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| Exchange of plants, animals, foods, diseases and ideas between Europe and the Americas. Began with Columbus's voyage of 1492. |
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| Established the lost colony of Roanoke Island (off the coast of North Carolina) under the English in 1587. The colony disappeared by 1590. |
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| 1607 - The first successful English settlement. Funded by a joint-stock company called the Virginia Company. Captain John Smith's strict laws saved the colony from devastation. |
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| A group of local tribes which taught the Jamestown colonists how to survive in Virginia. Pocahontas, daughter of the chief, married John Rolfe in 1614 to ease tensions between the Confederacy and the settlers. |
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| (1618) A system established by the Virginia Company to encourage settlement in Virginia. A "headright" (~50 acres) was given to new settlers. Became the basis for an aristocracy in colonial Virginia. |
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| An edict which provided religious toleration of French Protestants (Huguenots) who might have otherwise fled their motherland for the Americas. |
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| A Protestant movement led by English Calvinists with the goal of purging the Anglican church of Roman Catholic rituals. Puritans were persecuted by English monarchs of the early 1600s. |
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| A group of Puritans who left England in search of religious freedom. They left in 1620 toward Virginia but landed in Massachusetts and established Plymouth there. |
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| An agreement made by the Pilgrims of Plymouth which stated that the power of the government comes from the consent of the governed - as opposed to God, which Absolutists believed. |
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| A Pokanoket fluent in English who helped the Pilgrims of Plymouth. |
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| Puritans who desired to reformed the Anglican Church (rather than separate from it). |
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| Established by Congregationalists in 1629 and led by Governor John Winthrop from 1629-42. The settlers were strict Calvinists. |
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| Governor of the the Massachusetts Bay Colony who delivered the "city upon a hill" (model for others) speech. He, like all Puritans, believed he had a covenant with God. |
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| Minister in the Salem By settlement who advocated separation of Church and State. Banished from the colony, he established the colony of Rhode Island which supported religious freedom and allowed non-Church goers to vote. |
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| Advocate of antinomianism (belief that grace, not good deeds and following religious laws, was enough for salvation). As a result, she was banished from the colony. |
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| Lord Protector of England who reigned England like a Republic from 1649-1660. Under his rule (called the Interregnum), Puritans had little incentive to move to the New World. When the Stuarts were restored, Puritans resumed sailing to America. |
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| New England vs. Chesapeake Settlers |
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New England: families, hospitable environment, longer lifespan, bigger families, more religious.
Chesapeake: single males, smaller towns, farming community. |
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| Quaker who was granted Pennsylvania by King Charles II. Penn created liberal policies toward religion and tried to establish good relations with natives. |
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| aka benign neglect. Used to describe the period before the French and Indian War when England minimally interfered in colonial affairs. |
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| belief that econ power comes from exporting more than importing and controlling specie. |
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| Statutes passed between 1651 and 1673 which required colonists to buy only from England, sell certain products only to England, and pay a tariff on non-English imports. |
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| (1676) Sir William Berkeley, royal governor of Virginia from 1642-70, created tensions between the origional Tidewater region and the new "backcountry" settlers. The new settlers wanted to push west for wealth and began taking native-owned land. These pioneers believed that the government was not doing enough to protect them from the natives and that the elites of the east were using them as a human shield. Nathaniel Bacon, an immigrant who wanted a piece of the fur trade, led settlers to attack the Doeg and the Susquehannocks. His army eventually burned Jamestown to the ground but the coalition dissolved upon is death (dysentery). |
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| A war between the Pokanokets (Wampanoags) and English setters in Massachusetts in the 1670s. Metacomet (called King Philip) led an alliance of local tribes which destroyed English settlements. After his death, the alliance dissolved and the colonists decimated the tribes. |
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| aka the Cato Rebellion. The first slave uprising. In 1739, ~20 slaves in SC met in Stono River and stole guns, killed whites, and liberated other slaves. |
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| (1692) Over 130 "witches" were jailed/executed in Salem. This was not the first case but the most significant case. |
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| A wave of religious revivalism in the colonies and Europe between the 1730s and 40s.minister Jonathan Edwards and preacher George Whitefield exemplified the period. Emphasizing emotion and spirituality, this period is often seen as a response to the Enlightenment. |
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| (1754) Representatives from various colonies met to discuss this plan, written by Benjamin Franklin. Ben called for a intercolonial government and tax collecting to fund defense. Colonial representatives rejected plan b/c they did not want to lose the right to tax themselves and unite under a colonial legislature. Led Franklin to draw the "Join or Die" cartoon. |
