Haymarket Square Riot

• explosion in the middle of a labor strike in Chicago's Haymarket in 1886
• investigaters blamed it on anarchists
• bombing brought end to the knight of labor

• a deragatory term which meant they were pirates sought to steal from straight government to line their own pockets

• hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Dem. accepting the fradulent election results
• Took Union troops out of the South

• AKA "Cotton Straights" and International and Exposition in Atlanta
• one of the most important and influencental speeches in American history
• said his race would content itself with living by their own hands

• practice of reviving inpleasant memories from past
• Rep Butler waved to before the House bloodstained night shirt of ta carpet bagger flagged by Klan member

• Tammany Hall in NYC led by him
• He controlled party politics
• Irish gave aid to small business men, immigrants, and poor in exchange for votes
• helped provide housing, jobs, and food to those who promised to vote for their candidates

Coxey's Army

• depression brought protesters to Wash. under his leadership
• Whose "army of the jobless and the homelss propose of federally funded public work to employ those who needed work

• Denied citizenship to chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration of chinese
• supported by American workers who worried about using their jobs to Chinese immigrants who'd work for  less pay

• 1872, a scandal during the grant admin. a construction company that had milked the Union Pacific Railroad for the exorbitant fees to line the pockets of insiders who controlled both firms
• Union Pacific Shareholders were left holding the bag

• 1890, The Sioux convinced they had been made invincible by magic, were massacred by troops at wounded knee, SD.

• A man refused to leave a whites-only railroad car when asked
• Was convicted of violating the segregation statue
• Pb to the separate but = law

• an all-inclusive union founded in 1869
• for skilled and unskilled workers
• lost thousands of members when falsely implicated in 1886 Haymarket Riot in Chicago

• to protect the creditor, the store keeper took a mortgage or lien on the tenant's share of the crop
• abused system and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of
• mimicked slavery

• written by Helen Hunt Jackson (1881)
• sparked debate over the government tax of NA tribes
• it seemed that noone could make a decision of what to do know that damage had been done

Gospel of Wealth

• a social doctrine exposed by many wealthy businessman during the Glided Age that justified the growing income rap between Rich and poor by arguing that God blessed the industrious with Riches

• application of Darwins theories of national selection to a business oriented society
• argued new self-made captains of industry were wealthy because they'd proven themseleves the best among men and the poor stayed poor because of their own inferiority

• business stratgery, attempts to insultate a company from company by integrating every aspect of production to a single company, which eliminated the middle men
• by elimination the middlemen, business could secure more profits for themselves

• combined Unions to increase their strength
• when he died the AFL fell apart

• response to the black codes created by un-repentant straight legislatures in the South
• declared all born in US were citizen entitled to full and equal benefits of all laws except NA

• Successfully seated senators and gov. in several mid-western states and morphed in the Populist Party
• farmed joined forces in several states across the country

• were immediately adopted by cities across the South
• South was given permission by S.C. to discriminate on the basis of color in all public places

• supporters of post war Dem leaders
• supposedly redeemed South from yankee domination as a firm limitations of a purely rural economy

• 1878
• provided for international expansion of Ag. currency thru the gov'ts puchase of two million to four million in Ag coins per mths.

• sec of war
• disagreed with Pres.'s reconstruction policy
• got suspended and replaced grant

• Cattle wandered onto other ranchers prop.
• Cowboys would ride the line to keep the strays off adjoining ranches

• goal was to free farmers from middlemen to which they are forced to pay for grew into greenback prop

• Joined under Debs
• arrested Deb and his union since they refused to abide by court's rulings

• a command prohibiting or ordering
• a given action (gave permission to destroy labor unions)
• used during Pullman's Strike in re Debs

• 45 yrs AV was only metallic standard for U.S.
• fourth coinage Act enacted by U.S. Congress in 1873

• Industrialist who founded standard Oil company in 1870 (ruthless)
• employed horizontal integration to make standard oil one of the nation's first monopolistic trusts

• The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.
• between 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived
• the new immigrants camed mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe

• Irish
• arriving in immense wave in the 1800's
• they were extremely poor peasants who later became the man-power for canals and railroad construction
• had a large impact on America shaping many of its moral

•  The new southern staright legislatures, in passing these restricting the freedom of blacks, baldly revealed that they intended to preserve the trappings of slavery as nearly as possible
• Blacks could own property
• they could sue and be sued in courts

• a farm based protest mov. that culiminated in the creation of a third party in 1890, divide the white two such an extent that in sum places the black vote became the balance of power

• a reign of terror in the eastern Pennsylvania coal fields attributed to an Irish group
• got their name from an Irish patriot who had directed violent resistance against the British
• motivated by dangerous working conditions in the mines and the owners brutal efforts to suppress union activity

• In summer of 1886, delegates from craft union met and Columbus, Oh
• pres of this was Samuel Gompers
• group grew slowly but increased

