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| The sale of land in the West provided a federal revenue; organized distribution of land into townships, setting aside a section in each to support public education |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| Described how the land north of the Ohio River could be sectioned into states, five states created; states would be admitted to the Union when free inhabitants reached 60,000; slavery and involuntary servitude not allowed in these states; set a precedent oh how states could join the Union |
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| Negotiated Treaty of Paris and Jay's Treat; first Chief Justice of Supreme Court |
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| Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787) |
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| Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection; Americans feels pressured to strengthen the federal government to avoid future violence |
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| The Constitution of the United States |
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Definition
| Created a stronger federal government; had Bill of Rights that protect individual rights and freedoms |
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| Restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it be the Constitution and gives all other powers to the states, or the people |
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| Written by James Madison; called for a bicameral legislature based on population and both the chief executive and judiciary to be chose by legislature |
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| Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia plan; called for a bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population ant the Senate would have equal representation in Congress; included Three-Fifths Compromise, which counts slaves as three-fifths of a person |
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| Advocated centralized power and constitutional ratification; supporters included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay; believed that the government was given all the powers that were not expressly denied it by the Constitution; lost interpretation of Constitution |
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| Anti-Federalist Party (1780-1790) |
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| Those against the adoption of the constitution because of suspicion against centralized government ruling at a distance and limiting freedom; supporters included George Mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton; many went to Jefferson Republican Party after Constitution was adopted |
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| George Washington (1789-1797) |
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| 1st President; leadership led to standard of a strong presidency with control of foreign policy and the power to veto Congress's legislation; declared Proclamation of Neutrality; keeping U.S. neutral un European affairs |
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| Provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates; established office of Attorney General; created federal district courts and circuit courts |
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| 1st Secretary of Treasury; proposed federal assumption of state debts, the establishment of a national bank, and federal stimulation of industry through excise tax and tariffs; opponents thought his program only aided a small, elite group at the expense of the average citizen |
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| Political party that absorbed members of the Anti-Federalist Party; Thomas Jefferson and James Madison among proponents; favored states' rights and power in the hands of the commoners; supported by Southern agriculture and frontiersmen; believed that the government was denied all the powers that were not expressly denied to it by the Constitution; strict interpretation of the Constitution |
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| Invented the cotton gin, which revolutionized the cotton industry and increased the need for slaves; established first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable, standardized parts |
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| Attempt at settling the conflict between the US and Britain over commerce, navigation, and violations of the Treaty of Paris (1783); eventual British evacuation of ports in the Northwest; establishment of commissions to settle US/Canada border disputes and US/Britain losses during Revolutionary War |
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| Western whiskey farmers refused to pay Hamilton's taxes and terrorized tax collectors; Washington sent federalized militia; established federal government's right to enforce laws |
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| Between Spain and US; allowed for free navigation of the Mississippi River, and the use of the port at New Orleans; gave US the land north of Florida, in present day Mississippi and Alabama |
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| 2nd President; 1st Vice President; led to country through the XYZ affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions; kept nation from war |
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| Wanted to end French harassment of US shipping; French demanded a bribe to open negotiations with French Minister Talleyrand; US refused bribe and suspended trade with France; led to creation of American Navy |
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| Alien and Sedition Acts (1798-1799) |
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Definition
| Enacted to reduce foreign influences and increase the Federalist party gained a reputation as being a less democratic party |
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Term
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions |
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| Response by the Democratic Republicans to the Alien and Sedition Acts; suggested that states should have the power to nullify federal law in their territory stated that the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it |
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| Between France and other European powers, led by Britain; both sides tried to prevent the US from trading with the enemy; ships were seized by both sides and soldiers were forced into the British navy; US anger towards violation of "freedom of seas" would escalate and lead to the War of 1812 |
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| Created new judgeships to be filled by the president; John Adams filled the positions with party supporters before the left office; became known as the "Midnight Judges" scandal |
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| Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) |
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Definition
| 3rd President; 1st Secretary of State; helped increase the strength of the Democratic Republican party; responsible for the Embargo of 1807; presided over the Louisiana Purchase; supported states' rights |
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| Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; Federalist appointed and asserted the power of judicial review over federal legislation; his decisions advanced capitalism |
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| Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
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Definition
| Paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statuses unconstitutional |
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Term
| Louisiana Purchase (1803) |
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Definition
| Purchase land for 15$ million from France, doubling the size of the US; Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of the purchase, but employed the empower of treaty making; removed France from western border of US; opened land to agrarian expansion |