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| AKA The Seven Years War (which lasted 9 years). French and Indians vs British and Colonists. The French built outposts at entry points to the Ohio Valley to prevent the English from encroaching on their fur trade. George Washington led a failed attack on an outpost. As subsequent skirmishes broke out, England declared war in 1756. English won and became the colonial power of the continent. |
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| aka Pontiac's Uprising. Ottawa chief Pontiac attacked colonial outposts in the Ohio Valley as a result of the English raising prices on goods and refusing to pay rent on their forts. (Post 7 Years War) |
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| The British forbid colonists from settling west of the Appalachian rivers as a result of Native attacks. Settlers, however, had already settled past that line. Colonists were agitated by such an act of British interference. Viewed as the end of the period of Salutary Neglect and the first of a series of restrictions to come. |
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| George III's prime minister. Believed that the colonists should help pay off the war debt. Colonists, on the other hand, felt that they had paid off their debt with their soldiers. |
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| Lowered the duty of molasses which the colonies imported from the West Indies. However, it also created stricter enforcements against smuggling. Violators were tried in vice-admiralty courts, which issued verdicts w/o a jury. |
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| (1765) A broad-based tax which included all legal documents and licenses purposed with raising revenue. Affected mostly those who were literate, persuasive, and argumentative. This act provocatively taxed goods which were produced in the colonies. Repealed in 1766 due to mass colonial protest. |
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| (1764) Prevented the colonies to issue paper money. |
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| The British belief that Parliament represented all British subjects regardless of who elected them. |
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| Protest groups which formed throughout the colonies against British acts. |
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| An assertion of the British right to tax and legislate in all cases anywhere in the colonies. |
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| Drafted by Charles Townshend. Taxed British imports (against mercantilism principles), created more vice-admiralty courts, suspended the NY legislature b/c it refused to supply British troops, and instituted writs of assistance - licenses empowering the British to search any place suspect of smuggling. |
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| (March 5, 1770) British soldiers fired on a crowd, killing five, after a mob started pelting rock-filled snowballs at them. |
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| Massachusetts Circular Letter |
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| (1768) A letter written by Samuel Adams, sent by The Massachusetts Assembly asking other assemblies to protest the Townshend Acts. Colonists held many rallies a boycotts and, for the first time, asked for the support of the commoners. |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| groups established by colonists in response to the British implementing the part of the Townshend Acts which paid colonial administrators through custom revenues. These committees worked to inform one another and rally interest in the conflict. |
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| (Dec 16, 1773) After the British granted the East India Tea Company a monopoly on the tea trade and a portion of the new tea taxes, colonists refused to let ships unload their cargo and the governor of Boston refused to let the ships leave. Members of the Sons of LIberty then dumped a ship's cargo of 10,000 British pounds of tea. |
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| (1774) aka Intolerable Acts. Punitive acts passed by Parliament after the Tea Party. Measures included closing the Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for, tightened English control over MA gov and required civilians to house British soldiers. |
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| (1774) granted greater liberties to Catholics, whom the Protestant majority distrusted and extended the Quebec Territory and impeded westward expansion. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| (late 1774) All colonies except Georgia sent delegates to this meeting to discuss their grievances and formulate a colonial position on the proper relationship between the royal gov and the colonial govs. Delegates agreed on a list of laws to be repealed and a boycott on British goods until their voice was heard. They agreed to set up committees of observation to enforce the boycott - these committees would become de-facto governments of their towns. Most importantly, the committee determined what was within the prerogative of the royal government. |
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| Battle of Lexington and Concord |
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| (April 1775) English dispatched troops to confiscate weapons in Concord, MA. The troops confronted a small colonial militia in Lexington on the way. After defeating the militia, they proceeded to Concord and were defeated at the hands of a larger militia. Often called "he short eard 'round the world" b/c the colonists were able to defeat the greatest empire in the world. |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| (May 1775) The congress prepared for war by estab a Continental Army, printing money, and creating gov offices to supervise policy. The congress appointed Washington as the commander in chief b/c he was well liked and a Southerner who could draw loyalist support. |
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| (July 5, 1775) A petition sent to King George III as a last attempt to avoid armed conflict. |
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| (Jan, 1776) a pamphlet published by Thomas Paine. Paine argued for independence as well as a republican government. |
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Signing of the DOI made it a war for independence.
Surrender: Yorktown in October, 1781.
The Continental Army ran into trouble recruiting good soldiers so they recruited black soldiers.
Ben Franklin brought the French to war in 1778 after the Battle of Saratoga.
End of war: Treaty of Paris at the end of 1783. |
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Signing of the DOI made it a war for independence.
Surrender: Yorktown in October, 1781.
The Continental Army ran into trouble recruiting good soldiers so they recruited black soldiers.
Ben Franklin brought the French to war in 1778 after the Battle of Saratoga.
