Term
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Definition
1. Tetonic
2. Volcanism
3. Glacial
4. Solution
5. Oxbow
6. Beaver Dams
7. Temporary ponds/lakes |
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Term
| Anthropogenic Lake Origins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. single or multiple faults
2. seafloor uplift
3. reversal of fluvial drainage |
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Term
| single or multiple faults |
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Definition
(shifting of earth's crust)
Lakes Tahoe, Biwa, Baikal, and the Rift Valleys of Eastern Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| Lakes Okeecheobee and Chad, Caspian and Aral Seas |
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Term
| reversal of fluvial drainage |
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Definition
(sinking, rising, and tilting)
Lakes Kyoga, Victoria, and Titicaca, and Reelfoot Lake (TN) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(crater lakes)
filling of defunct volcano
Crater Lake |
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Term
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Definition
damming fluvial valley
depressions in cooling lava |
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Term
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Definition
1. cirque lakes
2. paternoster lakes
3. fjords
4. moraine dams
5. kettle lakes
6. cryogenic lakes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
montane
series of cirque lakes connected by streams |
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Term
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Definition
usually estuarine
deep, glacially carved valleys now flooded by ocean/sea |
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Term
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Definition
| moraine dams fluvial valley |
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Term
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Definition
glacial advance
retreat 'pits' in landscape |
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Term
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Definition
depression exposed to melting
permafrost landscape |
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Term
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Definition
soluble rock landscape
esp. limestone CaCO2
collapses--new basin fills w/ water |
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Term
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Definition
old meaner of large river
fills w/ fine sediment; both 'ends'
banana-shaped |
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Term
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Definition
precipitation dependent
endorheic
ex: Playa lakes of west TX, upland ponds-Mammoth Cave NP |
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Term
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Definition
man-made dams
riverine drainage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| connection between density and temp. |
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Definition
| density decreases sharply w/ increasing temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
1. direct absorption of solar radiation
2. heat transfer from air
3. condensation of vapor at surface
4. heat transfer from sediment |
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Term
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Definition
1. conduction to air
2. evaportation |
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Term
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Definition
- solar radiation warms surface waters--creating density differences
- light: exponential loss with inc. depth
- heat NOT distributed in similar manner
- lakes > 10 m |
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Term
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Definition
- ca. 50% transmitted in water used
- PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) = 400-700 nm
- phytoplankton and aquatic plants use 2- 60% of PAR |
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Term
thermal stratification
summer: three layers |
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Definition
1. epilimnion -> upper
2. mesolimnion -> middle
3. hypolimnion -> lower
* thermoline: rapid temp. change |
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Term
thermal stratification
lake: temperate zone |
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Definition
- moderately 'large' and 'deep'
- full ice cover in winter
- completely mix twice = DIMICTIC |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
thermal stratification
lakes-> large, deep |
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Definition
- incomplete ice cover
- continual mixing through winter= MONOMICTIC |
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Term
thermal stratification
lakes-> large, deep |
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Definition
- incomplete ice cover
- continual mixing through winter= MONOMICTIC |
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Term
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Definition
| continual mixing through winter |
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Term
thermal stratification
lakes: shallow |
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Definition
well- exposed to wind
layering continually formed, destroyed, reformed, etc.= POLYMICTIC |
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Term
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Definition
| layering continually formed, destroyed, reformed, etc. |
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Term
thermal stratification
lakes: continually ice covered |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
thermal stratification
lakes: alternative system |
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Definition
- entire lake volume mixes on annual basis= HOLOMICTIC
- entire lake cannot mix on annual basis= MEROMICTIC |
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Term
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Definition
| entire lake volume mixes on annual basis |
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Term
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Definition
| entire lake cannot mix on annual basis |
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Term
thermal stratification
Meromictic lakes: example |
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Definition
Lake Tanganyika
- permanent thermocline: 400 m
- seasonal thermocline: 20 - 100 m |
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Term
thermal stratification
Meromictic lakes: layering |
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Definition
- mirolimnion -> circulating upper stratum
- monolimnion -> deeper stratum either perenially or periodically isolated |
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Term
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Definition
| circulating upper stratum |
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Term
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Definition
| deeper stratum either perennially or periodically isolated |
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Term
| energy required to mix water |
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Definition
| 30 fold more energy required to mix water @ 24 C and 25 C @ 4 C and 5 C |
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Term
| amount of light penetrating certain depths create lake structure |
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Definition
- into 'zones'
- generalized for holomictic lakes during the summer |
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Term
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Definition