• had nothing to offer the landowner but thier labor worked the owners land in return for supplies and a share of the crop, generally about 1/2

• argued that blacks shouldn't antagonize whites by demanding social or pol. equality; instead, they should concentrate on establishing an econ. base for their advancement
• was critized for making a bad bargain; he sacrificed of broaded and civil rights for the dubias acceptance of whites

• of 1887
• proposed to introduce the communal NA to individula land ownership and agric.
• Sponseored by senator Henry Dawes of Mass. the act permitted the pres.
• in 1901 citizen was extended to the 5 civilized of OK and in 1924, 2 all NA's

• Nebraska Congressman who gave the famous "Cross of Gold" speech
• dem nom. for pres in election of 1896
• Greatest champion of inflationary "Free AG" around the turn of the century

• 1876, Gen Custer and his men were wiped out by a coaliton of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

• developed by historian Fredrick Jackson Turner, who developed the infuential frontier thesis, first outlined in "The Signif" of the Frontier in Am. history" a paper delivered to the american historical Assoc. in 1892

• these types of ppl, belived that ideas gain their validity not from their inherent truth but from their social consequences and pratical application
• could test the vaildity of their areas in the lab
• reflected a quality often looked upon as genuinly Am: The ;inventive experimental spirit, which recognized that science and society

• required the senators permission for the pres to any officeholder who's appt. the senator has confirmed

• Oliver H. Kelly impressed by farmers isolation
• He founded National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry
• Grange started out as a social and education response to the isolation of farm folk
• it began to promote farmers owned cooperative for buying

• would become the cheif philosopher of pragmatisan after James, William
• preferred the term instrumentalism by which he meant that ideas were instruments for action
• threw himself into movements for the rights of labor and women, the promotion of peace and the reform of education

• newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties
• he nearly brought down Boss Tweed

• a civil service refrom bill sponsored by George, a Dem senator from OH, passed in 1888, setting a 3 member fed civil service commission independent of the Cabinet dept.

• 1877, the Sup. Court affirmed that the state according to its "police powers." had the rights to regulate property when that property was clothed in a public interest

• view wholesale and sold them at a profit
• realized that railroads were the key to the x's so he bought and reorganized one line after another
• by 1890,s he controlled 1/6 of the railways in American
• bought out Cargegies steel industry for $500 million

• Tried to avoid war, but when sum unruly warriors started a fight be directed a masterful campaign against overwhelming odds, one of the best feats of NA warfare but was caught from Canadian borders

• one of the most infulential reformers, was a journalist who vowed to seek out the cause of poverty in the midst of the Industrial progress he saw around him
• his single tax idea generated much discussion but his influence centered on the paradox he posed in the little "progress and poverty and his plea for social cooperation and equality

National Labor Union

• composed of delegates from Labor and reform groups more interested in pol. soc. change than in Bargaining with employers
• lost momentum after death of pres in 1869 and by '72 it collasped

• a muckracker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.s gov't had treated the Indians protested the Dawes Severalty Act

• Horizontal integration

• Business tactio, seeks to put competitors out a business by selling one type of production in various markets or buying out competing companies and its consumer access, creating a monopoly

Freedman's Bureau

• 1865, Agency set up aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom.
• it furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

• the largest mil. event since the sioux war last 15 mo. and entailed some 15 battles in vast area of present day Wyoming, Montana, SD, and Nebraska
• Sioux War and forced to give their hunting ground and aufiedls in return for payments

• a name for the 18 1800's coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increased in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostenatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich
• the fabulous  lifestyles of the wealth hid the many social prob. of the time

• 1884 nomination for the Repub. presidental candidate
• stated that events in the Am. affected the U.S. and we had to reason intervene

• u.s acquired these lands from spain thru the treaty of paris (1898), which ended the Sp-Am War
• Sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation war between Puliters and Heart in the 1890's

• extreme nationalism that manifest itself in overly assertive foreign policy

• Famous for the Hay-Pauncefort Treaty and the Hay-Herran Treaty, which opened the door for the Panama Canal

Open Door Policy

• in hopes of protecting the Chinese Market for U.S exports, Hays unilaterally announced in 1899 that chinese traded be open to all nation

• 1898, fitting began Philip
• Manial Bay first battle
• Most Am casualties were because of disease and food poisoning
• invaded  Puetro Rico
• Spain signed cease fire in 1898

• battleship exploded in Havana Harbor on Feb. 15 1898, resulting in 266 deaths, Am. Public assuming that the Sp. had mined the ships
• sp and Am War declared two months later

• commadore Dewy took his ships into here and attacked the sp. pacific fleet there;
• U.S. had been planning to take this part in the Pacific
• Dewy caught the Sp and sank their entire fleet

• acquired when U.s pres used "big stick" diplomacy

• Reserved the U.s. right to intervene in Cuba, affairs and forced independent Cuba to host Am naval bases on the island

• Pres. who helped transformed the role of the U.S. in world affairs after the Sp. and Am. stretching both the cons. and exec. power to if as well as attracting trust and advocating conservation

• aims to curtail european interference in the Americas
• Pres Roosevelt announced in what was essentially a coronally to the Monroe Doctrice that the U.S. could interven military to prevent interference from European power in W. Hemisphere

• one of the countries that U.S. used big stick diplomacy on

• maneurered his was around Rus and Jap. took neutral sides and didn't wanna oppose
• took control of china where Jap went imperialistic

• halted influx of Japanese laborers to U.S.
• U.S. wouldn't exclude Japanese immigration if Japan  would voluntarily limit the number of immigration coming to the U.S.

