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| A merchant trader in 1300 who dazzled readers about the riches of asia helped start intense European interest and competition to control trade with Asia. |
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| A Portuguese explorer who found a pathway around Africa, and prompted the Spanish to seek a different "westward" approach to Asia. |
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| By the 1430s this Portuguese explorer' work established Portugal as a naval power in control of the African coast, thus preventing other European powers from lucrative eastern-sea route trade with Asia. |
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| In 1498 a Portuguese explorer who rounded Africa to find India, cemented Portuguese control of the area and forced the Spanish to explore a westward route to Asia. |
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| Exploring for the Spanish crown in 1492, his reports of gold and slaves prompted European investment in conquering the America's, which resulted in the enslavement and near extinction of Native Americans. |
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In 1494 the Catholic Pope divided the world into Eastern Portuguese and Western Spanish hemispheres, ensuring the Americas were initially a mostly
Spanish sphere of exploration and settlement though the eventual flood of immigrants proved the treaty unworkable. |
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| First to cross the isthmus of Panama and see the Pacific Ocean in 1513, he understood the world was much larger than many realized by recognizing the land was not Asia, but an entirely new continents. |
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| first to circle the world from 1519-1522, his crude voyage gave Europeans the first accurate map of the globe. |
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| Searching for the city of gold for the Spanish 1540, he gained a realistic view of Southwest America but discovered nothing of significance, which curtailed future Spanish exploration and settlement in North America. |
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| Found the highly advanced Aztec society and defeated them in 1519, which resulted in the conquest of Central America for Spain, the Columbian exchange, and racial hierarchy. |
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| Took over the Incan Empire in 1632, expanding the Spanish Empire's land and wealth at the expense of Native Americans. |
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| The most advanced civilization in the America's, their defeat by Europeans left the America's relatively uncoordinated and undefended to halt European exploration and conquest. |
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| Powerful South American Empire that was destroyed by Pizarro and resulted in Spanish control of South America. |
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| A split in Christian unity under the Pope led by Martin Luther in 1517, which ultimately challenged Spain's religious-backed American Empire as national rivalries intensified. |
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| Landowners maximized their profit by evicting poor tenants from public land in favor of sheep grazing (for wool and clothing), which led to masses of poor unemployed people and the political desire to relocate them by expanding colonial holdings. |
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| A nationalistic program which assumed that the total of t he world's wealth (gold and silver during this time) remained essentially fixed, with only a nation's share in that wealth subject to change which resulted in Europe's drive for colonies (like America) and a desire to transfer wealth to the "home" (Britain) country through a series of laws (like the Navigation Acts). |
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| One of three types of colonies (royal and proprietary are the others), they were largely private enterprises who were granted authority to rule a certain area in America and generally had more control over their area than did the other types of colonies. |
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| Created the ideological split between Protestant and Catholics, which resulted in the Protestant Reformation (eventually created religious justification for English movement to the Americas, despite Treaty of Tordesailles). |
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| Calvin's theory that God predestined some to salvation from the beginning of time -- this was believed by the Puritans, who sought to demonstrate their salvation by their actions in the physical world by eventually moving to the Americas. |
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| Theologian who stated the idea of predestination, which created a group of followers who sought to demonstrate their salvation by their actions in the physical world. |
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| Born to King Henry VIII who severed connections with the Pope, she furthered the divide between England and Catholicism which resulted in Britain challenging the Spanish Empire by colonizing the Americas. |
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| Only faith will allow a person to gain entrance to heaven (not doing good things). |
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| The belief that if you do enough good things you can earn your way into heaven. |
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| Unable to get a divorce from a wife who could not bear children (and therefore provide no royal heir to the throne), he rejected the authority of Catholicism and created the Church of England (Anglican Church) which ultimately allowed England to compete with Spain for control of the Americas (Treaty of Tordesailles was negotiated by the Pope). |
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| Taking form from both Catholicism and the Protestant Reformation, this organization was used to steer the English people away from the Pope and religious radicals desired a "purer" church causing some to leave for the Americas. |
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| People who thought the Anglican Church retained too many Catholic traditions (sought to purify the church by their actions), many fled to the New World in the early 1600s and established religious communities with a heavy emphasis on family values and strict morality. |
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| A more extreme group of Puritans who either wanted to separate from the Church of England or destroy it, they started their congregations in Plymouth because they felt the Church of England could not be saved. |
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| An adventurous British seaman who raided the Spanish colonies and treasure ships which constituted a British challenge to the Spanish Empire and lead tot he Spanish Armada attacking in response. |
