Shared Flashcard Set

Details

ARC 221
ARC 221 Final
89
Architecture
Undergraduate 3
12/14/2008

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
[image]
Definition
Temple of Venus, Baalbek, Syria.  2nd or 3rd C. AD
Term
Definition
Naqs h-i Rustam
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition

Baptistry of St. Jean

 

Portiers (West France)

 

7th C. 

Term
[image]
Definition

Stave Church of St. Andrew

 

borgund (Norway)

 

1150-1250 

Term
[image]
Definition

Baptistry of St. Jean

 

portiers (Western France)

 

7th C. 

Term
[image]
Definition

Trelleborg & Fyrkat

 

(Norway)

 

900-1000

 

Viking Ring Forts 

Term
[image]
Definition

Longhouse 

 

Fedderson Weirde, Germany

 

200-450 

Term
[image]
Definition

Hagia Sophia

 

Constantinople

 

532-37

 

Artemis of Tralles and Isodorus of Milletus

 

Centralized rotuendal and axial basilica plan.  Forty windows piercea 107.6' (avg.) dome on pendentives.  Pendentives have diagonal diameter of 151', greater than pantheons.  Complex abutments comprise two barrel vaults, two semidomes, and four piers 79' deep.  Lesser centralizing two storied structures are infileed the peripheral structural frame, generating spatial tension witht the center as at SS Sergius and Bacchus.

Term
[image]
Definition

Hagia Sophia

 

Constantinople

 

532-37

 

Anthemius of Tralles and Isodorus of Milletus

 

Integrates a centralizing rotundal and and axial basilical plan.  Forty windows pierce a 107.6' (average) dome on pendentives, rebuilt three times.  Windows make doema appear suspended in space, but also control crack development.  Pendentives have diagonal diameter of 151' greater than Pantheon's.  Complex abutments comprise two barrel vaults, two semidomes, and four piers 70' deep.  Lesser centralizing two-storied structures infilled the peripheral structural frame, generating spatial tension with the center as at SS Sergius and BAcchus. 

Term
[image]
Definition

Hagia Sophia Plan

 

Constantinople

 

532-37

 

Isidorus of Milletus and Anthemius of Tralles 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Baptistry of St. John

 

Constantinian

 

remodeled early 5th and 17 centuries.  

 

Baptistries expressed associations with death, ressurectin, and the Cosmos, linking allusions of baths and tombs, piscinae, cleansing, original sin, and mausolea commemoratin the pagan's death and Christian birth 

Term
[image]
Definition

Basilica of Maxentius

 

Rome

 

Begun by Maxentius, resumed by Constantine after 312.  Concrete groin vaults abutted by transverse barrel vaults 

Term
[image]
Definition

basilica palace of Constantine

 

Constantine

 

Trier

 

Early 4th century

 


Connected to Pink Baroque Palace

Term
[image]
Definition

Basilica palace of Constantine

 

Trier

 

Early 4th C.

 

Constantine 

Term
[image]
Definition

Saints Serguis and Bacchus

 

Early Justanic

 

Constantinople (527-565)

 

Central rotunda inside a squarish block. Semicircular and rectangular niches alternate between eight peirs supportina pumpkin dome on squinches.  Transparent colonnades with cushion capitals  and impost blocks behind the niches open to complex irrational two storied layers of structure and space.  A wide projecting apsed sanctuary replaces the easter niche.

Term
[image]
Definition

St Front Cathedral

 

Périgueux

 

1125-1150

 

Aquitanian Romaneque imitation of Holy Apostles 

Term
[image]
Definition

Constantine's Arch

 

Rome

 

After 312 

Term
[image]
Definition

Santa Sabina

 

425

 

3 aisles apse, no transept.  Bema is a low-walled off space in the nave 

Term
[image]
Definition

Hagia Irene

 

