing for the ambulatory around the stupas.
Term
Li Chieh:
Definition
The Methods and Design of Architecture (1103); author.
Term
crenellated:
Definition
a wall with gaps made by battlements
Term
battlement:
Definition
a defensive architecture that has rectangular gaps in intervals to allow defenders on the wall to attack with projectiles
Term
pagoda:
Definition
a tiered tower built in the traditions originating in historic East Asia
Term
corvée:
Definition
unpaid labour imposed by the state on certain classes of people, such as peasants, for the performance of work on public projects.
Term
hipped roof:
Definition
a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls, usually with a fairly gentle slope. Thus it is a house with no gables or other vertical sides to the roof.
Term
spandrel:
Definition
the space between two arches or between an arch and a rectangular enclosure.
Term
ang:
Definition
cantilever in dougong bracket system
Term
dou:
Definition
block in dougong bracket system
Term
gong:
Definition
bracket arm in dougong bracket system
Term
purlin:
Definition
any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof except a type of framing with what is called a crown plate
Term
Shinto:
Definition
is the indigenous spirituality of Japan and the people of Japan.
Term
torii:
Definition
a traditional Japanese gate most commonly found at the entrance of or within a Shinto shrine, where it symbolically marks the transition from the profane to the sacred
Term
picturesque massing and composition:
Definition
balance of a building not through bilateral symmetry but through mass (balancing on a weight scale).
Term
mortise and tenon:
Definition
A mortise is a cavity cut into a timber to receive a tenon. The tenon joint fills the cavity. Used to join pieces of wood.
Term
tatami:
Definition
a type of mat used as a flooring material in traditional Japanese-style rooms. Traditionally made of rice straw to form the core (though nowadays sometimes the core is composed of compressed wood chip boards or polystyrene foam), with a covering of woven soft rush (igusa) straw
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