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| Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. |
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| Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the U.S the activities of abolitionists were one factor leading to the Civil War (1861-1865) |
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| The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants. |
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| Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in S.E Asia in the early 17th century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. |
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| Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. |
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| African National Congress |
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| An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of S. Africa. Founded in 1912 as the S. African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Though it was banned and its leaders were jailed for many years, it eventually helped bring majority rule to S. Africa. |
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| South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the 17th century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the 19th century. Though a minority among S. Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949. |
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| Agricultural Revolution (ancient) |
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| The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. |
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| Agricultural Revolution (18th century) |
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| The transformation of farming that resulted in the 18th century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled. |
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| Aguinaldo, Emilio (1869-1964) |
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| Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the U.S Army in 1901. |
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| Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. |
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| Egyptian pharaoh (1353-1335). He built a new capital at Armana, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worships of the sun-disk. The Amarna letters, largely from his reign, preserve official correspondence with subjects and neighbors. |
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| King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 BCE he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. |
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| City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum - a centerfor leading scientific and literary figures. Its merchants engaged in trade with areas bordering the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. |
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| Allende, Salvador (1908-1973) |
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| Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. |
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| All - India Muslim League |
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| Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interest of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. In 1940, the League began demanding a separate state for Muslims, to be called Pakistan. |
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| Small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in archeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people. |
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| This river valley was a contested frontier between northern China and eastern Russia until the settlement arranged in Treaty of Nerchinsk |
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| Revolutionaries who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups. |
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| Important culture of what is now the SW US (1000-1300 CE). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. |
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| A conduit, either elevated or underground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location - usually a city - that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. |
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| Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. |
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| Arkwright, Richard (1732-1792) |
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| English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin many strong cotton threads at once. |
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| One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. |
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