Constantinople

 

begun 532, 2nd building campaign 564, Dome reconstructed 740 

Term
Constantinople
Definition
Ancient Byzantium.  In 313 Constantine promulgated the Edict of Toleration in Milan, legalizing Christianity. In 325 he gathered the Council of Nicea to establish systematically the tenets of the Christian faith. In 330 Constantine moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople, ancient Byzantium, (K 11.29a & b, 31) renamed Istanbul by the Turks in 1452. Constantinople was meant to be New Rome, New Athens, and New Jerusalem, matching its predecessors in magnificence, learning, and sacred sites. The Imperial Palace, its hippodrome and chapels still extant, recalled the Palatine Hill in Rome. Great colonnaded avenues radiated from the milion westwards, crossing great Forae before reaching the city walls. In 337 Constantine died and the empire was divided administratively among his sons, Constantine II (Gaul, Spain, Britain), Constance II (Thrace, Orient), and Constant (Italia, Illyria, Africa). The last gasp of Paganism occurred during the brief reign of Julian the Apostate (361-3) who devised a complex Neoplatonic philosophical religion that held little popular appeal. Emperor Theodosius the Great (379-395) consolidated the Christian victory and proscribed all Pagan rituals. After his death the empire was divided permanently in two among his two sons. Arcadius ruled the East and Honorius the West. The western empire fell in 476 to the Visigothic king Odoacre, who dethroned the boy emperor Romulus Augustulus.
Term
Early X-tn Martyria
Definition

Rome: Santa Costanza (325-350)

Rome: Baptistry of St. John Lateran (remodeled early 5th and 7th c.)

Ravenna: Baptistry of the Orthodox 449

Jerusalem: Holy Sepulchre   begun 330 rebuilt late 4th c. 

Term
Early X-n Basilicas
Definition
Rome:  Old St. Peter 333
Rome:  Santa Sabina 425 
Term
Byzantine: Age of Justinian (527-565)
Definition
Constantinople:  St.s Serguis and Bacchus (Cir.527)
Constantinople:  Hagia Sophia  (532-537)
Constantinople:  Hagia Irene (begun 532, later 564)
Constantinople:  Holy Apostles  (Cir. 536-545)
Term
Later Byzantine
Definition
Mistra:  Brontocheion (Cir, 1300)
Venice: St. Mark   (begun 1063)
Périgueux: Cathedral of St. Front (Cir. 1125-1150)
Novogorod: Cathedral of St. Sophia (1045-52)
Moscow:  Kremlin (
Term
Age of Invasions
Definition
Feddersen Wierde:  Long House (Cir. 200-450)
Soissons:  Merovingian House (Cir. 400-500)
Arles:  roman Amphitheater used as fortified village (
Portiers:  Baptistry of St. Jean  7th C.
Trelleborg & Fyrkat:  Viking Ring Forts
Borgund: Stave Church of St. Andrew (1150-1250)
 
 
Term
Carlogian Renaissance (Roman Revival)
Definition
Aachen:  Palace of Charlemagne  (796-804)
Germigny-des-Pres:  Oratory Palace of Theodulf (806
)
Lorsch:  Monestery of Abbot Richbold (784-804)
Abbeville:  Monastery of St. Riquier (after 790)
Corvey on Wesser:  Abbey church (837-885) 
Term
Early Islamic Architecture
Definition
The prophet Muhammad (571-632 C.E.) was born in Mecca, and educated by his uncle, the emir Abu Talib. In 611 Muhammad began to preach a new faith, gathering many converts. Opposition by tribal factions forced him to flee to Medina in 622, the year of the Hegira that begins the Islamic calendar. (Note that the early Islamic world used a lunar year of 354 days. To convert Hegira lunar years to Common Era subtract 3% from the Hegira date and add 622: thus: 1277 H = (1277 – 38) + 622 CE = 1861 CE.)  Muhammad reconquered Mecca in 630, quickly subduing opposition to Islam in Arabia. By the time of his death an explosive military and religious expansion was underway.

Poetry was the foremost Arabic art, and calligraphy the most prestigious visual art.  Compare a calligraphy page in the Album of Sultan Mehmet II, Fatih at the Topkapu in Istanbul, & Piet Mondrian, Broadway Boogie Woogie, 1943.

