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| Son of King David, 3rd and last king of a united Israel. |
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| A dynasty that emerged following a rebellion in 140BCE by the Maccabees. This Jewish independence lasted only 80 years, until the area of Judea (Palestine) was incorporated into the Roman Empire. |
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| Jews who viewed their subjugation by the Romans as intolerable. |
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| City oasis where Muhammad arrived in 622 after leaving Mecca. Was known thereafter as Medina. |
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| Non-Muslims living under the protection of Islamic rulers. Required to pay a "jizya" or poll-tax. |
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| Built in 691AD to commemorate Muhammad's visit to the Temple Mount. |
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| Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire. Several Sanjaks made up the area of Palestine during Ottoman rule from 1516 to 1914. |
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| War fought by France and Russia over the holy places of Palestine. 1850's. |
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| Agreement by Britain to help repel Egyptian invasion of Ottoman Syria in exchange for open markets. |
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| Initiated the Tanzimat with introduction of Western Liberal traditions in the Ottoman Empire, spurred on by a modern Europe. The edict was made in hopes of strengthening internal affairs as well as borders. |
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| Extension of the edicts meant to modernize and stabilize the Ottoman empire. Guaranteeing equal rights to non-Muslims, the Hatti Humayan was seen by some as reflecting European meddling. Led to tensions between Muslims and Christians in the region. |
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| Regulation of land ownership by the state. Led to taxation of domestic/foreign landowners, and a shift from peasant ownership to ownership by large landowners. |
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| Early Jewish colony that exported much of Palestine's orange crops - pre-Zionist settlement, though Labor Zionism has its roots here. |
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| Major landholders who took advantage of the Ottoman Land Laws to acquire lands formerly "owned" by peasants. Later sold these tracts to Zionists. |
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| Area of Jewish confinement within Russia, where Jews were heavily taxed and economically stunted as a result of Russian religion/nationalism. |
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| Formed by Jews who, as a result of pogroms and anti-Semitism, moved to Palestine and formed early (1880's) agricultural communes. Precursor to Labor Zionists. |
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| Leader of Hibbat Zion who believed in Jewish emancipation, though he did not insist that the homeland must be situated in Palestine. |
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| Writer and laborer who believed that, through labor, Jews would connect themselves with the land (of Israel) and justify their existence there. |
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| Christian who called for separation of Arab provinces from Ottoman rule. Predicted violent clashes between Jews and Arabs. |
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| Anti-Zionist paper, founded in 1908 by Ottoman Christians. |
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| A doctrine laid out by the first Zionist Congress, led by Herzl. It officially announced Zionist intentions for a homeland in Palestine, and laid out its political goals. |
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| British committee formed in 1915 to decide how Ottoman territory would be partitioned by European powers. |
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| A British-supported action by Sharif Husayn and Arab nationalists against the Ottomans. In return for their help, Britain offered Husayn and the Arab nationalists an autonomous state. |
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| British diplomat who engaged in correspondence with Sharif Husayn, promising Arab independence in return for action against the Ottomans. McMahon did not have London's approval when he promised independence, and his correspondence with Husayn adds to the sentiments of betrayal felt by the Arabs following the war. |
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| French diplomat who, with Sir Mark Sykes, created the Sykes-Picot agreement which divided British and French influence over Arab lands. The agreement was ratified in 1916. |
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| Issued the Balfour Declaration--a statement of British support for the Zionist cause. This declaration was made largely in the hopes that support for the Zionists would cause American Jews to rally America to war on the side of the Entente. |
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| Fought the Ottoman Empire on the side of the British. Entered into an agreement with Chaim Weizmann in which he supported the Balfour Declaration in return for promises of Arab independence from the British. British support favored the Zionist cause, and Arab independence wasn't gained until long after Faysal agreed to support the Balfour Declaration. |
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| 1920 Conference in which the mandates of Britain and France over Syria and Lebanon (France) and Palestine and Iraq (Britain) were formalized. |
