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ARC 2211 Study For Test 3
Flash Cards for ARC 2211 Exam 3 USF Spring 2010
138
Architecture
Undergraduate 2
05/03/2010

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Vitruvius' Three Elements of Architecture
Definition
Durability, Utility, Beauty
Term
The Anasazi people's cliff dwellings...
Definition
not only helped protect them from their enemies, but also were sited to take advantage of the overhanging cliffs to control the amount of sun exposure in the summer and winter seasons
Term
The Native Americans of the Northeast
Definition
built shelters made of logs (longhouses) and wigwams from branches and animal hides, materials gathered from forests
Term
The Native American's of the Plaines
Definition
followed the herds, so they built Teepees, light mobile shelters of animal hides that could be dismantled and dragged to a new location
Term
The Native Americans of Alaska and Canada (Eskimos)
Definition
built ice shelters (igloos) with an air lock entry to keep out the cold air. A sleeping loft kept them off the cold floor
Term
The Native Americans of the Southwest
Definition
built pueblos of sun dried adobe brick. Dense adobe delays heat during the day and releases heat at night
Term
The Native Americans of the Southeast
Definition
built "Chickees" or palm thatched huts of insect resistant cypress. Today the chickee is exempt from the Florida Building Code if it is constructed by Miccosuki or Seminole Indians
Term
Temperature Swing
Definition
The difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures
Term
Florida's Temperature Swing
Definition
Florida summers have a small temperature swing - High 90s in the daytime and low 80s at night
Term
Southwest Desert Temperature Swing
Definition
Have a large temperature swing - High 100s in the day time and high 50s at night
Term
Dwellings in Low Temperature Swing Areas...
Definition
should be constructed with light weight materials to avoid heat absorption
Term
Dwellings in High Temperature Swing Areas...
Definition
Should be constructed with high mass materials to slow down heat absorption and allow night time heat radiation
Term
Islamic Architects
Definition
provided light and ventilation into their mosques by providing deeply recessed openings covered with perforated screens
Term
The US Embassy in New Delhi
Definition
By Edward Durell Stone 1958 - used perforated screens to shield the windows from the direct rays of the sun. The screens allowed reflected sunlight and ventilation
Term
Robie House
Definition
Frank Lloyd Wright 1909 - used long roof overhangs to prevent the sun from entering the windows during the summer months
Term
The 2nd Herbert Jacob's House
Definition
FLW Called the "Solar Hemi-cycle" 1948 - utilized South facing glass with a large roof overhang bermed earth on the north side concrete floores and stone walls minimal interior partitions and a semi-circular floor plan that followed the sun's path
Term
The development of effective artificial lighting, heating and ventilation allowed...
Definition
architects to stop thinking about sun exposure, prevailing wind and temperature patterns
Term
Salvation Army Hostel
Definition
(Cite' de Refuge) - Le Corbusier - Glass facade with no overhangs - Glass is a poor insulator, originally designed with AC but the AC was cut to save money, disaster building
Term
Brise-Soleils
Definition
Le Corbusier - solar screens to protect windows from direct sun exposure. Because they are built into the building they are considered a "passive" solar device - Ex: Gov Complex (India) and Ministry of Education (Brazil)
Term
Unite de Habitatione
Definition
Le Corbrusier - Marseilles 1948 - Deeply recessed balconies, cross ventilation through units, hallway on every other floor so fire codes would not allow it now
Term
Venturi Effect
Definition
Vary the sizes of openings in a building to create positive and negative air pressures that generate or induce natural ventilation.
Term
The Pantheon
Definition
Rome - Ex of Venturi Effect - Wind blowing across the dome draws out warm air through the "occulus" in the ceiling. Cool air enters at street. Hot (active) air doesn't rise, but is displaced by heavier cool air
Term
Wind Loads - Gothic Cathedrals
Definition
Lateral loads counteracted by flying buttress; trial and error
Term
Wind Loads - Crystal Palace, London
Definition
Joseph Paxton 1860 - Diagonal bracing
Term
Wind Loads - Eiffel Tower
Definition
Gustaffe Eiffel 1870 - First building designed to resist wind loads. Eiffel also did the structural frame for the Statue of Liberty
Term
Wind Loads - John Hancock Building (Chicago)
Definition
Diagonal braces to resist "lateral" wind loads.
