Term
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Definition
| visible by eye, retained by a 500 um sieve |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroinvertebrate Phyla. 5% of global diversity in FW habitat. Sponges. Class: Demospongiae (150 sp.) Leuconoid body (most complex body form), siliceous spicules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroinvertebrate Phyla. Craspedacusta sowerbii (not true jellyfish) and Hydra spp. (Class Hydrozoa) |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroinvert. Class Turbellaria (free living flatworms) and Monogenea (ectoparasitic on fish) and Trematoda (flukes, endoparasites) |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroinvert Phylum. Horse hair worms. free-living adults, vertebrate endoparasites as larva |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroinvert Phylum. Roundworms. Most FW taxa are deposit-feeders on FPOM |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroinvert Phyla. Bryozoans. colonial, also called 'moss animals' |
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Term
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Definition
| Mactroinvert Phyla. Class Gastropoda - Subclasses Pulmonata - easily the most diverse group if marine forms are included (Families: Planorbidae, Pleuroceridae, Hydrobiidae, Ancylidae all are either dextral or sinistral) and Pelecypoda |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroinvert Phyla. Segmented Worms. Class Oligochaeta (FW worms), Hirudinae (leeches) |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroinvert Phyla. Most taxa re benthic and associated with: inorganic substrates, CPOM, and live plants. Subject of extensive research. Includes Chelicerates (aquatic mites), Crustaceans (crayfish, isopods, ostracoda, amphipoda), Insects. |
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Term
| 5 Obligatory aquatic orders (Arthropoda) |
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Definition
At-leaset ONE life-history stage aquatic.
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera - wings held upright, highly ancestral)
Stoneflies (Plecoptera - according to fossil record oldest known insect group)
Damselflies and Dragonflies (Odonata)
Caddisflies (Trichoptera - hairy, hold wings tent like, spin silk)
Hellgrammites (Megaloptera) |
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Term
| Orders with aquatic/terr members |
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Definition
Arthropoda.
1) Coleoptera (beetles) including Riffle beetles (Elmidae), Water penny beetles (Psephenidae), Predaceous diving beetles and Water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae)
2) Diptera (true flies) - midges (Chiromonidae), blackflies (Simuliidae), Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), Horseflies and deerflies (Tabanidae) |
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Term
| Adaptation to Aquatic Mediums by Insects |
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Definition
| Use surface to obtain Oxygen from atmosphere, obtain O2 from bubbles (hydrophillidae), respiratory pigments (hemoglobin, hemocyina), gills (larger forms), diffusion across body wall (smaller forms) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of energy (carbon) from one unit of an ecosystem to another. Early definition by Lindeman (1942). Breaks up into Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers which were insufficient for simple categorization of aquatic insect feeding studies as they changed with life stages and tended to be omnivorous. Alternative classifications: Gut content is irrelevant and focuses on feeding techniques. Leds to Functional Feeding Groups. |
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Term
| Functional Feeding Groups |
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Definition
| based on morphological, behavioral, and physiological adaptations for obtaining food resources. |
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Term
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Definition
1. CPOM
2. FPOM
3. periphyton
4. prey
5. life plant tissue |
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Term
| Functional Feeding GROUPS |
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Definition
1. Shredders
2. Scrapers (Grazers)
3. Gathering-Collectors
4. Filtering-Collectors
5. Predators |
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Term
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Definition
| FFG. Feed on CPOM (requires that leaf has been colonized by aquatic fungi, some maintain mutualistic relationships with gut bacteria) and live plant tissue (more appropriately called piercers) |
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Term
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Definition
| FFG that feeds on periphyton, mandibles have straight edges |
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Term
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Definition
| FFG feeding on FPOM deposited on stream bottom. |
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Term
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Definition
| FFG. Feed on FPOM suspended in current |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| allochthonous, CPOM, important source of organic carbon (75% within system), decreasing importance with increasing stream order (due to edge effect declining and thus more sunlight), dec. importance with increased lake size (big influence over ephemeral ponds/pools. |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical (leaf fall), longitudinal (transported from upstream), lateral (blow-in from banks) |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical (leaf fall), longitudinal (transported from upstream ONLY if lake has inlet), lateral (blow-in from banks) |
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Term
| After leaves are submerged: |
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Definition