Term
Age of Expansion
Definition
632-661
Orthodox Caliphs, their capital at Medina, capture Syria, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, and North Africa reducing the Byzantine's and obliteration the Sassians
 
 
Term
Age of Expansion (buildings)
Definition
Kufa:  Great Friday Mosque (638-639)
Kufa:  Dar al-Imara (670)
 
Term
Umayyad Caliphate
Definition
661-750 Capital at Damascus
Term
Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
Definition
jerusalem:  Dome of the Rock- Harem esh Shariff (687-691)
Jerusalem:   Mosque of al-Aqsa  (705)
Jordan:  Qasr  Kharaneh 710
Jordan:  Qusayr Amra 
Jordan:  Mshatta  (720)
East Syria:  Qasr al-Hayr-ash-Sarqi (728)
Palestine:  Khirbet al-Mafjar  (739-744) 
Term
Abbasid Caliphate
Definition
750-1258  Capitals at Baghdad and Samarra
Baghdad-early circular city founded 762 
Term
Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)
Definition
Syria:  Raqqa, Baghhdad city Gate 8th C. or later
Ukhaidir:  Desert Palace Cir. 780
Damghan:  Tarik Khana Mosque Cir. 750-790
Samarra:
  • Palace of Harun al-Rashid (786-809)
    • al-MuBarrak & Octagon of Husn al-Qadisiyya
  • Palace of Dar al-Khilafaof Caliph al-Mu'tasim (833-41)
  • Great Friday Mosque and Minaret of al-Mutawakkil (847-852)
    • Tower of Babel (1563)
  • Bulkuwara Palace (849-859)
  • Abu Dulaf Mosque and Minaret in the a-Jafariyya Quarter (860)
Term
Egypt
Definition
Conqured 841 in Age of Expansion.  Umayyads and Abbasids rule until 868.  Tulunid dynasty founded by Ibn Tulun rules 868-904 controlled Syra from 877.  935-1171 Ikshidids 969-1171 Fatmids
Term
Egypt
Definition
Cairo:  Nilometer (861)
Cairo:  Mosque of Ibn Tulun (876-879)
Cairo:  Mosque of al-Ashar  (970)
Cairo:  Mosque of al-Hakim (990-1013)
Cairo:  Mosque of al-Aqmar (1125)
Cairo:  Walls of Badr al- Gamali (1087-1092)
 
Term
North Africa
Definition
Ruled 669-800 by Umayyads and Abbasids.  Splits after teh late 8th C. into various kingdoms.  Morocco ruled by Idrisids with capital at Fez 788-794.  Tunisia ruled by Aghlabids with capital at Qairawan cir. 800-909, replaced by Fatimids 909-972
Term
North Africa
Definition
Sussa:  Ribat-military camp (late 8th early 9th C.)
Qairawan:  Great Friday Mosque (724, reconstructed 862)
 
Term
Spain
Definition
Conqured 711-713.  756-1031 ruled by the independent Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba.  In 1031 the Caliphate collapsed and numerous Taifa (Muluk al-Tawaif = party kings)  Kingdoms aros.
 
Term
Spain (buildings)
Definition
Cordoba:  Great Friday Mosque (begun 785, enlarged 965)
Medinet az-Zahra:  City and Palace (936)
Toledo:  Mosque of Bib Mardum (999)
Zaragoza:  aljaferia Palace (1046-81) 
Term
Persia and Central Asia
Definition
Umayyad and Abbasid Arabs ruled the older Sassanian (persian) empire from 632-962. Turkish rulers (Ghaznavids from Afghanista) 962-1037, and Seljuks from Turkestan 1037-ca.  Devastated the country in 1220 and 1258
Term
Persia and Central Asia (buildings)
Definition
Damghan:  Tarik Khana Mosque (750-790) and Minaret
Sarvistan:  Palace or Zoroastrian Temple (850-950)
Bokhara: Mausoleum of Ismail the Samanid (900)
Muquarnas-stalactite vaults
Sanghbast:  Tomb of Arslan Jadhib and Minaret Mil-i-Ayaz (997-1028)
Gurgan: Gunbad-i-Qabud (1196-7)
Jam:  Minaret of Ghiyath al-Din (1155-1203) 
Zavareh:  Majid-i-Jami  (1135-6)
Isfahan:  Mashid-i-Jami 9th-16th c.
Varamin:  Masjid-i-Jami 1332-6 4-Iwan Mosque
Sultanieh:  Tomb of Oljeitu (1306-19)
Samarkand:  Gur-i-Mir:  Tomb of Timur Lenk 1404 
Term
Sassian Empire
Definition
(226-642)
Naqsh-i-Rustam. Relief of Victory of Shapur I over Valerian.
Firuz Abad. Palace of Ardashir I. ca. 225-35. Iwan (or diwan) flanked by elliptical barrel vaults. 3 halls with elliptical domes on squinches. Persian Zoroastrian fire worship in square altars under the sky had established the symbols of a circle above for eternal heaven, without beginning or end, and a square below for earth, with four directions. Domed square halls in Sassanian palaces (later in Byzantine churches) reify the image of earth under heaven. The earthly authority of the king (or later of the church) derived from his partial divinity.