Term
Wind Loads - John Hancock Building (Boston)
Definition
"Tuned Mass Damper" added to resist swaying. Windows fell out and needed to be replaced
Term
Altitude
Definition
Height of sun above the horizon
Term
Azimuth
Definition
The sun's angle East or West of South
Term
Sun position for Tampa, Fl
Definition
28 degrees North Latitude
Term
Event - Vernal Equinox
Definition
March 21 - 12 hrs day, 12 hrs night - equal days and nights
Term
Event - Summer Solstice
Definition
June 21 - 14 hrs day, 10 hrs night - Longest day of the year
Term
Event - Autumnal Equinox
Definition
September 21 - 12 hrs day, 12 hrs night - equal days and nights
Term
Event - Winter Solstice
Definition
December 21 - 10 hrs day, 14 hrs night - Shortest day of the year
Term
Azimuth - Equinoxes
Definition
Rises 90° E - Sets 90° West
Term
Azimuth - Summer Solstice
Definition
Rises - North of East, 118° East of South - Sets - North of West, 118° West of South
Term
Azimuth - Winter Solstice
Definition
Rises - South of East 62° East from South - Sets - South of West 62° East from South
Term
Altitude - Tampa, Fl
Definition
28° North Latitude
Term
Altitude - Tropic of Cancer
Definition
23° North Latitude (hence the 23° tilt of the Earth)
Term
The highest altitude of the Sun in Tampa June 21
Definition
Noon - 85°
Term
The Highest altitude of the Sun in Tampa March 21
Definition
Noon - 62°
Term
The highest altitude of the Sun in Tampa on December 21
Definition
Noon - 39°
Term
Economics - Taj Mahal (India)
Definition
John Kenneth Galbraith said, "The most economical building is the one that promises to give the greatest total pleasure for the price."
Term
Economics - Remember...
Definition
It is not necessarily how much something costs, but rather how much value (enjoyment) you get for the cost.
Term
Pre-Historic Architecture is...
Definition
Before written history
Term
Pre-Historic Civilizations...
Definition
After satisfying their need for shelter (protection from elements and enemies) civilizations began to express symbolism in their built structures
Term
Ziggurat
Definition
were massive monuments built - having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels
Term
Early humans sough shelter in...
Definition
caves
Term
Terra Amata
Definition
earliest known human constructed dwelling
Term
Table Stone at Lanyon Quoit - Cornwall, England
Definition
Evidence suggests that the structure may have been an earthen burial chamber that over time, has eroded away
Term
Skara Brae (Scotland)
Definition
An early village of 10 stone houses (circa 2500 bc to 1500 bc)
Term
Catal Huyuk (Turkey)
Definition
An early city of 10,000 people (circa 6500bc)
Term
The Beginning of Cities
Definition
As early man began to control the cultivation of grain there was less need to be nomadic hinters and gatherers. Dwellings began to be permanently built in one location
Term
Broadacre City (1932)
Definition
Frank Lloyd Wright vision of Usonia - The American Utopia
Term
Levittown, New York
Definition
Post WW2 sprawl - No Suburbs
Term
Jane Jacobs
Definition
The Death and Life of Great American Cities - 1961
Term
New Urbanism
Definition
Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk - Florida, Maryland - Front building setbacks in residential sections of Seaside Florida were determined by the maximum conversational distance from public walk to the front porch
Term
Egyptian Architecture
Definition
Permanence - Last for eternity
Funeral Architecture
Architects were considered to be "gods"
Term
Imhotep
Definition
Architect of Stepped Pyramid for Pharaoh Zoser - Father of stone construction - Inventor of the pyramids
Term
Senmut
Definition
Architect of Queen Hatshepsut's tomb
Term
Egyptian Civilization...
Definition
was considered ancient by the Greeks, they were 2500 years old by that time
Term
Grateful Dead
Definition
1972 - Performed in front of the Great Pyramid at Giza. The song set included Buddy Holly's "Not Fade Away"
Term
Egypt Seasons - Inundation
Definition
Flooding of the river
Term
Egypt Seasons - Emergence
Definition
Receding of the water
Term
Egypt Seasons - Drought
Definition
Lack of rainfall
Term
Stepped Pyramid for Pharaoh Zoser
Definition
Zoser united the Upper Lower Kingdom
Term
First Pyramid
Definition
perhaps stacked mastabas - Architect Imhotep
Term
Symbolism of Pyramids
Definition
Nile River runs South to North - Sun rises East to West (Pyramid or tomb is on the West side of the River) - Replica of the Pharaoh's palaces in lower Egypt and upper Egypt - Lower, Reed columns - Upper, Lotus flower columns
Term
Giza Pyramid Complex
Definition
Khufu, largest - Khafre, associated with the Sphinx, still has limestone casing stones) - Menkare, associated with the 3 queen pyramids
Term
Pyramids were built...