| Rapid leaching of soluble materials (amino acids, carbs, phenolics, loose 10-40% weight w/in 48 hrs, non biological, remainder is structural carbohydrate which is cellulose) Fungi drives this process. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbial colonization (bacteria, fungi - important link that secretes exoenzymes to initiate decay) |
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Term
| During microbial activity of a decaying leaf: |
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Definition
| leaf becomes 'conditioned' (nutritional quality improved, more palatable to shredders (they lack cellulose-degrading enzymes) |
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Term
| Overall Leaf Proccessing...Proccess? |
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Definition
| Leaf processing is the sum of multiple, simultaneous processes. Leaching (chemical), microbial decay (biological), shredder feeding (biological), current-mediated fragmentation (physical) |
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Term
| How to measure leaf processing: |
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Definition
| Leaf-pack ('open' attached to natural substrates or bricks) or leaf bag (closed, confined within mesh bags) study. Single, or multiple species per pack. Freshly-abscissed leaves (fallen or still on tree). Timed with natural leaf fall (autumn). Place in-stream at same time. |
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Term
| Processing Categories - Slow |
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Definition
A) Pine Family: Pinaceae - spruce, pine, hemlock, larch, fir
B) Beech family: Fagaceae - beech, oaks, american chestnut
C) Heath family: Ericaceae - mountain laurel rhododendron
D) Sycamore family: Plantanaceae - sycamore |
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Term
| Medium Processing Categories |
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Definition
A) Maple family: Aceraceae - maples, box elder
B) Birch family: Betulaceae - birches, ironwood, hornbeam
C) Elm family: Ulmaceae - elms
D) Willow family: Salicaceae - willows, cottonwood, aspens, true poplars |
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Term
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Definition
A) Dogwood Family: Cornaceae - dogwood
B) Magnolia Family: Magnoliaceae - yelow poplar
C) Linden Family: Tiliaceae - basswood
D) Birch family exception: Betulaceae - alders (due to nitrogen fixers in roots)
E) Rose family: Rosaceae - apple, hawthorn, black cherry |
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Term
| Medium-Fast % Medium-Slow Processing Categories |
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Definition
MF) Ash Family: Oleaceae - ashes
MS) Walnut Family: Juglandaceae - walnuts, hickories |
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Term
| River Continuum Concept Overview |
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Definition
Comparative study, late 1970's. Vannote et al. 1980 and Marshal et al. Idea came from understanding of functional feeding groups chose regions based on distinct flora and fauna regions.
Four Distinct Regions: Idaho, Michigan, Oregon, Pennsylvania. |
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Term
| River Continuum Concept (Theory) |
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Definition
| Streams as 'continuum' of physical conditions from headwater to mouth; based on mainly hydraulic conditions. |
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Term
| RCC - consistent, predictable pattern of: |
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Definition
1) organic matter (input of CPOM and wood, transport processes, storage, uses of organic matter- carbon)
2) macroinvertebrate composition |
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Term
| RCC - gradual change in macroinvert composition according to: |
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Definition
1) riparian characteristics
2) in-stream primary production (P)
3) community metabolism (R)
4) particle size availability of organic matter
5) Stream width
6) Stream Depth |
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Term
| River Continuum Concept Hypothesis #1 |
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Definition
| If POM at one location is determined by what occurs upstream, and if biological community uses this resource (C), then: a) gradual reduction in particle size as material is fragmented and catabolized, and b) decrease in organic content of particles (seston) in tansport. Seston declines in quality as good carbon is stripped away. |
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Term
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Definition
| If relative contributino of organic matter from riparian zone decreases downstream compared to 'present' location, then: a) reduction in CPOM-to-FPOM ratio, and b) increase in organic particles generated in-stream. |
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Term
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Definition
| If stream channel morphology changes from narrow, shallow, and heavily shaded to wide, deep, and open, then: a) shift from benthic catabolism from heterotrophy (mainly) to autotrophy (mainly) but shifting again to heterotrophy (mainly) w/ increasing depth and sediment load, and b) shift from community metabolism dominated by benthic processes to metabolism dominated by in-transport processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| If assumptions underlying 1 & 2 (food resources for macroinvertebrates SMALL STREAMS) and 3 (channel geomorphology LARGE STREAMS) are valid then: a) reduction from headwaters to higher orders in relative abundance of macroinvertebrates dependent on CPOM, and b)shift in macroinvertebrate community structure form those that obtain food from stream bottoms (shredders, grazers, deposit feeders) to those feeding on organic particles suspended in transport. |
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Term
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Definition
1. stream width increases with increasing stream order.