Term
Sassanian empire
Definition
Ctesiphon:  Palace of Shapur (242-272)
Firuz Abad:  Palace of Ardashir (225-35) 
Term
Precolumbian Civilizations
Definition
Serpent mound (100-1140)
Teotichacán-  2nd C Largest City in New World
Guatemala:  Tikal (700-750) 
Term
India: Hindu temples and their Buddhist Precursors
Definition
Native religions of India can be classified loosely into four groups:
 1) Ancient Dravidian cults with multiple local deities,
 2) Brahmanical cults introduced in the 2nd millenium B.C.E. by Aryan invaders and codified in the Vedas,
 3) Hinduism, a synthesis of Dravidian and Brahmanical cults, and
 4) Buddhism, introduced in the 5th century B.C.E.

The oldest extant Hindu temples were built by Gupta-dynasty kings in the 5th century of our era. All earlier extant temples in India are Buddhist. An explanation is that for 800 years, since the reign of emperor Asoka in the 3rd century B.C.E., Indian kings had been Buddhists. The more permanent monuments that they and their associatess could afford had also been Buddhist. Brahmanical cults were forced underground along with offerings to older Dravidian divinities, as the great yaksha at Dīdargañj, there to become amalgamated into Hinduism. Temples of this evolving religion were built of perishable materials by more modest patrons following Vedic strictures against building materials other than wood or brick. Buddhists, indifferent to Vedic dogmas, lifted those restrictions from Indian building practices. Stone construction was used widely when Hindu religion became dominant after the 5th century C.E.
Term
Buddhist Architecture
Definition
Buddhist shrine at Chezarla. Chaitya halls often had a porch in front, as at the Trivikrama temple at Ter.
The second form is the garbha-gŗha, a small square or rectangular cella, fully enclosed on three sides and with one entrance on the fourth. The entrance was preceded by a colonnaded porch, the maņdapa, and both porch and cella were covered with flat roofs.
Sāñchī: Great Stupa #1. ca. (185-25) B.C.E.
Sāñchī: Buddhist temple XVII. (Early 5th) c. Square cella of fine ashlar, raised on short podiums capped with quarter-round moldings. Columns of the maņdapa (porch) with high square bases support shorter octagonal shafts surmounted by lotus blossoms, heavy square abaci, and lion capitals. These compound pilings of elements recall the Persian-inspired (2nd century B.C.E.) Śunga dynasty Pillar of Heliodorus at Besnagar, and later, more Indianized versions, as at the chaitya hall of Kārlī. Thus these Gupta orders, later developed into extravagantly elaborate forms, had their origins in Asokan commemorative columns, or stambhas, and their Persian predecessors at Persepolis, crafted by Ionian Greek workers. Porches and cellas of Sāñchī and Kārlī are unified by a continuous horizontal molding that extends the architrave of the porch around the cella. Both buildings have flat roofs, slightly lower at the the porch.
Sāñchī: Buddhist temple XVIII. (Mid 7th c.?) Peristyle temple, with Greek Ionic reminiscences.

