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| South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas were the first to secede. S.C. was the hotbed of southern separatism. |
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| Establishment of the Confederacy |
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| Representatives of the seven seceded states met in Montgomery, Alabama and formed the new nation - The Confederate States of America (1861) |
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| Expanded the Missouri Compromise line. Republicans were not willing to let slavery expand, so it failed. |
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| General Bearegard was ordered to take Fort Sumpter. After the compromise failed, he made Anderson surrender, and took it. This was the first battle of the Civil War. |
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Transportation system
Industrial system |
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Defensive War
Wide support
Textile relations with England and France |
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Republicans rule in North
Bank acts » Expansion and State Schools
Transcontinental Railroad
High Taxes
Issuing of Greenbacks
Bonds funded the war |
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Fanatical Agitators vs irrepressible conflict between enduring forces
Agrarian vs Industrial
"Free Labor" fear of the North |
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| Citizens purchase 160 acres of land after living on it for 5 years cheaply |
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| Transferred public acreage to the state governments which could sell land and use proceeds to finance public education » New State colleges and Universities |
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1863 - 1864
New National Banking System
Banks could join if they had enough capital and gave 1/3 of it to government security. They could then issue United States Treasury notes (greenbacks). |
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Levying Taxes
Issuing Paper Currency
Borrowing |
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| Rioters who didn't want to be drafted burned down black houses and an orphanage in New York. |
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| Peace Democrats who opposed the war |
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Lincoln turned out to be a president who was not easily manipulated
Troops into battle without permission
naval blockade of the south
increased size of army
Union Party vs Copperheads |
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| Lincoln ordered arrests of civilian dissenters and suspended the right of habeas corpus. Anyone who engaged in disloyal practices or discouraged enlistments were subject to martial law. |
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| At first, Lincoln was worried, because people grew weary of the war. McClellan gained from this, but with the capture of Atlanta, he won comfortably |
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| Military Courts couldn't operate where civilian courts were present |
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Said that Lincoln couldn't take away habeas corpus - only congress could
Lincoln ignored it |
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Radical Republicans » Abolish slavery immediately
Conservative Republicans » more cautious policy (slave states still part of the union) |
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| Led the Radical Republicans |
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1 » all slaves used for insurrection purposes in support of the Confederates, would be considered freed
2 » freed slaves of people supporting insurrection and allowed blacks to serve in the military |
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| Emancipation Proclamation 1863 |
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Definition
Freed all slaves outside of Union Control
Showed that Union was going for abolition |
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| At first, not many, but eventually 186,000 |
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| Mistreatment of Black Soldiers |
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| Menial Tasks, Paid 1/3 less than whites, executed or sent back to masters if captured, worse conditions than whites and many died of disease as a result |
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| Thrust into unfamiliar roles: teachers, salesclerks, office workers, mill and factory hands, and above all nursing. |
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| Led the US Sanitary COmmission |
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Wrote Little Women
Served as a Nurse
Advocator of women's suffrage |
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| an organization of civilian volunteers that mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals |
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| Mobilization of the South |
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| 1861 - representatives of 7 seceding states met a Montgomery, Alabama. When Virginia seceded, the leaders moved to Richmond. |
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Similar Constitution with acknowledgement of sovereignty of states and sanctioning of slavery.
Weak central government made it difficult to fight a war...
food drafts, impressed slaves |
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Voted as president without opposition served six-year terms
Displayed punctiliousness about legal and constitutional requirements |
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| The Confederate government didn't know how to raise money, because taxation wasn't enough, and people lost faith in bonds. They printed paper money that caused 9,000 percent increase in prices through inflation. |
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| Raising the Confederate Army |
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| Until 1861, they asked for volunteers, then in 1862, they issued the conscription act (18-35 3 years). This lasted until 1863. |
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| 1864, people felt defeat was inevitable, and the Confederate Army was seriously lacking |
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| Baseball and the Civil War |
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Very popular among soldiers on both sides
Said to increase morale |
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Cut of planters from Northern industry
Production dropped by 1/3
Cotton trade lessened by N blockades |
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Many were single or widowed because of the war, so they were forced to work.