- lake surface down to 1% light penetration (compensation depth)
- region of net O2 production during day
- includes all of littoral zone
- includes upper part of pelagic zone |
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Term
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Definition
| lake surface down to 1% light penetration |
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Term
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Definition
- shallow
- often wave-swept
- rooted vegetation
- periphyton |
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Term
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Definition
- open water
- phytoplankton dominant 'plant' |
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Term
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Definition
- insufficient light (<1% penetration)
- no photosynthesis
- net O2 consumption
- includes profundal zone |
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Term
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Definition
- atmosphere @ sea level = 760 mm Hg displaced
- are gases present in water available in same proportion as in air? |
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Term
| atmosphere @ sea level = 760 mm Hg displaced |
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Definition
- 79% N2
- 20.8% O2
- 0.033% CO2 |
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Term
| are gases present in water available in same proportion as in air? |
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Definition
| - AIR 20.8/ 0.033 = 630:1 |
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Term
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Definition
1. passive dissusion from air
2. turbulence over riffles (streams) or shorelines (lakes)
3. photosynthesis |
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Term
Sources- pH and CO2
acidity: measured on pH scale |
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Definition
- pH = -log[H+]
= 7 neutral
> alkaline (to 14)
< acidic (to 0) |
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Term
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Definition
- normal range (6-8)
- if naturally acidic (5-6)
'poorly buffered', 'soft water'
- if naturally alkaline (8-10)
'well buffered', 'hard water'
- if anthropogenically acidified (<5)
'acid rain', 'acid mine drainage' |
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Term
Marl Lakes
during high photosynthetic activity |
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Definition
- precip. of CaCO3
- whitish layer nr. shoreline, in suspension or as encrustment
- but CO2 removed as CaCO3 |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship w/ temperature |
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Term
Oxygen- Depth Curves
four types |
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Definition
1. Clingograde
2. Orthograde
3. Heterograde
4. Anomalous |
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Term
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Definition
| productive lake = eutrophic |
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Term
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Definition
| unproductive lake = oligiotrophic |
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Term
| O2 and CO2 seasonal changes |
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Definition
- 02 similar to temperature
- CO2 opposite of O2
- total inorganic carbon
less variable than CO2
- O2 and CO2--diel changes |
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Term
O2 and CO2 seasonal changes
O2 and CO2--diel changes |
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Definition
- inverse relationship
- lake productivity correlated w/ diel variability
- if productive
highly variable->supersaturated epilimnion
- if unproductive
limited variability->daily temp. fluctuations |
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Term
| Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) |
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Definition
rate of conversion of CO2 to organic C per unit surface
g C m-2, year-1, or Kcal m-2 year -1 |
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Term
| autotrophs and heterotrophs respire |
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 12H2O + "energy" <---> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2 |
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Term
| Autotrophic Respiration (Ra) |
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Definition
| energy, or carbon is used for plant metabolism |
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Term
| Net Primary Production (NPP) = GPP-Ra |
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Definition
| how much energy or carbon is used for heterotrophic metabolism |
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Term
| Net Community Production (NCP) |
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Definition
- (GPP -Ra) - Rh
- NPP - Rh |
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Term
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Definition
1. Light
2. Temperature
3. Plant nutrients (N,P)
4. Micronutrients (Si)
5. Precipitation (terrestrial)
6. Grazing |
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Term
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Definition
| Light attenuation- decrease in the energy of light due to absorption and scattering in the water column |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in the energy of light due to absorption and scattering in the water column |
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Term
Controls on NPP
Plant nutrients (N,P) |
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Definition
- Autotrophs require C,N, and P in a fixed ration (106:16:1) by atoms -- Redfield Ratio
- Limiting-> element in shortest supply relative to demands for plant growth
- systems can be N-, P-, or both N- and P- limited |
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Term
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Definition
| Autotrophs require C, N, and P in a fixed ratio (106:16:1) by atoms |
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Term
Controls on NPP
Plant nutrients (N,P)
LAKES |
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Definition
- typically P- limited
- N inputs w/ rainfall and N-fixation via Cyanobacteria
- "Natural" N:P ratios vary between 10:1 and 65:1
- typically not light limited |
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Term
Controls on NPP
Plant Nutrients (N,P)
LAKES THREE TYPES |
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Definition
1. Eutrophic
2. Mesotrophic
3. Oligotrophic |
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Term
LAKES THREE TYPES
Eutrophic |
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Definition
| high nutrient levels, very productive |
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Term
LAKES THREE TYPES
Mesotrophic |
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Definition
| moderative nutrient level and productivity |
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Term
LAKES THREE TYPES
Oligiotrophic |
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Definition
| low nutrient levels and productivity |
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Term
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Definition
- both N and P typically less limiting compared to lentic systems
- N supplied from hyporheic zone and detritus
- P supplies from sediment
- Typical N-limited system characterized by low precipitation and hyporheic upwelling (e.g. Desert Southwest) AND high P content in soils
- Eastern U.S. streams typically more P-limited
- Light typically more limiting compared to lakes |
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