2. 'edge effect' decreases with increasing stream order (greater connection to riparian forest in headwater streams - leaves provide up to 99% of organic carbon in headwaters; lesser degree of shading with increasing order; streams gradually deepen with increasing order; water clarity decreases with increasing order) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fish populations change from cool water species (Cyprinidae - minnows & Percidae - perch/darters) in the headwaters to warm water species (Centrarchidae - sunfish, and Ictaloridae - catfish) in the lower reaches. Headwater fishes are typically invertivores. Piscivorous fishes become increasingly abundant in mid to lower reaches. Planktivorous fishes may be common in lower reaches because they are approaching lentic systems.. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flood Pulse Concept (Junk et al. 1989), Riverine Productivity Model (Thorp and Delong 1994, Thorp et al. 1998), Serial Discontinuity Concept (Ward and Stanford 1983) |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached and benthic algae (green algae and diatoms). Silicon dioxide in cell wall of diatoms is resistant to microbial decay, stayed in belly of predator for a long time. |
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Term
| Flood Pulse Concept (FPC) |
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Definition
Junk et al 1989
A) RCC was primarily temperate idea
B) Junk brought in lowland tropical systems with big flood plains
C) Emphasizes importance of regular flooding laterally and inputs of floodplain derived carbon |
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Term
| Riverine Productivity Model (RPM) |
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Definition
Thorp and Delong (1994), Thorp et al (1998)
Emphasizes importance of near shore primary productivity. |
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Term
| Serial Discontinuity Concept |
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Definition
Ward and Stanford - 1983
Emphasizes how dams disrupt hydrologic continuum |
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Term
| Criticism of RCC from a food-web (P/R) Basis |
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Definition
Headwaters - P/R < 1 HETEROTROPHIC
Midreaches - as it gets increasingly larger with less total cover the proportion gets larger (P/R >1) AUTOTROPHIC
Regime Reach - As you approach a regime type reach (slower, deeper) there is little carbon from the Riparian Zone, light is too limited by turbidity or depth to support primary producers. P/R < 1 HETEROTROPHIC |
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Term
| Expectations of Macroinvert In HEADWATERS based on relative availability of food resources.. |
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Definition
1) Lots of shredders
2) Small proportion of scrapers for spring and autumn when light gets through (no leaves)
3) gathering and filtering collectors
4) predators usually the smallest in a food web |
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Term
| Expectations of Macroinvert In MID-REACHES based on relative availability of food resources.. |
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Definition
1) Shredders decline, less decaying leaf material
2) Scrapers increase (more light = more algae)
3) stable proportion of FPOM eaters
4) relatively stable # of predators |
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Term
| Expectations of Macroinvert In Lower REACHES based on relative availability of food resources.. |
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Definition
1) highly simplified community
2) scrapers and shredders approach zero. Contribution minor b/c lack of their food resources.
3) inverts do poor job of switching food resources. |
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