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| The large Spanish fleet set out to destroy Britain but was itself destroyed; this elevated England into the great naval power and allowed new countries to colonize the Americas (including England). |
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| A British man who first tried to colonize the Americas, he obtained a charter guaranteeing English colonists all the rights of their born in England setting an important precedent, but his death discouraged other English explorers from following in his footsteps. |
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| The Dutch transported whole families to the New York area on condition they take still more immigrants, which resulted in a recreation of the feudal system in some areas of North America. |
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| French colonization of the americas was epitomized by this man founder of (Quebec in 1608- 1 year after Jamestown), which created a strong European rival in the North for the arriving English colonists. |
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| Founded the English colony of Roanoke, which was quickly abandoned and many English took as a warning against investing money or their life to colonize the Americas. |
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| Stock-holders (not the government) invested into a common pool of money used to colonize lands and shared in the financial risks/profits of the colony, which led to profitable English colonization in the 16th and 17th century. |
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| Spanish explorer who sought the fountain of youth in Florida, he discovered nothing of significance and therefore the Spanish did not continue exploring. |
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| Organized by the Virginia company in London in 1607, Virginia, this became the first permanent settlement in the Americas sustained by the cash-crops of tobacco and the work of indentured servants/slaves. |
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| With his strong brand of leadership he imposed a dictatorship over Jamestown in 1608, he kept Jamestown from collapsing like Roanoke and ensured Jamestown would survive organized work gangs to gather food and build shelters, thereby dramatically lowering the mortality rates among Jamestown colonists. |
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| In 1608 during this period of time Jamestown residents were limited to eating whatever was available and colony was nearly abandoned except for the arrival of additional supplies. |
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| Discovered that a strain of tobacco native to the Americas could be grown in Jamestown, which have Virginia a major cash crop that could make it profitable which made Virginia an economically successful colonies. |
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Definition
| Crops that could be grown for significant amounts of profit which ensured that Britain would continue to colonize the Americas. |
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Definition
| A representative assembly was founded in 1619 in Virginia, which essentially relaxed the colony's military regime and established "Americans" as having the rights of Englishman including a representative assembly. |
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| This system gave about 50 acres of land to individuals immigrating to Virginia who brought indentured servants, which significantly expanded the Colonial immigrant population as during that time social status was primarily determined by land ownership. |
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Definition
| This system made immigration available to Britain's poor by letting them work-off their transportation debt after they traveled to America (usually 7 years), but their poor treatment led to resentment and rebellion would ultimately lead to need for slavery in America. |
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| First proprietary colony charter granted to this person, who sought to establish a safe area for Roman Catholics in Maryland in 1634 but resulted in a mixture of Catholics and Protestants, necessitating the need for the Act Concerning Religion. |
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| The Act passed in 1649 assured freedom for all Christian worship that included teachings of the Trinity, which began to establish the basis of religious toleration in America. |
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Definition
| Owned by an individual with the power to make laws with the consent of the people. |
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| Colony directly formed and controlled by the King, so the government had total control over those who lived there. |
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| This event was an armed rebellion over Gov. Berkley's inaction concerning Indian raids on the western frontier in 1676, which resulted in new western lands opening and wealthy planters shifted labor demands from poor white indentured servants who would become free (and potentially troublesome) to permanently enslaved African people. |
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| Pilgrim leaders entered into a formal agreement to abide by the laws made by leaders of their choosing in 1620, which provided colonists with the expectation of self-government in the Americas. |
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| Leader of the pilgrims who settled the Plymouth colony and governed the colony in 1620, which helped grow New England as a colony through many hardships such as Indian attacks, crop failures, and droughts. A Puritan. |
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Definition
| This group felt they needed to abandon the Church of England, and boarded the Mayflower with Bradford in 1620 and ultimately settled Plymouth Plantation. |
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| Puritans sent 17 ships and over 1000 followers to Massachusetts Bay in 1630s to establish Boston, which established large family groups (which allowed the population to increase naturally instead of depending upon immigration) and self-government in the New World. |
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| Leader of the Puritan migration in Boston who planned the colony as a Christian model to the world (City on a Hill), which resulted in a relatively stable and prosperous city very quickly that was controlled by the people and never underwent a starving period like other colonies before it--a model for other colonization efforts. |
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| A prominent minister who supported the Congregational Church system, which demonstrates clergy support for a decentralized religious structure in America. |
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Definition
| A local church structure established in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1620s that had permission to administer its own affairs, which contributed to the decentralized religious structure in America. |
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Definition