Definition
not by slaves, but more likely by massive public works projects that kept the people employed during the inudation when it was impossible to farm the land
Term
The angle of most pyramids
Definition
+/- 52 degrees - Height is four times diameter times number of rotations
Term
The angles of Bent Pyramids
Definition
+/- 52 degrees at the bottom and +/- 43 degrees at the top - The angle was changed because the pyramid collapsed during construction
Term
The angle of the Red Pyramids
Definition
+/- 43 degrees - The Red Pyramid was designed at this angle because of the collapse of the Bent Pyramid - Height is three times the diameter times the number of rotations
Term
Tombs
Definition
Pyramids were replaced by tombs because of looting
Term
Initially...Tombs were
Definition
constructed (Hatshetsut's tomb) but later were carved into the cliffs (King Tut's)
Term
Queen Hatshetsut's Tomb
Definition
Senmut (Architect) - Symbolism - Colonnade mimics the face of the cliff behind
Term
Temples
Definition
were for living priests therefore located on the East side of the Nile River - Interior spaces were lit with natural lighting with Clerestory Windows and Light Holes
Term
Parts of a Temple
Definition
Avenue - Atrium, Court, Forecourt - Sanctuary, Sekos - Pylon - Great Hall, Hypostyle Hall
Term
Greek Architecture
Definition
Excellence and Perfection
Term
Architects
Definition
Directors of Workmen - 250 Greek Architects known, but no drawings survived
Term
Daedalus
Definition
Mythological Greek Architect - Wax and feather wings to fly with son Icarus - Built Labyrinth of the Minotaur - Bed for the Queen and her bull to mate
Term
Greek Influences
Definition
The new found awareness of the Greek and Roman antiquities brought about an architecture that adapted Greek and Roman architecture to meet the needs of the 18th, 19th and 20th century - In reality Classical Revival mostly resembled Roman rather than Greek
Term
Greek Temple Evolution
Definition
Temonos (Sacred grove of trees) - Wood Temples (Columns represented by tree trunks, Pediment represented as tree canopy) - Conversion to stone as wood deteriorated - Stone Temples (Triglyphs represented 3 pieces of built up wood beams)
Term
Roman Architecture
Definition
Mastery of Space - Mastery of Engineering (Arch, Pozzolana (roman concrete), Sewers, Aqueducts, Roads)
Term
Early Christian Byzantine Period
Definition
Term
Constantine
Definition
First Roman ruler to embrace Christianity
Term
Basilica
Definition
The Roman building type that was the most suitable model for Christian churches - NOT a religious building type so had no pagan symbols - Large congregations - Its axial alignment focused on the altar
Term
Roman Cross
Definition
In the West (Early Christian)
Term
Greek Cross
Definition
In the East (Byzantine)
Term
Early Christian Churches
Definition
Propylon - Nathex - Aisles - Apse - Atrium, Court - Nave - Transcept
Term
Early Medieval (Romanesque Churches)
Definition
Located on fringes of Roman Empire - Had small windows to protect from invaders - modeled after age-eroded Roman details - Often named after saint who had relics in the church
Term
After visiting Hagia Sophia
Definition
Roman crusaders were inspired to request their lords to build larger, light filled churches - beginning of Gothic Arc
Term
Gothic (as given by Renaissance Arcs in Italy)
Definition
A derogatory term meaning the uncivilized architecture of the North
Term
Gothic Architects
Definition
were Master Builders
Term
Gothic Cathedrals
Definition
Notre Dame Paris - Notre Dame Amiens (Ashley Plaza can fit inside) - Notre Dame Chartes (highest order of Gothic Arc)
Term
Parts of A Gothic Cathedral
Definition
Narthex - Aisles - Apse - Choir or Chave - Nave - Transcept - Ambulatory - Crossing
Term
Renaissance Archtiect
Definition
Humanist - They were artists and sculptors
Term
Renaissance - Rational
Definition
To highlight the rationality, edges and surfaces were defined in contrasting tones rather than elaborate mosaics and color
Term
Renaissance - Mannerism
Definition
Once the Renaissance architects took their rational rules of architecture to the limits they began to break those rules
Term
Baroque and Rococo Period
Definition
Super human scale and Ostentatious to show off the riches of the church
Term
Baroque
Definition
mis-shaped pearl - A derogatory term coined by later architects
Term
Rococo
Definition