People rethought the idea that women weren't suited for the public sphere |
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| Lincoln wanted marking of southern armies and not land. Many generals were inadequate, but finally, he found Ulysses S. Grant |
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| General of the Confederates for a little bit until Davis took over again |
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| Important Confederate General after Robert E. Lee |
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| Yell used by Confederate soldiers to intimidate the enemy and boost morale |
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| Union used advantage to enforce a blockade and assist Union armies in field operations |
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Used blockade to stop Confederates from trading cotton
Captured ports - Wilmington, NC |
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| The Virginia was used by the confederates to break a blockade of wooden ships. It destroyed two, and scattered the rest. |
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| Merrimac and Monitor were ironclads. Merrimac (Virginia) was captured by Confederates and fought the Monitor. Neither was sunk. Monitor preserved the blockade. |
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| European countries were likely to sympathize with the Confederates because of cotton, but they had a surplus and didn't want to antagonize the US unless they were certain the Confederates would win. William Seward of the US also played a role in keeping good relations with Britain. |
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| Europe and the Disunited States |
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| William Seward was a very effective Secretary of State for the Union. He kept the European states happy. |
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| Two Confederate diplomats went to Cuba and boarded a British ship called the Trent. Charles Wilkes captured it and brought them to Boston. This angered the British, and they demanded the prisoners and an apology. They received it. |
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Armaments, communication, and mobilization
Caused much of what happened on the battlefield |
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Samuel Colt - revolver 1835
Oliver Winchester - repeating rifle 1860 |
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| Importance of the railroad |
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Facilitated mobilization of millions of troops
limited generals in location of battles
generals tended to have larger fights because it was more practical |
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| at first difficult to use, but eventually they worked out ways to communicate on the battlefield |
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| The Union forces expected to win and end the war at once, but a savage counter-attack by the confederates made the Union forces retreat |
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First major battle west of the MI
Gave Confederates control of SW Missouri |
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Confederate high command expected an attack to come from the north, but came from the south - city was defenseless
Confederates couldn't use it to trade anymore
banking center of the south was in Union hands |
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Grant v Johnston & Beauregard
Tennessee river
Union victory - took control of MI river |
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Consisted of McClellan, Pope, Jackson, and Johnston
Could've been successful for the Union, but failed because of wanting leadership. |
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Trained 130,000 troops in Washington
Launched a peninsular campaign to capture Richmond by going south of it and working north. It didn't work because of troubles in the north with Pope. He returned with his army and could've won Anietam if he weren't so cautious. |
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| City in Virginia near where much of McClellan's campaign took place. |
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| McClellan was very close to defeating Lee, but was too cautious to risk it and therefore lost a chance to defeat many Confederate forces |
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| Battle of Chancellorsville |
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| General Joseph Hooker went to Lee's army near Fredericksburg. He stayed in the wilderness where Jackson attacked. Hooker was sent back, but Jackson was fatally wounded. |
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| Aided in the battle of Vicksburg |
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| Grant drove through Mississippi to Vicksburg and laid siege where they surrendered cutting the confederacy in half |
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| Lee thought that he could divert Union troops north in Gettysburg. Lee lost a third of his army against the Potomac army. This was a turning point in the war. |
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| Union forces were under siege in Chattanooga, but Grant rescued them driving Confederate forces into Georgia. The Union now also wanted to get control of the Tennessee River. |
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| Grant wanted to use the North's population and material advantage to overwhelm the South. He decided to attack in two places - Richmond and Atlanta |
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| Sherman captured and burned Atlanta with some unsuccessful resistance from Johnston. |
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| Sherman's March to the Sea |
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| Sherman marched and destroyed everything from Atlanta to Savannah. He then looked north into NC. He attempted to break the will of the southern people. |
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| City where Lee surrendered his army to Grant. |
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