| Government and religious organizations (in this case, the Church) support for each other, which established a high degree of social control and stability in the early colony helping it to grow quickly. |
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Definition
| Destined to be an example for other Christian nations, the Massachusetts Bay colony was established quickly and efficiently and became a model in social and cultural development in the Americas. |
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| Openly taught religious doctrine contrary to the Puritan doctrine and ultimately forced out of the colony and established Rhode Island, she demonstrates how religious differences and conflict led to New England's colonial expansion. |
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Definition
| Banished for the belief of a complete separation between church and state he led a group to help found Rhode Island, which offered complete religious freedom and demonstrated religious and conflict led to New England's colonial expansion. |
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Term
| Separation of Church and State |
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Definition
| Williams believed a division between religion and government would protect the church from corruption, which established a principle that the highly religious American society would come to adopt to protect society and church institutions. |
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Definition
| A minister of Cambridge who defied the Massachusetts government eventually left and led followers to establish Hartford Connecticut, demonstration and religious differences/conflicts led to New England's colonial expansion. |
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Term
| Fundamental Orders (of Connecticut) |
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Definition
| The first written constitution in American history (1638) provided for representative government, which demonstrated the expectation of self-government by the people. |
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Definition
| Established the Maine colony. |
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Definition
| Established the New Hampshire colony. |
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| In 1676 the expansion of the New England colonies drove Metacomet and Indian allies into losing a war of attempting to exterminate whites from America, which demonstrated the superiority of European military technology and the inability of Native Americans to stop the colonization process of their land. |
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Definition
| Diverse populations under the Dutch control had colonized the area until the British won a military victory, which established a unified east coast seaboard of British colonies by 1674. |
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Definition
| An unpopular Dutch governor of New York (New Amsterdam) whom the people did not fight for, which resulted in unified British colonies along America's eastern seaboard (allowing uncomplicated commerce transactions). |
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Definition
| Their pacifism, unwillingness to deference to "social superiors", and their aggressive denouncing of established institutions brought them into social conflict often and sought to establish a religious colony in the New World in Pennsylvania. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small Swedish and Finnish trading company whose territory included parts of the present-day states of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. |
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Definition
| Devout Quaker who gained the land as the British King's repayment of debt established the "Holy Experiment" of religious freedom for Pennsylvania through careful planning and resulted in a very peaceful, prosperous, and liberty endowed territory in the colonies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded the Georgian colony both as a refuge for British debtors and to act as a military border to Spanish Florida |
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Term
| Trade and Navigation Acts |
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Definition
| Designed upon mercantilist economic theory to prevent wealth from transferring between nations and designed to support the "mother" country (Britain), these acts stipulated goods like sugar/cotton/tobacco be provided only to England and all goods to the colonies must ship from British ports. |
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Definition
| Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies--later New York and New Jersey--by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686 to bring the colonies under stricter royal control but the dominion reverted to individual colonial governments thirty years later; this demonstrated the inability of England to impose long-term control over the colonies as domestic issues (the Glorious Revolution) shattered the control and concern of Britain about colonial America and led to policy of Salutary Neglect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crown appointed governor of the Dominion of New England seeking to reassert strict crown rule over the American colonies who ultimately lost power due to the Glorious Revolution in Britain, which reinforced the colonial idea of local self-government and salutary neglect from Britain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Catholic-Protestant battle continued in Britain resulting in a new King and a focus on (British) domestic issues while allowing the American colonies to continue in salutary neglect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dangerous trip from Africa to the Americas, marked by the brutal treatment of slaves, transported millions of Africans between continents (with about 5% residing in the United States). |
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Term
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Definition
| The massive increase in the slave population led to written laws regarding the treatment of slaves which created a racial hierarchy of European supremacy and African inferiority. |
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Term
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Definition
| Migration from other European countries increased to populate the American colonies ensuring a heterogeneous mixture of nationalities that ultimately loosened the social tied to England. |
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Term
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Definition
| French Protestants who attempted to flee religious persecution came to reside in America, diversifying the nationalities of the population and loosened the ties to England. |
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Term
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Definition
| The colonial population also grew with the increased large influx of immigration by the Scotch-Irish, diversifying the nationalities of the population, increasing Presbyterianism, and ultimately loosened the ties to England. |