Term
EARLY ŚIKHARA HINDU TEMPLES: GUPTA (and slightly later)
Definition
Gupta Hindu sanctuaries followed the two basic Buddhist sanctuary forms. From the chaitya halls would ultimately evolve the great sequence of southern Drāvida and Vesara temples. From the garbha-gŗha form, would evolve the northern sequence of Indo Aryan śikhara temples, which we follow here. The two primitive Indian forms recall Egyptian and Greek prostyle temples that evolved from prehistoric rectangular or apsidal huts such as Mycenean megarons. A connection exists through Indo-Hellenistic buildings as the Jandial temple at Taxila built (early 1st c. C.E).. Starting from this common model, the Grecoroman world and India reached drastically different ends. Indian architects developed the kernel form by adding a tower over the cella (garbha-gŗha) and a pyramidal roof above the porch, later expanding the porch into a sequence of entrance halls, each with its pyramidal roof, the whole representing the Himalayas surmounted by mount Meru, or Kailāsa, the mythical mountain at the axis of the world.
Deogarh:  Vishnu Temple. (Early 6th century.) Garbha-gŗha surrounded by four porches.
Aihoļe:  Durgā Mandir Temple. (Early 6th century.) Circumambulatory aisles and semicircular apse, both derived from Buddhist chaitya halls. The śikhara tower erected over the garbha-gŗha is somewhat later, and an obvious predecessor to later Hindu temples. The outer ambulatory perhaps derived from now-lost wooden colonnades around freestanding Buddhist chaitya halls. This recalls 7th century B.C.E. Archaic Greek peristyle temples, as at the Heraion at Samos or the Temple of Apollo at Thermon, or earlier Iron Age megarons with wooden peristyles. Freestanding garbha-gŗha within the space of the maņdapa (entrance hall). Ritual approach by successive circumambulations of the temple outside and inside. Cf. Temple of Bel at Palmyra.
Aihoļe:  Huchīmallīgudi Temple. ca. (696-708.) Modelled after rectangular prostyle temples as Sāñchī XVII, without an exterior peristyled veranda. Enclosed maņdapa and garbha-gŗha. Roof with a suggestion of a clerestory wall. Interior arrangement similar to Durgā Mandir, except for a rectangular processional passage around the garbha-gŗha, and a small antechamber, or antarala, in front of the entrance to the sanctuary.
Term
OŖISSĀN VERTICAL TOWER TEMPLES
Definition
Bhuvaneśvar:  Lingarāja Temple. (ca 1000)
Term
KHAJURĀHO AND THE LATE MULTIPLE-TOWERED STYLE
Definition
Khajurāho: Kaņdāriya Mahādeva Temple. ca. 1000.
Somnathpur: Kesava Temple. ca. 1268 
Angkor (Cambodia).  
Term
[image]
Definition

Brontochcheion

 

Mistra (Peloponnessus, Greece)

 

1300 

Term
[image]
Definition

Kremlin

 

Moscow

 

After the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, Czar Ivan III attempted to turn Moscow into the new Constantinople.  His Italian Renaissance architectus adopted Russo Byzantine  forms. 

Term
[image]
Definition

Church of the Inetersession of the Virgin

 

Bogoliubovo

 

1165 

Term
[image]
Definition

St. Front Cathedral

 

Périgueux

 

1125-1150

 

Aquitanian Romanesque imitation of Holy Apostles

Term
[image]
Definition

Mosque of Al-Azhar

 

Cairo

 

970

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Great Friday Mosque of al- Mutawakkil

 

Samarra (Iraq)

 

849-859 

Term
[image]
Definition

Abu Dulaf Mosque

 

Samarra (Iraq)

 

C. 860 

Term
[image]
Definition

Abu Dulaf minaret

 

Samarra

 

860 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Mosque of Al-Aqsa

 

Jersalem

 

founded 705 by Abd al-Malik

 

Rebuilt numerouf times by

al-Manzur 745

Mahdi 780

Az-Zahir 1035

Prayer hall (haran) recalling basiclican churches 

 

Term
Isotropic
Definition
Exibiting the same properties when measured from all directions
Term
Aqsa Mosque
Definition
Directional?  Maybe?  Sergio made this one up.  but anways, its a big huge wall around a mosque and the Dome of the Rock, and some other stuff
Term
[image]
Definition

Khirbet al-mafjar

 

Desert Place

 

710 

 

