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Vitruvius' Three Elements of Architecture |
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Definition
Durability, Utility, Beauty |
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The Anasazi people's cliff dwellings... |
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Definition
not only helped protect them from their enemies, but also were sited to take advantage of the overhanging cliffs to control the amount of sun exposure in the summer and winter seasons |
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The Native Americans of the Northeast |
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Definition
built shelters made of logs (longhouses) and wigwams from branches and animal hides, materials gathered from forests |
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The Native American's of the Plaines |
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Definition
followed the herds, so they built Teepees, light mobile shelters of animal hides that could be dismantled and dragged to a new location |
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The Native Americans of Alaska and Canada (Eskimos) |
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Definition
built ice shelters (igloos) with an air lock entry to keep out the cold air. A sleeping loft kept them off the cold floor |
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The Native Americans of the Southwest |
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Definition
built pueblos of sun dried adobe brick. Dense adobe delays heat during the day and releases heat at night |
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The Native Americans of the Southeast |
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Definition
built "Chickees" or palm thatched huts of insect resistant cypress. Today the chickee is exempt from the Florida Building Code if it is constructed by Miccosuki or Seminole Indians |
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Definition
The difference between daytime and nighttime temperatures |
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Florida's Temperature Swing |
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Definition
Florida summers have a small temperature swing - High 90s in the daytime and low 80s at night |
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Term
Southwest Desert Temperature Swing |
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Definition
Have a large temperature swing - High 100s in the day time and high 50s at night |
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Dwellings in Low Temperature Swing Areas... |
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Definition
should be constructed with light weight materials to avoid heat absorption |
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Dwellings in High Temperature Swing Areas... |
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Definition
Should be constructed with high mass materials to slow down heat absorption and allow night time heat radiation |
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Definition
provided light and ventilation into their mosques by providing deeply recessed openings covered with perforated screens |
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The US Embassy in New Delhi |
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Definition
By Edward Durell Stone 1958 - used perforated screens to shield the windows from the direct rays of the sun. The screens allowed reflected sunlight and ventilation |
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Definition
Frank Lloyd Wright 1909 - used long roof overhangs to prevent the sun from entering the windows during the summer months |
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The 2nd Herbert Jacob's House |
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Definition
FLW Called the "Solar Hemi-cycle" 1948 - utilized South facing glass with a large roof overhang bermed earth on the north side concrete floores and stone walls minimal interior partitions and a semi-circular floor plan that followed the sun's path |
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Term
The development of effective artificial lighting, heating and ventilation allowed... |
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Definition
architects to stop thinking about sun exposure, prevailing wind and temperature patterns |
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Definition
(Cite' de Refuge) - Le Corbusier - Glass facade with no overhangs - Glass is a poor insulator, originally designed with AC but the AC was cut to save money, disaster building |
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Definition
Le Corbusier - solar screens to protect windows from direct sun exposure. Because they are built into the building they are considered a "passive" solar device - Ex: Gov Complex (India) and Ministry of Education (Brazil) |
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Definition
Le Corbrusier - Marseilles 1948 - Deeply recessed balconies, cross ventilation through units, hallway on every other floor so fire codes would not allow it now |
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Definition
Vary the sizes of openings in a building to create positive and negative air pressures that generate or induce natural ventilation. |
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Definition
Rome - Ex of Venturi Effect - Wind blowing across the dome draws out warm air through the "occulus" in the ceiling. Cool air enters at street. Hot (active) air doesn't rise, but is displaced by heavier cool air |
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Wind Loads - Gothic Cathedrals |
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Definition
Lateral loads counteracted by flying buttress; trial and error |
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Term
Wind Loads - Crystal Palace, London |
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Definition
Joseph Paxton 1860 - Diagonal bracing |
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Term
Wind Loads - Eiffel Tower |
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Definition
Gustaffe Eiffel 1870 - First building designed to resist wind loads. Eiffel also did the structural frame for the Statue of Liberty |
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Term
Wind Loads - John Hancock Building (Chicago) |
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Definition
Diagonal braces to resist "lateral" wind loads. |
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Wind Loads - John Hancock Building (Boston) |