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Term
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Definition
| The trade between Britain, America, and Africa of finished goods, natural resources, and slaves effectively brought America into a global economic market (3 continents tied together in 1 economic system). |
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Definition
| The ability to move up or down easily in social circles was common in America, preventing the social unrest between people that was occurring with common frequency in Europe. |
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Definition
| The common southern social unit that was marked by midsize groups of people working together in self-contained communities to farm land which led to low population densities and an agricultural economic basis. |
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Term
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Definition
| This system was common in New England forcing a sense of community, which led to higher population densities and the need to frequently expand their land holdings for the population growth and the ultimate breakdown of the Puritan order. |
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Term
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Definition
| An annual meeting was used for the important decisions for the community including electing officials, levying taxes, and passing laws, which led to expectation of self-government in colonial America. |
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Term
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Definition
| The passing of all land to the firstborn son did NOT take hold in New England, which resulted in the division of farmlands between sons and eventual mobility of family members to claim new farmlands (at the expense of Native Americans). |
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Definition
| In the 1680s several girls claimed to be tormented by the occult activities of neighbors upon which the town executed 18 people; this ultimately led to greater religious tolerance and demonstrates the importance of religion in colonial society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 1740s that was spread throughout the colonies which weakened the status of old-fashioned clergy, encouraged believers to exercise individual judgement, heightened the need for tolerance (many domination's created), created demand for New Light ministers, and brought the American religious aspect of revivalism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A New Light preacher in the 1740s, appealed to Christians to repent and live holy lives for fear of hell giving many colonist a shared religious experience, and is frequently associated with his sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." |
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Definition
| A minister credited as the catalyst of the Great Awakening, his celebrated missionary trip to the New World in the 1730s sparked enthusiasm for religion. |
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Definition
| Traditionalist in the Congregational Church who rejected the Great Awakening teachings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supported the Great Awakening and founded many universities (well known, like Harvard) primarily for the purpose of training ministers and underlined the self-rule the colonies developed in religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Purpose was originally to read the Bible and train ministers, and with the Northerners focus on religion led to Northerners generally being better educated than southerners. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaction to charges that new minsters lacked sophistication, many colleges like this one were established, which trained teachers about religion but more significantly taught them how to reason with their own judgment. |
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Definition
| Another college established which provided that people exercise their own judgment and achieve reason. |
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Definition
| Epitome of the American Enlightenment who focused on scientific advancement and demonstrated the principle of rationalism as well as the belief that humankind possessed adequate understanding to end mankind's problems. |
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Definition
| A trial of this man for printing negative facts about the government was found not guilty, which emboldened other editors afterwards to criticize government officials more freely and is the basis for freedom of the press. |
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Definition
| One of the three major powers in America who sided half-heartedly with the British in the French and Indian War, ultimately led to the destruction of the last militarily and politically powerful Native American tribe in the Ohio region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Benjamin Franklin's plan to form a military alliance between the colonies with a General/President lacking powers to impede on state constitutions failed, which demonstrated that while the colonial bonds were loosening to Britain the colonies still were not united with each other as well as provided the concept of uniting in the face of a common threat. |
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Definition
| British and French geopolitical struggle spilled into fighting in northern New England in 1689, which resulted in the American colonists recognition of a need for Britain's assistance to wage effective warfare against powerful European powers like France in order to gain security of the New World. |
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Term
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Definition
| British and French geopolitical struggle in 1701 led to intense fighting against Native American, Spanish, and French outposts in the New World with heavy reinforcements from Britain and resulted in dramatic land gains for the English (including large parts of Canada). |
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Term
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Definition
| Not mentioned by name in book left column middle page of 109 war between Britain and Spain in 1733 that occurred in British controlled Georgia and Spanish help Florida, resulted 5/6ths if the small American colonial army dying, and further increased the tensions between rival European powers for colonial holdings. |
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Term
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Definition
| British launched an attack against New France with the colonists help 1745 and took the strategically important city of Louisberg, which Britain callously gave back to France in the treaty ending the war over the objections of the colonial patriots who had fought hard for the area while leaving unresolved the underlying tension between the English and French Empires. |
