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| dominant belief system of the Qin rulers. |
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first emperor recentralized various feudal kingdoms that had split apart at the end of the Zhou Dynasty
standardized all the laws, currencies, weights, measures, and systems of writing;
refused to tolerate any dissent whatsoever
burn books and kill scholars if dissent occurred in the book or mind. |
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emerged in the classical period; emphasized education as the key to moral improvement.
became the most important element fo Chinese education and culture for many centuries. |
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| A collection of short literary or philosophical extracts |
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| What statement best describes the Confucian attitude toward the past? |
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| The past was a golden age that modern people should strive to restore. |
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| Confucian virtue denoting the good feeling a virtuous human experiences when being altruistic. 仁 is exemplified by a normal adult's protective feelings for children. It is considered the inward expression of Confucian ideals |
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| Respect owed to one's parents and ancestors |
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| Denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis: "secular buildings" |
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| downplays a hierarchical system dominated by men in favor of the notion of balance and the complementary nature of the sexes. |
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| members part of India's priestly caste |
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| "Life is suffering" is the most central teaching of the Buddha, who taught that people should live modest and moral lives combined with meditation to free themselves from craving for individual fulfillment and thus from suffering. |
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| (ca. 566 - ca. 486 BCE) came to be known as the Buddha |
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| freedom from the endless cycle of personal reincarnations, with their consequent suffering, as a result of the extinction of individual passion, hatred, and delusion: attained by the Arhat as his goal but postponed by the Bodhisattva. |
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| The more conservative of the two major traditions of Buddhism (the other being Mahayana) |
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| spiritually developed people who postpone their entry into nirvana. |
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| One of the two great Sanskrit epics of the Hindus, existing in its present form since c.ad 400. |
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| (Hinduism) the sacred `song of God' composed about 200 BC E |
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| One of the two great Sanskrit epics of the Hindus, composed 300 BCE. |
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"worship"
religious movement: was an outgrowth of Hinduism; those involved in the movement focused their adoration on a single god or goddess with prayers, songs, and rituals. |
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| Achaemenid rulers of Persia granted a degree of state support. |
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| (seventh to sixth century BCE) |
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migrations and exiles of a small Hebrew community
Once exclusive and jealous god
Loyalty to Yahweh and obedience to his laws
insisted on exclusive loyalty to a single God who was over time recognized as the only god in existence. |
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| conquered the Persian Empire |
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509 BCE - 476 CE)
relatively well-situated. Alps to the north provided protection from an invasion by land. sea surrounding the Italian peninsula limited the possibility of a naval attack. Easy access to northern Africa, Palestine, Greece, and the Iberian Peninsula. |
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Early: as the religion developed, its leadership became almost exclusively male. Women played leadership rules in the infant Christian Church, but soon the hierarchy became almost exclusively male.
punctuated by feuds over points of doctrine that made the religion very diverse and fragmented.
About 500 CE: It was theologically very diverse and fragmented. |
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(300-800 BCE)
dominated present-day southern Mexico an parts of Central America.
collection of city-states
all ruled by the same king
pyramid-builders
wrote using hieroglyphics
golden age: 500 - 850 BCE
developed a complex calendar system
architecture and city planning
Tikal, most important Mayan political center, may have been populated by more than 100,000 people. |
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divided into 3 parts: the heavens above, humans in the middle, and the underworld below.
believed gods created humans out of maize and water
gods maintained agricultural cycles in exchange for honors, sacrifices, and bloodletting rituals. |
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imbued with a tremendous amount of religious significance.
days of religious ritual would precede a battle,and the King and nobility would actively participate in combat
generally conducted not to gain territory, but to acquire slaves, who were used in large-scale building projects and in agricultural production.
had no large animals, so humans were their primary source of labor |
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| Mayan Agricultural techniques |
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ridged field system, to make the most of the rainfall and swamp conditions of the region.
Cotton and maize were widely cultivated;
Maya are known for their elaborate cotton textiles.
tiered temple at Chichen Itza, similar in design to the Egyptian pyramids and Mesopotamian ziggurats, and several ball courts, which were used for a ritual sport throughout ancient Mesoamerica.
Mayan calendar, based on a number system that included zero, was among the most accurate for its time. |
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(1200-1400 BCE) in Mexico
urban society supported by surpluses of corn, beans, and squash.
mastered irrigation techniques and constructed large-scale buildings; they were polytheistic, and developed a system of writing and a calendar. |
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(900-300 BCE) in the Andes
urban civilization
polytheistic
mostly agricultural
access to the coast, and therefore supplemented their diet with seafood.
developed ways to use metals in tools and weapons
used llamas as their beasts of burden. |
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Kings, priests and hereditary nobility were at the top of the social pyramid. Merchants also enjoyed a high status.
Majority of the people were peasants and slaves. |
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(320-550 BCE) located in India.
Gupta Empire, more decentralized and smaller than the Mauryan Empire
often referred to as a golden age because it enjoyed relative peace and saw significant advances in the arts and sciences.