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| An international organization formed at the end of WWI in an effort to avoid future wars between nations by providing a forum in which states could collectively work through their problems. The League was a major coomponent of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points for Peace. It set precedent for creation of the Palestinian Mandate. |
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| Woodrow Wilson's outline for international peace efforts; included a call for national self-determination which was widely observed by Arab nationalists. |
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| Head of the Arab Executive. Arab nationalist who attempted to work with the Mandate authorities. Was charged with helping to incite the Nebi Musa riots and dismissed as mayor of Jerusalem. |
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| Was made Grand Mufti by Herbert Samuel in 1921. Became leader of the Supreme Muslim Council in 1922. |
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| Site of anti-Zionist protests. Following the protests, Musa Kazim al-Husayni was removed from his role as mayor of Jerusalem. Britain was forced to examine Jewish immigration policies. Zionists created their own self-defense force, the Hagana. |
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| British High Commissioner of the British Mandate of Palestine. Samuel was a Zionist supporter, though he attempted to reconcile Zionist and Arab nationalist interests in order to prevent disorder in the region. |
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| Labor Zionist idea that called for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine through the use of Jewish labor. Despite the ideology, Arab labor was frequently used throughout the region by Jewish landowners. This divided Jews. |
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| Party formed when Ahdut Ha'Avodah and Hapoel Itateair merged. The merger allowed a strengthened Histadrut to oppose members of the Jewish community who employed Arab labor. |
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| Leader of the Revisionist Zionist movement. He broke with the socialist ideals of Labor Zionism, focusing on the middle class Jewry of Europe as the Zionist ideal. His Zionism was flavored with extreme nationalism. |
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| Zionist economist who believed the Palestinian Jewish state must be characterized by isolation from the Arab economy. |
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| Founded in 1901 to buy and develop land in Ottoman Palestine. |
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| A form of collective village ownership under which peasants were allowed to cultivate land they didn't legally own. Absentee landowners, benefiting from peasants' inability/unwillingness to pay taxes on land, were able to own large tracts of land which were frequently sold to Zionists. |
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| Site of a major land purchase made by the Jewish National Fund, primarily from the Sursuq family. While the Sursuq obtained the land for 20,000, 800,000 was paid out of the JNF for the 240,000 Dunams of land. |
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| The displacement of thousands of Arab tenants came as a result of Jewish acquisition of land. Reports by the Jewish Agency to the British government greatly under-represented the extent of the problem in an effort to avoid recriminations. |
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| Leader of the commission to investigate the Nebi Musa riots. The Shaw Report eventually found Zionist immigration policies and land practices as the instigating factors of the riots. As a result, the commission called for limitations on the transfer of land to non-Arabs. |
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| An Arab faction that emerged in 1932, the Istiqlal (Independence) party advocated pan-Arab unity as the only solution to the Arab plight in Palestine, harkening back to the "greater Syria" themes of Faysal's rule from 1918-1920. |
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| A Muslim shaykh who called for the rejection of modern culture as a precursor of open resistance to the British. He called for strict adherence to Muslim principles. He was killed in retribution for his murder of a Jewish policeman. This, coupled with the exposure of a Jewish arms-smuggling operation, led to a call for greater vigilance in the British mandate. |
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| British commission founded to examine the legitimacy of Arab grievances regarding Zionist immigration and land use. Found that the Mandate was untenable and that partition of Palestine between the Arabs and Jews should occur. Rejected by the Arabs, and accepted by a portion of the Jews (including Ben-Gurion). |
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| A meeting lead by Malcolm MacDonald in 1931, in which Arab and Jewish delegates refused to meet face-to-face. Arabs demanded an independent Arab state and the dismantling of the Jewish home and the Jews demanded continuation for the Mandate and unlimited immigration. |
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| A document from the British government proclaiming the illegitimacy of Zionist goals. Called for a Jewish national home within the larger state of Palestine, and limitations on immigration and land transfers. Was rejected by Jews and Arabs alike. |
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