End of war: Treaty of Paris at the end of 1783. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| (1777, Continental Congress) No federal power to tax. Amendments require unanimous consent of the states. |
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| (August 1786 - Jan 1787) An army of 1500 western Massachusetts marched on Springfield to protest economic and political policies. Led by Daniel Shay, these farmers prevented the state supreme court from carrying out foreclosures and debt collection. Their uprising may reveal resentment of farmers toward the coastal elite as in Bacon's Rebellion and later the Whiskey Rebellion. |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| An ordinance passed under the Articles of Confederation which governed the sale of government land to settlers. It guaranteed trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment, abolished slavery in the NW territories, and set the rules for applying to statehood. Remained important after all the territories were settled. |
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| (1786) A meeting convened by Alexander Hamilton to address the lack of federal power under the AOC. Only five delegates showed up and so Congress agreed to a meeting in Philadelphia which would become the Constitutional Convention. |
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| Called for equal representation from each state. |
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| Called for a government under checks and balances and representation determined by population. |
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| aka the Connecticut Compromise. Mixed the NJ and VA plan to have bicameral legislation. |
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| a publication anonymously authored by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. The Constitution went into effect in 1789. |
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| When French representative Citizen Edmond Genet visited America to seek help in the French Revolution, Washington chose to remain neutral. His presence, however, sparked rallies sparked by revolution supporters. |
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| (1794) Instigated by Hamilton's financial prgram, farmers in W Pennsylvania resisted an excise tax on whiskey. Washington dispatched the militia to disperse the rebels. Washington pardoned those who were convicted. This demonstrated the strength and fairness of the new government. |
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| Hamilton's financial plan |
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| Create a National Bank. Fed gov assume the states' debts and repay those debts by giving debt holders land on the western frontier. Favored Northern banks. To appease the South, he proposed the nation's capital to be located there. |
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| Considered the low point of Washington's administration. John Jay went to England to negotiate evacuating the British from the NW Territory and discuss British violations of free trade. Jay's Treaty prevented war with GB but many believed that Jay made too many concessions, including paying some war debts. |
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| (1796, ratified) GW sent Thomas Pinckney to Spain. There, he extracted a promise from Spain to try to prevent attacks on the West from Natives, and use of the Mississippi R. |
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| established by GW (1797) when he refused to submit all documents pertinent to Pinckney's Treaty to Congress. Executive privilege is the right of the president to withhold information to protect national security. |
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| (1797-8) John Adams sent three diplomats to Paris after France began seizing American ships on the open seas. The French demanded bribe money before beginning negotiations and Adams published the diplomats' written reports upon their return. This turned formerly pro-French Americans to anti-French. |
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| (1798) Four laws passed under Adam in anticipation of war with France. Allowed the gov to forcibly expel foreigners and jail editors for "scandalous and malicious writing." This was a political stunt by the Federalists to destroy the Democratic-Republicans. |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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| (1788-9) Measures drafted by TJ and James Madison and passed by the VA legislatures which declared the right of the state to decide on the constitutionality of federal legislation. |
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| John Adams filled as many government offices with Federalists as he could before Jefferson took office. Jefferson refused to recognize the appointees and filled the government with a majority of Democratic-Republicans by the end of his term. |
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| (1803) William Marbuy (a midnight appointee) sued SOS James Madison for refusing to certify his appointment. Federalist John Marshall ruled that Marbury had the right to his office but the Supreme Court could not enforce this. Marshall declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 (which gives the SC the power to enforce such a thing) unconstitutional and thus established judicial review. |
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| Britain vs France (1805). Both sides blockaded the other's trade routes, which hurt the US econ. The British began impressing American ships and after a British ship attacked an American ship in American waters, TJ won the passage of the Embargo Act of 1807. |
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| Reopened trade with France and England. But if either France or Britain removed its restrictions on American commerce by 3 March 1811 and the other failed to do so within three months, the president would revive the restrictions of nonintercourse against that other nation. |
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Madison asked Congress to declare war in 1812, partly due to pressure from Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun who saw war as an opportunity to get more land in the W and SW.
The British took DC in 1814. When Napoleon surrendered, GB negotiated peace in Dec 1814. Jackson led the Americans to victory at the Battle of New Orleans, even though the war ended. |
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| Federalists opposed to the War of 1812 met in Hartford, Connecticut to overhaul the Constitution or secede. When the war ended (which they did not expect to happen soon), most considered the Federalists to be traitors. |
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| (1815-25) The US has one party after the demise of the Federalists. John Marshall continues to strengthen the federal government during this period. |
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| (1819) Marshall ruled that states could not tax the National Bank, establishing the precedence of national law over state law. |
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| (1823) A policy of mutual noninterference between America and Europe ushered in by President Monroe. The Doctrine also declared America's right to interfere anywhere in its own hemisphere. |
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| Devised by Henry Clay, the compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state, made Maine a free state, and established the southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point at which slavery would be allowed. |
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| (1830) Infamous act under Jackson. |
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