Gupta Mathematicians developed the concepts of pi and of zero.
also devised a decimal system that used the numerals 1 through 9 (which were diffused to the Arabs and became known as Arabic numerals).
collapsed under pressure from the White Huns in 550 CE |
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| 375-415 CE, revived an Empire, Gupta Empire. |
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Mauryan Empire
Major Reason it became so powerful and wealthy
Indian Merchants |
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(321-180 BCE) located in India
Largest in the country
spanning from the Indus River Valley eastward through the Ganges River Valley and southward through the Deccan Plateau
Founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who unified the smaller Aryan kingdoms into a civilization.
Major Reason it became so powerful and wealthy: trade
Indian Merchants: traded silk, cotton, and elephants (among hundreds of other items) to Mesopotamia and the eastern Empire, powerful military
Military caused a dramatic change in the empire |
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| Chandragupta Maurya & Ashoka Maurya |
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unified the smaller Aryan kingdoms into a civilization. & his grandson who would take the empire to its greatest heights, converted to Buddhism because he was stricken with disgust and filled with remorse for a very violent and bloody victory his forces claimed over the Kalinga in the southeast India.
Ashoka is also known for his Rock and Pillar Edicts, reminded Mauryans to live generous and righteous lives.
Following his conversion and commitment to Buddhism, the religion spread beyond India into many parts of Southeast Asia. |
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reinforced the caste system in India
Gupta Dynasty: women were increasingly losing their rights, totally under the control of men, Indian women lost the right to own or inherit property, and could nto participate in sacred rituals or study religion. |
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(221 - 209 BCE)
extremely short.
developed a strong economy based on agriculture; organized a powerful army equipped with iron weapons; and it conquered the surrounding territories and unified the region under a single emperor. |
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| focused on the affairs of this world. |
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| Which civilization did a "warring states" period of violence and disharmony lead a number of thinkers to create their classical cultural tradition |
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(184-204 CE) inspired by Daoism.
Peasant uprising |
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| grew organically in India over many centuries; it did not have a historical founder. |
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reincarnation.
central to Hinduism |
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| What is a reason why Buddhism died out in India? |
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| A new kind of popular Hinduism developed that appealed to the masses. |
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| mostly known today for the Pythagorean theorem, believed that the cosmos could be explained in terms of a simple, unchanging mathematical order that underlay all apparent chaos. |
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Xiongnu, large nomadic group from northern Asia
invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. |
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| Warrior Emperor, greatly enlarged the Han Empire to central Asia. |
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trade thrived, Buddhism spread.
China to the Roman Empire |
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| Civil Service system based on the teachings of Confucius |
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Developed during the Han Dynasty.
believed those involved in government should be highly educated and excellent communicators.
developed a civil service examination, difficult test lasting for several days.
open to everyone
consequence: a government bureaucracy that was highly skilled and that contributed to stability in the system of government for centuries. |
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| invented paper, highly accurate sundials, and calendars. continued to broaden their use of metals. |
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| Which society of the ancient world was most shaped by actions of the state? |
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| Chinese state played an immense role in shaping society, making it unique in the ancient world. |
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| Which Chinese emperor ruled from 8-23 CE and divided up great private estates and gave them to small peasant farmers? |
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| Wang Mang tried to recreate a lost golden age of small-scale peasant farmers, but opposition from great landowners helped lead to his assassination in 23 CE. |
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| one of the thousands of occupationally based groups in Indian civilization. |
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| Slavery in which ancient civilization was relatively small-scale and restrained, providing religious and legal protections for slaves and encouraging masters to free slaves? |
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| India, both religious writings and secular law stressed the duties of a master to care for slaves and encouraged owners to free their slaves. |
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| Which ancient philosopher developed the idea that some people are "slaves by nature" and should be enslaved for their own good and that of society? |
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| Aristotle, reflected a strand of Greek thought of his time and had a profound impact on later slave-holding societies. |
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| It is estimated that in the heartland of this ancient civilization, between 33 and 44 percent of the population were slaves. |
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| Rome, Roman Empire was the largest-scale practitioner of slavery in world history until the modern-slave societies of the Caribbean, Brazil, and the southern United States, slaves amounting to 33-40 percent of their Italian homeland. |
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| In general, when were patriarchies least restrictive for women? |
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| When established patterns of male dominance were disrupted by invasion or other social upheaval, women usually were able to obtain more prominent public roles. |
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| At what period in Chinese History did patriarchy weaken, giving females some property rights and giving women a growing role in both Daosim and Buddhism |
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| Tang Dynasty (618-907CE) saw a significant weakening of patriarchy in China. |
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became Pericles's long-term mistress and played a surprisingly active role in Athenian cultured circles.
rare example of an educated woman who played a public role in Athens. |
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| What did the rest of the Greek world think about Spartan women? |
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| The freedom given to Spartan women was appalling to Greeks from other regions. |
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| A conquered, semi-enslaved subject of Sparta |
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