Imitates Helenistic forms 

Term
[image]
Definition

Mosuqe of Ibn Tulun

 

Cairo

 

876-879 

 

Architect: Ibn Kathir al-Farghani

 

Friday Mosque at the al-Maydan, the new center of the Fustat including a now-lost palace established by Ibn Tulun. Ziyadah courts surrounding sahn prayer hall organized transversely to axis of prayer, as at Damascus, pointed arches, compound piers

Term
[image]
Definition

Mosque of al-Aqmar

 

Cairo

 

1125 

Term
[image]
Definition

Raqqa, Baghdad city gates

 

Baghdad

 

 8th C or later

Term
[image]
Definition

Mshatta Desert Palace

 

Jordan

 

720

 

Richly ornamented gate with Sassian and Hellenistic influences.

 

Built for Caliph al-Walid II

 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Nilometer

 

Cairo

 

861

 

measured depth of flooding of Nile.  Its destruction in...?  marked something important

Term
[image]
Definition

Palace of Huran al-Rashid

 

Samarra

 

786-809

 

al-Mubarrak and Octagon of Husn al-Aqdisiyya

 

Octagonal city one mile in diameter built in imitation of the Baghdad of al-mansur 

Term
[image]
Definition

Great Friday Mosque

 

Qairawan (Tunisia)

 

begun 724, reconstructed 862

 

Hisham, Ziyadat Allah (reconstruction) 

Term
[image]
Definition

Qasr al-Hyr ash-Sarqi, Desert palace 

 

Syria

  

728

 

Machiod gate with high corbeled gallery with holes in its floor to attack enemies.  Six major places and a Mosque 

Term
[image]
Definition

Tarik Khana Mosque

 

Damghan 

 

750-790

 

Abbasid mosque with prayer hall recalling Acheamanid(Persian Empire) columnar walls 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Tarik Khana Mosque

Damghan 

 

1026-29 

Term
[image]
Definition

Palace of Charlemagne

 

Aachen, Germany

 

742-814

 

Architect: Odo of Metz 

Term
[image]
Definition

Corvey Abbey Church

 

Corvey

 

873-885 

Term
[image]
Definition

Oretory Palace of Theodulf

 

Germigny-des-Pres, France

 

806 

Term
[image]
Definition

Plan of a Monastery at the library of the Monsastery of St. Gall

  

Switzerland

 

820 

Term
[image]
Definition

Pillar of Heliodorus at Besnagar

 

2nd c.  BCE

 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Jandial Temple at Taxila

 

Taxila, India

 

early 1st C

 

Starting from this common model the Grecoroman world and India reached drastically different ends.  Indian architects developed the kernel form by adding a tower over the cella (gargha-grha) and a pyramidal roof above the porch, later expanding the porch intoa  secquence of enterance halls, each with its pyramidal roof.  

Term
[image]
Definition

Great Stupa #1- 185-250 BCE

Buddhist temple XVII- early 5th C.

 

square cella of fine ashlar raised on short podius capped with octagonal shafts surmouted by lotus blossoms, heavy square abaci, and lion capitals.  

 

Buddhist temple XVIII-  Mid 7th C. peristyle with Greek Ioinic reminiscences.

Term
[image]
Definition

XVII- early 5th C.  Lotus blossoms, etc.  Kinda like the pole thingy from 2nd C BCE

XVIII-  mid 7th C.  reminiscent of Greek Ionic 

Term
[image]
Definition

Vishnu Temple

 

Deogarh

 

Early 6th c.

 

Garbha-grha surrounded by 4 porches

Term
[image]
Definition

Durga Mandir Temple

 

aihole

 

Early 6th c.  

Circumambulatory aisles and seimicircular apse, both derrived from Buddhist Chaitya halls.  the Síkhara tower erected over the garbha-grha is somewhat later and an obvious predesessor to later Hindu temples

similar to:  Temple of Bel at Palmyra

Temple of apollo at thermon

Iron age Megarons 

Term
[image]
Definition

Karli (Chaitya hall of Karlï)

 

cella, like Sanchi, has continuous horizontal molding that extends the architrave of the porch around the cella.  Both buildings have flat roofs, slightly lower at the porch 

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