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Definition
"Tuned Mass Damper" added to resist swaying. Windows fell out and needed to be replaced |
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Definition
Height of sun above the horizon |
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Definition
The sun's angle East or West of South |
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Sun position for Tampa, Fl |
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Definition
28 degrees North Latitude |
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Definition
March 21 - 12 hrs day, 12 hrs night - equal days and nights |
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Definition
June 21 - 14 hrs day, 10 hrs night - Longest day of the year |
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Definition
September 21 - 12 hrs day, 12 hrs night - equal days and nights |
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December 21 - 10 hrs day, 14 hrs night - Shortest day of the year |
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Definition
Rises 90° E - Sets 90° West |
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Azimuth - Summer Solstice |
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Definition
Rises - North of East, 118° East of South - Sets - North of West, 118° West of South |
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Azimuth - Winter Solstice |
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Definition
Rises - South of East 62° East from South - Sets - South of West 62° East from South |
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Definition
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Term
Altitude - Tropic of Cancer |
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Definition
23° North Latitude (hence the 23° tilt of the Earth) |
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The highest altitude of the Sun in Tampa June 21 |
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Definition
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The Highest altitude of the Sun in Tampa March 21 |
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Definition
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Term
The highest altitude of the Sun in Tampa on December 21 |
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Definition
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Term
Economics - Taj Mahal (India) |
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Definition
John Kenneth Galbraith said, "The most economical building is the one that promises to give the greatest total pleasure for the price." |
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Definition
It is not necessarily how much something costs, but rather how much value (enjoyment) you get for the cost. |
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Term
Pre-Historic Architecture is... |
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Definition
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Term
Pre-Historic Civilizations... |
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Definition
After satisfying their need for shelter (protection from elements and enemies) civilizations began to express symbolism in their built structures |
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Definition
were massive monuments built - having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels |
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Term
Early humans sough shelter in... |
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Definition
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Definition
earliest known human constructed dwelling |
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Term
Table Stone at Lanyon Quoit - Cornwall, England |
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Definition
Evidence suggests that the structure may have been an earthen burial chamber that over time, has eroded away |
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Definition
An early village of 10 stone houses (circa 2500 bc to 1500 bc) |
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An early city of 10,000 people (circa 6500bc) |
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Definition
As early man began to control the cultivation of grain there was less need to be nomadic hinters and gatherers. Dwellings began to be permanently built in one location |
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Definition
Frank Lloyd Wright vision of Usonia - The American Utopia |
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Post WW2 sprawl - No Suburbs |
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The Death and Life of Great American Cities - 1961 |
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Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk - Florida, Maryland - Front building setbacks in residential sections of Seaside Florida were determined by the maximum conversational distance from public walk to the front porch |
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Permanence - Last for eternity Funeral Architecture Architects were considered to be "gods" |
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Definition
Architect of Stepped Pyramid for Pharaoh Zoser - Father of stone construction - Inventor of the pyramids |
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Architect of Queen Hatshepsut's tomb |
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Definition
was considered ancient by the Greeks, they were 2500 years old by that time |
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1972 - Performed in front of the Great Pyramid at Giza. The song set included Buddy Holly's "Not Fade Away" |
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Term
Egypt Seasons - Inundation |
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Definition
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Egypt Seasons - Emergence |
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Definition
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Definition
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Stepped Pyramid for Pharaoh Zoser |
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Definition
Zoser united the Upper Lower Kingdom |
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perhaps stacked mastabas - Architect Imhotep |
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Term
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Definition