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Term
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Definition
| From 1754-1763 this was the last of the colonial wars fought between England and France for control of North America resulted in a clear British victory for control of North America and large war debts even while their rule over the American colonists was increasingly questioned now that no hostile European powers remained. |
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Term
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Definition
| Military commander sent in 1754 to counter French expansion, was quickly defeated by the French at Fort Necessity and marked the beginning of the French and Indian War. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 1755 military seasoned British military officer sent to lead against the French/Native Americans was killed, demonstrating the ineffectiveness of British tactics early in the French & Indian War (temporarily elevated George Washington to lead British forces as well). |
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Term
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Definition
| A 1755 military French fort placed in a strategic location (today = Pittsburgh) that would check British expansion westward, Washington Build For Necessity nearby and was defeated by Fort Duquesne. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1759, the British military took the "fortress" of Quebec from France, and the victory of the "gateway to Canada" effectively ended French power in North America. |
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Term
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Definition
| British General who captured a French fortress at Louisburg in 1758 severely weakened the ability of the French to wage war effectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| British General who captured a French fortress at Louisburg in 1758 severely weakened the ability of the French to wage war effectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pitt took control of the war effort in 1757 and imposed strict British rule and strategy resulting in intense opposition from the American colonies (until these were later lifted), which resulted in British military success against the French in the French & Indian War. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who owns and runs a small farm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A worker in a skilled trade, esp. one that involves making things by hand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Articles or materials used in shipping. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based upon the Calvanist emphasis on the necessity of hard work to demonstrate that a person had seen saved, some Protestants worked tirelessly in order to demonstrate (to themselves and others) they had received salvation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Laws generally banning work on Sunday, the Christian Holy Day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Philadelphia, founded by William Pitt. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mentally unstable King of England from 1760-1820, whom the colonists were torn between loyalty and resistance, but after his rejection of the Olive Branch Petition he was largely considered a tyrant. |
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Term
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Definition
| This 1764 British law outraged colonists with its methods of enforcement and stipulations which lowered the duty on foreign-produced molasses as an attempt to discourage colonial smuggling and that americans could export many commodities--including lumber, iron, skins, and whalebone--to foreign countries only if the goods passed through the British ports first. |
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Term
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Definition
| A nationalistic program which assumed that the total of the world's wealth (hold and silver during this time) remained essentially fixed, with only a nation's share in that wealth subject to change which resulted in the Europe's drive for colonies and a desire to transfer wealth to the home country through a series of laws. |
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Term
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Definition
This 1765 Act required colonial citizens to provide room and board for British soldiers stationed in the colonies, which generated fear among colonists of a large standing army and potentially high costs
9the 3rd Amendment of the US Constitution specifically protects against this |
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Term
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Definition
This 1763 Act barred American settlement west if the Appalachians in order to reduce conflict between Native
Americans and settlers (prompted in the first place by Pontiac's rebellion), but while this act was seen as an easy fix for the British officials it outraged the American colonists who largely ignored the law. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of back-country western Pennsylvanians who demanded more money and protection from the colonial government (not Britain) and narrowly averted violence by giving in to the demands of the back-country farmers, illustrating the difficulty of many different colonies uniting against Britain in 1763. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small-scale civil war erupted between eastern and western cities of North Carolina over the issue of taxation, illustrating teh difficulty of many different colonies uniting against Britain in 1763. |
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Term
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Definition
| This event occurred in 1763 for approximately 18 months when Chief Pontiac launched devastating attacks on colonial settlements and forts and was finally ended when the British agreed to the Proclamation of 1763. |
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Term
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Definition
| Issued by England in 1765, the act required colonial Americans to buy special watermarked paper for newspapers and all legal documents and violators faced jury-less trials in vice-admiralty courts (as under the 1764 Sugar Act), which provoked so much anger it generated the first organized response and resistance to British Law. |
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Term
| Non-Importation Agreements |
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Definition
| The most successful colonial resistance to British control were agreements starting in 1766 where the colonists boycotted British goods subject to taxes/laws they disagreed with, which ultimately helped repeal unpopular British laws (Stamp Act and Townshend Act). |
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Term
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Definition