"Dollar Diplomacy" President Taft

• Taft and Knox came with it to fur their foreign policy in the U.S. in 1909-13, under the Rooselvelt Corollary

La Follette's "Wisconsin Experiment"

• taxes on income and corporations written by gov't of Wisconsin

• writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business meat package, child labor and more
• primarily in the first decade of 20th century
• their pop. books and Mag articles spurred public interest in progressive reform

• Danish photo journalist who showed the conditions of NY tenements in Hell's kitchens
• Wrote the Book How the other 1/2 Lives (1890)

• depicted horror of the meatpacking industry (1906)
• author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productoion in 1906, the bad qualituy of meat and the dangerous working conditions

• Refers to govt activist designed to break up trust or monopolies
• used wen a system of trust controlled much of the economy of the U.S.
• why the Sherman Anti-trust  Act and Clayton Anti Act

• passed largely in reaction to Sinclair The Jungle
• the laws set strict standards of cleanliness in the meat packing industry

Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906

• first law to regulated manufacturing of food and medicines prohibited dangerous additives and accurate labelling

• it imposed striden control over railroads and expanded powers of the interstate Commerce Commission
• including giving the ICC the power to set max rates

• a time for big mistrust among world powers
• racial  animasities on the W. Coast
• SaN Fran School board ordered student of chinese, Japanese, Korean descend to attend a separate public school
• japan didn't like this and T.R. was able to get the policy changed

• 1913, provided for the popular election of senators instead of state legislators appointing them
• Progressivism reform that required U.S. senators to elected directly by voters;
• previously, senators were chosen by state legislators

• 1919
• launched Prohibition

• Granted women the right to vote (1920)

• members of the new generation of activists from the National American Women Suffrage Assoc. Became read once again in 1915

• a Quaker social worker, who in 1912 returned from an apprenticeship with militant suffragists of Eng to chair the Natinal Am. Womens Suffrage Assoc's Congress
• Committee instructor female activists to picket state legislatures , targe, and "punish" politicians who failed to endorse suffrage, chair themselves, to public buildings, provoke polical to arrest them and undertake hunger strikes

• was the first president to challenge the long-standing myth of America's having inexhaustible natural resources was the greatest material question of the day". Among the first supporters of "this" were Jardent sport hunters and fisherman among the social elite Grinell

• controversy over conservation that leads to reform of comittee, system in the house (1910)
• Made Taft appear to be a reliable custodian of Roosevelt's conservation policies than hw actually was and sec of interior Richard A. Ballinger

• 1912, involved for candidates: Wilson and Taft and represent to Major parties
• Eugene Debs ran for socialis and Roosevelt headed the Progressive Party
• roosevelt was shot yet, still delivered his speech
• to front runners: Roosevelt's New Nationism and Wilson New Freedom

• this opened way for Woodrow Wilson to win by 435 electoral votes 288 for Roosevelt and 84 Taft
• Roosevelt appointed taft as pres during his last term, Taft turned at to be a disappoint to T.R, TR decided to run and both them running against each other gave way to wilson winning

• 1913, reduces nat'l duty from 32% to 29%
• only LA's to "sugar senators" were the ones to vote against this bill

• 1914- tightens Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
• conservative S. Dem and N Rep. amended this to allow for broad judicial review of the FTC decisions, further weakening its freedom of action
• agarian reformer, allied with organized labor won a stipulation in this act declaring that farm and labor organizations weren't per unlawful combos in Restraint of trade

• 1913
• created a new nat banking system with 12 regional fed. Reserve bank, each owned by member banks in its district all nat. bank became members of the new Fed. Reserve system
• state bank could join if they wished.

• 1914
• created to prevent unfair trade practices
• the cornerstone of Wilson's anti-trust program created in 1914, the 5 member commission replaced Roosevelt's Bureau of Corporations and assumed new power to define "unfair trade practices"

• a former socialist candidates who had been jailed for opposing U.S. intervention in WWI
• had polled greater than votes as the socialist candidate for pres in 1912, was arrested and eventually sentenced to 10 years in prison for encouraging draft resistence

• 1910 Estab by Civil Rights Activist Ida B. Wells  and promoted women's suffrage
• Launched a campaign against lynching and still a common atrocity in many parts of the country (most black victims)
• Led by N. White liberals and black leaders such a DuBois .