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| Lewis and Clark Expedition (1803-1806) |
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Definition
| Through the Louisiana Purchase and the West; Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped them on their journey; opened up new territories to America |
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| Aaron Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and establish a new nation in the West; arrested and acquitted by John Marshall; helped narrow legal definition of treason |
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| American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving for any foreign port; Jefferson hoped to avid contact with vessels on wither side of Napoleonic Wars; started an economic depression in US |
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| James Madison (1809-1817) |
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Definition
| 4th President; Considered the "Father of the Constitution"; wrote the Virginia Plan; Republican president in a Federalist-controlled Congress; faced pressure to get involved in the Napoleonic Wars; led the US into the War of 1812 and through its conclusion in 1814 |
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| New Englanders were upset, proposed amendments to the Constitution, threatened to secede the Union, extreme opposition to the War of 1812 |
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Term
| Non-Intercourse Act (1809) |
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Definition
| Opened all trade to all nations except France and Britain; re-engaged the US in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with either France and Britain; repealed in 1810 |
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| Declares binding contracts between states and individuals |
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| Most states had already removed the property qualifications for voting; blacks still excluded from polls across the South and most of the North; political parties established national nomination conventions |
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| Native American chief who was encouraged by British forces to fight against united Native American Confederacy at Tippecanoe |
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| 1. British impressments of American sailors 2. American frontiersman wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native Americans and the British 3. US suspected the British were encouraging Native American rebellion 4. "War Hawks" pressed for intervention and wanted to annex Canada and Florida 5. Hostilities weren't able to be cooled despite Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts 7. US sided with France against Britain |
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| 1. Early victories at sea by US, then overcome by British 2. US Admiral Perry took Lake Erie with the navy 3. William Henry Harrison invaded Canada and defeated British and Native American forces 4. Andrew Jackson led US charge through the Southwest 5. Battle of New Orleans: Jackson defeated British, fought after signing of treaty |
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| British armada sailed up Chesapeake and burned the White House; response to US burning of Toronto; armada then attacked Fort HcHenry in Baltimore; inspired Francis Scott Key's "Star Spangled Banner" |
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| Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) |
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Definition
| 1. Increase American nationalism 2. High foreign demand for cotton, grain and tobacco 3. Turn from agrarian origins towards industrialization 4. Depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods 5. Business slump |
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| Between Britain and US to stop maintaining aremed fleets on the Great Lakes; served as the first "disarmament" agreeent |
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| 5th President; led during the "Era of Good Feelings" when the Deomcratic-Republicans dominated, and the Federalist Party declined; national identity grew with westward movement |
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| McCulloch v Maryland (1819) |
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Definition
| The US would not allow foreign powers to lead new colonies in the western hemisphere or allow existing colonies to be influenced by the outside powers; feared international influence; beginnings of North/South tensions over slavery |
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| Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819) |
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Definition
| Provided for boundary between the Us and Canada at the 49th parallel; allowed joint occupancy of Oregon territory by Americans and Canadians |
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Definition
| Determined that no state can control an agency of the federal government |
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| Cotton in the Early 1800s |
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Definition
| Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts; severly limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business |
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| Transportation Revolution (First half of the 1800s) |
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Definition
| Helped define the US/Mexico border; Spain sold remaining Florida territory to US and drew boundary of Mexico to the Pacific; US ceded claims to Texas and Spain kept California and New Mexico region; US assumed 5$ million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants |
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Term
| Antebellum Reform (1820-1860) |
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Definition
| New states, such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas produced cotton; led to boom in the cotton market, "King cotton"; need for cotton encouraged westawrd expansion in farming |
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Definition
| New construction of roads, addition of canals, annd the expansion of the railroads; cheaponed the market for trade and encouraged population movement west of the Appalachian Mountains |
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Term
| Missouri Compromise (1820) |
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Definition
| Explosion in the number of colleges; expansion of state-supported elementary schools; establishment of asylums for humane treatment of the insane; prison reforms |
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| Series of laws that limited slave rights; slave owners given the authority to impose harsh punishments and to control their slaves in a ny fashion they sought; prohibited slaves from ownging weapons, beecoming educated, metting with other Aas without permission, and testifying against whites in court |
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Term
| "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824 |
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Definition
| Henry Clay proposed solution to the issue of the acceptance of the proposed new state, Missouri; Tallmadge ammendment added meant to prohibit the growth of slavery into Missouri and to free slaves already in Missouri when they reached a certain age; Senate blocked Missouri Compromise due to Tallmadge ammendment; Missouri becamse slave and Maine became free; slavery prhibited the Louisiana Territory north of the 36-30 parallel |
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| John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) |
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Definition
| Determined that only Congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation |
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