A grotto - A derogatory term coined by later architects
Term
Architects of Boroque and Rococo
Definition
favored shaping light filled spaces with brilliant color and sensuous detail and with little regard to the fundamental structure of architecture
Term
Age of Enlightenment 19th Century
Definition
Not satisfied with the super-scaled and ostentatious Baroque and Rococo churches - Architects sought an architecture that promoted social responsibility and classical education
Term
Eclecticism
Definition
The new found awareness of the Greek and Roman antiquities brought about an architecture that adapted Greek and Roman architecture to meet the needs of the 18th century
Term
Greek Revival or Classical Revival
Definition
In Reality, the buildings more closely resembled Roman Temples rather than Greek Temples
Term
Industrial Revolution
Definition
Celebration of the machine and new materials (Iron, Steel, Glass)
Term
The "new cathedrals"
Definition
Palace of the Machines - Turbine Factory (Peter Behrens) - Fagus Factory(Walter Gropius) - Larkin Building (FLW)
Term
Industrial Rev World's Fair and Expositions
Definition
London - Crystal Palace (Jospeh Paxton)
Paris - Eiffel Tower (Gustaffe Eiffel)
Chicago - NeoClassicism
Barcelona - German Pavillion (Mies van der Rohe, 1929)
Term
Elevator
Definition
Invention (Otis) allowed buildings to be taller
Term
Arts and Crafts Movement
Definition
Celebrated the idea of craftmanship - opposed machine - Tiffany Glass (Louis Comfort Tiffany) - Bungalow style - Charles Greene and Henry works in Pasadena - Gamble House - Blacker House
Term
Modernism and the International Style
Definition
synonymous terms for the European architecture that was inspired by the Bauhaus and le Corbusier int he 20s and 30s
Term
"Ornament as Crime"
Definition
by Adolph Loos a Vienna Secessionist
Term
Bauhaus
Definition
Walter Gropius propsed new methodology for teaching future architects and established this school
Term
Modernism etc did...
Definition
celebrate the new materials of the industrial revolution - Steel and Glass
Term
"Less is More"
Definition
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
Term
"The House is a machine for living"
Definition
Le Corbusier
Term
5 points of New Architecture
Definition
Pilotis - Ribbon Windows - Rooftop gardens - Free Plan - Independence of Structure and Enclosure
Term
The New York Five
Definition
(The Whites) 1960s - Peter Eisenman - Michael Graves - Charles Gwathmey - John Hejduk - Richard Meier
Term
Book - From Bauhaus to Our House
Definition
Tom Wolfe - Criticized modernism
Term
Post Modernism
Definition
after...modernism...
Term
"Less is a bore"
Definition
Robert Venturi
Term
Book - Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture
Definition
Robert Venturi - Criticized modernism
Term
Ex: Post Modernism - Michael Graves
Definition
Portland Municipal Services Building - Swan and Dolphin Hotels (Disney) - Disney Headquarters (Burbank)
Term
Ex: Post Modernism - Robert Venturi
Definition
Franklin Court
Term
Ex: Post Modernism - Robert AM Stern
Definition
Beach Club - Yach Club Hotels (Disney)
Term
Ex: Post Modernism - Charles Moore
Definition
Sea Ranch - Piazza dItalia
Term
Deconstructivism
Definition
Interpreted literature and art (books movies music art) into built form
Term
Ex: Deconstructivism - Peter Eisenman
Definition
Wexner Center for the Arts
Term
Ex: Deconstructivism - Zaha Hadid
Definition
Vitra Fire Station
Term
Ex: Deconstructivism - Morphosis and Thom Mayne
Definition
California Transportation Building
Term
Ex: Deconstructivism - Rem Koolhaus
Definition
Seattle Public Libary
Term
Define - Pritzger Prize
Definition
The Nobel type prize for architects - Funded by Jay Pritzger owner of the Hyatt Hotel chain
Term
1st recipient of Pritzger
Definition
Philip Johnson
Term
1st Woman recipient of Pritzger
Definition
Zaha Hadid
Term
Film - "My Architect" - Louis Kahn
Definition
Richards Medical Tower (Philly) - Bath House (Trenton) - Salk Inst. (LaJolla CA) - Exeter Library (New Hampshire) - Capitol of Bangladesh
Term
Film - "A Strong, Clear Vision" - Maya Lin
Definition
Vietnam Veterans Memorial (DC 1980) - Civil Rights Memorial (Montgomer AL 1985)
Term
Misc Architects
Definition
Brian Healy - Rob Wellington Quigley - Sam Mockbee (The Rural Studio Auburn University) - Jersey Devil (Steve Badanes)
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