| In response to the Stamp Act Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radicals formed this secret organization in the 1760s where they harassed tax collectors and conducted events such as the Boston Tea Party, demonstrating the increasingly organized resistance and conflict towards British policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1765 representatives of nine colonial assemblies met in anger over the Stamp act and agreed that Parliament could not impose external taxes nor could they deny anyone a fair trial, both of which had been dictates of the Stamp Act; this reflected a new level of colonial political organization and opposition to Great Britain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed in 1776 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, this Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases, which colonists interpreted as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more while Parliament would repeatedly interpret the act in order to control the colonies, which signaled a growing divide between Britain and its American colony. |
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Term
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Definition
| A British Prime Minister in 1767 who replaced Grenville and passed a new program of taxing items imported into the colonies known as the Townshend Acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| An act in 1767 that created taxes on glass, lead, paper, and tea entering the colonies; while the acts were external taxes and colonists resented that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British Empire and ultimately led to boycotts by Boston merchants and was a key contributor towards the Boston Massacre. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tax used for the purpose of directly paying for government services (such as a poll tax to pay for the voting machines) and to regulate trade for the benefit of everyone (the Trade and Navigation Acts). |
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Term
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Definition
| A tax used for the purpose of gaining revenue (money) for the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against Boston customs agents and the Townshend Duties when five colonists were killed in the ensuing fight, which further enraged Americans. |
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Term
| Committees of Correspondence |
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Definition
| Originally organized by New England patriot leader Samuel Adams in 1772, this was a system of communication between patriot leaders that united the colonies by quickly disseminating the colonial interpretation of British actions in opposition to Parliament and ultimately was responsible for sending delegates to the First Continental Congress. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leader of Sons of Liberty, he suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence and fought for colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party. |
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Term
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Definition
| Held that the members of Parliament not only represented their local geographic constituencies but also took into consideration the well-being of all British subjects when deliberating on legislation, which was used to explain why Parliament could legally tax the colonists even though the colonists could not elect any members of Parliament. |
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Term
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Definition
| The colonists demand that they have members in Parliament who were elected by and represented their local geographic area in return for the right to taxation. |
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| Passed in 1773, this Act lowered the price of British tea to below that of smuggled tea (by cutting out local American merchants with the British East India Trading Company), which the British hoped would end the boycott while providing new revenue to the British government to pay the salaries to royal governors in the colonies, a plan that outraged many colonists and prompted the Boston Tea Party. |
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Definition
| In 1772 the British patrol ship Gaspee accidentally ran aground on an anti-smuggling operation and began to take sheep, hogs, and poultry from the locals who revolted by boarding the ship, removing the crew, and torching the vessel further eroding the colonies' fragile relationship with England. |
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Term
| Intolerable Act/Quebec Act (1774) |
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Definition
| In 1774 these (four) Acts revoked the charter of Massachusetts, closed the Port of Boston (in response to the Boston Tea Party) until citizens paid for the tea, increased the power of Massachusetts Royal Governor at the expense of the elected legislature, allowed Royal officials accused of crimes in Massachusetts to be tried elsewhere (Britain), and allowed a former French region to gain more autonomy and land at the English colonists expense which had the effect of galvanizing colonial resistance as most colonies feared Britain would soon take away their rights as well and led to the formation of the First Continental Congress. |
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Term
| First Continental Congress |
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Definition
| Convened on September 5, 1774, with all the colonies but Georgia sending delegates chosen by the Committees of Correspondence, the congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves (directly challenged the Coercive acts and advocated that colonists disobey them), voted for an organized boycott of British imports, and send a petition to King George III that conceded to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objected to Parliament's arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system. |
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Definition
| The first shots fired in the Revolutionary War in April 1775 near Boston as British General Gage sought to confiscate colonial weaponry, and resulted in approximately 100 militiamen and 250 British soldiers killed (the colonial militia retreated). |
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Definition
| In 1775 Parliament passed a law that stated Britain would seek to regulate trade only with taxes and the legislatures would collect any other taxes for themselves, provided they "voluntarily" contribute to British military defense budgets; this failed to resolve the underlying problems of the growing British/American split. |
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Definition
| A leader and patriot in the American Revolution, Hancock was a wealthy businessman who wholeheartedly supported the revolutionary cause; he served in the Continental Congress, signed the Declaration of Independence first, and later led Massachusetts to sign the Constitution. |
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Definition