Nile River runs South to North - Sun rises East to West (Pyramid or tomb is on the West side of the River) - Replica of the Pharaoh's palaces in lower Egypt and upper Egypt - Lower, Reed columns - Upper, Lotus flower columns |
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Definition
Khufu, largest - Khafre, associated with the Sphinx, still has limestone casing stones) - Menkare, associated with the 3 queen pyramids |
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Definition
not by slaves, but more likely by massive public works projects that kept the people employed during the inudation when it was impossible to farm the land |
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The angle of most pyramids |
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Definition
+/- 52 degrees - Height is four times diameter times number of rotations |
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Term
The angles of Bent Pyramids |
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Definition
+/- 52 degrees at the bottom and +/- 43 degrees at the top - The angle was changed because the pyramid collapsed during construction |
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Term
The angle of the Red Pyramids |
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Definition
+/- 43 degrees - The Red Pyramid was designed at this angle because of the collapse of the Bent Pyramid - Height is three times the diameter times the number of rotations |
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Term
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Definition
Pyramids were replaced by tombs because of looting |
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Definition
constructed (Hatshetsut's tomb) but later were carved into the cliffs (King Tut's) |
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Definition
Senmut (Architect) - Symbolism - Colonnade mimics the face of the cliff behind |
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Definition
were for living priests therefore located on the East side of the Nile River - Interior spaces were lit with natural lighting with Clerestory Windows and Light Holes |
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Definition
Avenue - Atrium, Court, Forecourt - Sanctuary, Sekos - Pylon - Great Hall, Hypostyle Hall |
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Excellence and Perfection |
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Definition
Directors of Workmen - 250 Greek Architects known, but no drawings survived |
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Mythological Greek Architect - Wax and feather wings to fly with son Icarus - Built Labyrinth of the Minotaur - Bed for the Queen and her bull to mate |
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Definition
The new found awareness of the Greek and Roman antiquities brought about an architecture that adapted Greek and Roman architecture to meet the needs of the 18th, 19th and 20th century - In reality Classical Revival mostly resembled Roman rather than Greek |
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Definition
Temonos (Sacred grove of trees) - Wood Temples (Columns represented by tree trunks, Pediment represented as tree canopy) - Conversion to stone as wood deteriorated - Stone Temples (Triglyphs represented 3 pieces of built up wood beams) |
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Definition
Mastery of Space - Mastery of Engineering (Arch, Pozzolana (roman concrete), Sewers, Aqueducts, Roads) |
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Early Christian Byzantine Period |
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Definition
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Definition
First Roman ruler to embrace Christianity |
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Definition
The Roman building type that was the most suitable model for Christian churches - NOT a religious building type so had no pagan symbols - Large congregations - Its axial alignment focused on the altar |
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In the West (Early Christian) |
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Definition
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Propylon - Nathex - Aisles - Apse - Atrium, Court - Nave - Transcept |
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Early Medieval (Romanesque Churches) |
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Definition
Located on fringes of Roman Empire - Had small windows to protect from invaders - modeled after age-eroded Roman details - Often named after saint who had relics in the church |
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After visiting Hagia Sophia |
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Definition
Roman crusaders were inspired to request their lords to build larger, light filled churches - beginning of Gothic Arc |
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Gothic (as given by Renaissance Arcs in Italy) |
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Definition
A derogatory term meaning the uncivilized architecture of the North |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Notre Dame Paris - Notre Dame Amiens (Ashley Plaza can fit inside) - Notre Dame Chartes (highest order of Gothic Arc) |
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Parts of A Gothic Cathedral |
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Definition
Narthex - Aisles - Apse - Choir or Chave - Nave - Transcept - Ambulatory - Crossing |
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Humanist - They were artists and sculptors |
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Definition
To highlight the rationality, edges and surfaces were defined in contrasting tones rather than elaborate mosaics and color |
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Definition
Once the Renaissance architects took their rational rules of architecture to the limits they began to break those rules |
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Term
Baroque and Rococo Period |
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Definition
Super human scale and Ostentatious to show off the riches of the church |
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Definition
mis-shaped pearl - A derogatory term coined by later architects |
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Term
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Definition
A grotto - A derogatory term coined by later architects |
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Term
Architects of Boroque and Rococo |
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Definition