| In October 1781 the British forces under command of General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington's colonial army, pinned between the French fleet on the Atlantic and Washington's army, which signaled victory for Americans and was the end of combat between the British and American forces. |
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Definition
| A member of the Second Continental congress who supported complete independence from Great Britain, he ultimately made a resolution in 1776 calling for the colonies independence from Great Britain (which was later put into writing in the Declaration of Independence), and later served a one-year term as President of the Continental Congress. |
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Definition
| Approximately 30,000 German troops were hired by the British to help end the rebellion of the American colonies, but the use of foreign troops to put down the rebellion was seen as insulting because it treated British subjects no differently than non-British subjects and persuaded many loyalists to be in favor of the revolution. |
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Definition
| convened in May 1775 after fighting broke out in Massachusetts between the British and colonists. Most delegates opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III, offering peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts (part of the Intolerable Acts) he repealed, and that negotiations between the colonists and Britain begin immediately. When King George III rejected the petition, the Congress created the Continental Army and elected George Washington its commander in chief. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 1775 document that proclaimed the British government had left the American people with only two alternatives,"unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers or resistance by force", which clearly adopted a more antagonistic and hostile tone and intention (passed a few days after the Olive Branch Petition). |
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Term
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Definition
| Most delegates sought reconciliation with Britain so this petition was sent to King George III offering peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive acts (part of the Intolerable Acts) be repealed, and that negotiations between the colonists and Britain begin immediately; King George III rejected the petition, so Congress created the Continental Army and elected George Washington its commander in chief. |
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Term
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Definition
| Britain rejected the Olive Branch Petition and passed this act in 1775, which closed the colonies to all overseas trade (enforced with a naval blockade of colonial ports) and made no concessions to American demands except an offer to pardon repentant rebels. |
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Definition
| Written by Thomas Paine in 1776, he argued the colonists should free themselves from British rule and establish an independent government based on Enlightenment ideals, which became so popular and influential that many historians credit it with dissolving the final barriers to the fight for independence. |
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Term
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Definition
| His ideas of government were formed to protect the natural rights to "life, liberty, and land" (considered in the time as the pursuit of happiness since farming was many people's job) and that any government not fulfilling those duties could be overthrown became the basis upon which the American Revolution was based. |
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Term
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Definition
| He played a leading role in the American Revolution, persuading many to support independence, nominated Washington as head General of the continental army, helped write the Declaration of Independence with Jefferson, helped negotiate the end of Revolutionary War with Britain, as well as obtaining loans from Europe that helped finance the war (he also write the Massachusetts constitution as well). |
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Definition
| A well-respected man, he served as an ambassador to France during the Revolutionary War playing a key role in getting France to recognize the United States' independence, as the oldest delegate to the Constitutional Convention the other delegates leaned upon his wisdom, and his advice proved crucial in the drafting of the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The name given to the colonists who fought for independence from the British. |
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Term
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Definition
| Colonists who disagreed with the Revolution for independence and did not support the independence movement. |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, this document established the first limited central government of the United States, reserving most powers for the individual states which in the long run didn't grant enough federal power to manage the country's budget or maintain internal stability, and were eventually replaced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution, Washington led the Continental Army to victory against the superior British military with French military/financial aid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A French General who served in the Colonial Army in 1777 that succeeded in building and leading the Continental Army, and late returning to France to secure more French troops and money (both critically needed) for the American Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Actually fought on Breed's Hill, the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775 was the first major fight of the Revolutionary War with the colonial army valiantly fighting against trained professional British soldiers, and though the British eventually won the battle they lost over 1,000 soldiers compared to the Colonists 400. |
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Term
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Definition
| A British General who took command of British forces in 1775, and won military victories at Bunker Hill, New York, and Philadelphia, who later resigned in 1778. |
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Term
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Definition
| After a series of defeats had left the Revolutionary cause in question, Washington led his troops across the Delaware River in 1776 and attacked a Hessian Force capturing most of them which inspired soldiers to serve longer, attracted new recruits to the military, and reinvigorated support for the War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Followed quickly after the Battle of Trenton, this battle was an attack on British forces that was going poorly until Washington rode to the frontlines and personally led the attack to success against regular British forces, further inspiring devotion and inspiration to the Revolution. |