favored shaping light filled spaces with brilliant color and sensuous detail and with little regard to the fundamental structure of architecture |
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Age of Enlightenment 19th Century |
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Definition
Not satisfied with the super-scaled and ostentatious Baroque and Rococo churches - Architects sought an architecture that promoted social responsibility and classical education |
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Term
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Definition
The new found awareness of the Greek and Roman antiquities brought about an architecture that adapted Greek and Roman architecture to meet the needs of the 18th century |
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Greek Revival or Classical Revival |
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Definition
In Reality, the buildings more closely resembled Roman Temples rather than Greek Temples |
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Definition
Celebration of the machine and new materials (Iron, Steel, Glass) |
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Definition
Palace of the Machines - Turbine Factory (Peter Behrens) - Fagus Factory(Walter Gropius) - Larkin Building (FLW) |
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Industrial Rev World's Fair and Expositions |
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Definition
London - Crystal Palace (Jospeh Paxton) Paris - Eiffel Tower (Gustaffe Eiffel) Chicago - NeoClassicism Barcelona - German Pavillion (Mies van der Rohe, 1929) |
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Invention (Otis) allowed buildings to be taller |
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Definition
Celebrated the idea of craftmanship - opposed machine - Tiffany Glass (Louis Comfort Tiffany) - Bungalow style - Charles Greene and Henry works in Pasadena - Gamble House - Blacker House |
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Modernism and the International Style |
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Definition
synonymous terms for the European architecture that was inspired by the Bauhaus and le Corbusier int he 20s and 30s |
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by Adolph Loos a Vienna Secessionist |
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Walter Gropius propsed new methodology for teaching future architects and established this school |
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celebrate the new materials of the industrial revolution - Steel and Glass |
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Definition
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"The House is a machine for living" |
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Definition
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5 points of New Architecture |
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Definition
Pilotis - Ribbon Windows - Rooftop gardens - Free Plan - Independence of Structure and Enclosure |
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(The Whites) 1960s - Peter Eisenman - Michael Graves - Charles Gwathmey - John Hejduk - Richard Meier |
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Book - From Bauhaus to Our House |
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Definition
Tom Wolfe - Criticized modernism |
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Definition
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Definition
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Book - Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture |
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Definition
Robert Venturi - Criticized modernism |
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Term
Ex: Post Modernism - Michael Graves |
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Definition
Portland Municipal Services Building - Swan and Dolphin Hotels (Disney) - Disney Headquarters (Burbank) |
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Term
Ex: Post Modernism - Robert Venturi |
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Definition
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Term
Ex: Post Modernism - Robert AM Stern |
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Definition
Beach Club - Yach Club Hotels (Disney) |
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Term
Ex: Post Modernism - Charles Moore |
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Definition
Sea Ranch - Piazza dItalia |
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Definition
Interpreted literature and art (books movies music art) into built form |
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Term
Ex: Deconstructivism - Peter Eisenman |
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Definition
Wexner Center for the Arts |
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Term
Ex: Deconstructivism - Zaha Hadid |
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Definition
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Term
Ex: Deconstructivism - Morphosis and Thom Mayne |
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Definition
California Transportation Building |
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Ex: Deconstructivism - Rem Koolhaus |
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Definition
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Term
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The Nobel type prize for architects - Funded by Jay Pritzger owner of the Hyatt Hotel chain |
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1st recipient of Pritzger |
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Definition
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1st Woman recipient of Pritzger |
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Definition
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Term
Film - "My Architect" - Louis Kahn |
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Definition
Richards Medical Tower (Philly) - Bath House (Trenton) - Salk Inst. (LaJolla CA) - Exeter Library (New Hampshire) - Capitol of Bangladesh |
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Film - "A Strong, Clear Vision" - Maya Lin |
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Definition
Vietnam Veterans Memorial (DC 1980) - Civil Rights Memorial (Montgomer AL 1985) |
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Definition
Brian Healy - Rob Wellington Quigley - Sam Mockbee (The Rural Studio Auburn University) - Jersey Devil (Steve Badanes) |
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