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Definition
| A British military general who sought to capture Albany (capital of New York) was soon surrounded by the Colonial Army and forced to surrender at the Battle of Saratoga, after which he was never placed in command again in the British military (and became a playwright). |
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Term
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Definition
| A general during the American Revolutionary War who had some early successes, but later in 1779 committed treason by trying to surrender West Point to the British and even today many educated people use his name to mean treason. |
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Term
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Definition
| This battle occurred in September 1777 and was decisive victory for the British forces, who routed the Colonial Army and took Philadelphia (then the capitol of america) though its near catastrophic loss for the Colonial Army was averted and Washington escaped with most of the Colonial Army to fight later. |
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Term
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Definition
| In October 1777 General Arnold rallied the Continental Army to take the strategic British positions and secured the surrender of British General Burgoyne's army, thus giving the French enough proof of military success to have them form a military alliance with the United States as an ally against Great Britain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A high ranking Continental soldier who fought and significantly the British in the Northwest with decisive victories at Kaskaskia and Vincennes, he was hailed as the "Conqueror of the Old Northwest" when the British ceded the area in the Treaty of Paris. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decisive Patriot victory in October 1780 over the numerically superior British forces in the Southern campaign of the American Revolution, which had the effect of boosting Patriot morale and made the British evacuate to safer areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The British army officer in charge of the Revolutionary War campaigns such as the New York Campaign, Trenton, Princeton, Philadelphia, Southern theater of war, Virginia, where he led troops to a large number of victories and finally Saratoga where he surrendered to the combined American/French force at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781 that ended the significant hostilities between the British and the United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ablest of all generals next to Washington himself for the Continental Army, he was placed in command of the Southern Campaign in August 1780 where his guerrilla warfare tactics confused and frustrated the British until finally the British retreated in 1781 to the North. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the American Diplomats in France who helped negotiate the Treat of Paris, he later went on to author some of the Federalist Papers and was instrumental in drafting of the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signed in September 1783 and ratified by Congress in January, 1784, this treaty ended the Revolutionary War which granted the United States its independence, gave the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River, promised to compensate loyalists for property damage incurred during the war, and to allow British creditors to collect debts accrued before the war. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the great successes produced under the Articles of Confederation, this act defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory and forbade slavery in the territory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sought ways to increase the power of the national government while creating a sturdy financial base to pay off war debts in 1786, he would later rise to prominence and influence the economic system of the United States for over a century. |
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Term
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Definition
| In August 1786 western Massachusett's farmers were angered over new taxes and violently attempted to shut down the county courthouses to prevent foreclosure proceedings on their farms, but more importantly exposed the weaknesses of the National Government under the Articles of Confederation and led many to call for a new Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "Father of the Constitution", he helped secure the Constitutional Convention in 1786 with Hamilton, helped write the Constitution, and was one of the lead authors of the Federalist Papers and believed in a strong, central government and eventually became the fourth President of the United States. |
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Term
| Constitutional Convention |
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Definition
| A meeting intended to amend the Articles of Confederation, delegates came to the convention from every state except Rhode Island in May of 1787 and decided to draft an entirely new framework of government that would give greater powers to the central government which ultimately became known as the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first major proposal presented to the Constitutional Convention concerning congressional representation, this plan proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population, which obviously favored large states who would have a much greater voice than the small states. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presented at the Constitutional Convention, this plan proposed a unicameral Congress with equal representation for each state that tended to favor small states who had small populations. |
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Term
| Connecticut Compromise/Great Compromise |
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Definition
| Reconciled the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for determining legislative representation in Congress, this plan established equal representation for all states in the Senate and proportional representation by population in the House of Representative. |
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Term
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Definition
| This was a compromise between the Northern and Southern states that would count 60% of slaves as people to be represented concerning representation in the House of Representatives, ensuring the Constitution to be ratified at the expense of slaves who were denied political rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Madison, ultimate power did not reside with either state of federal government, but rather from the people with state and federal governments were distributed on the basis of what each would need to work effectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinterpreted the Constitution of the United States to show it was an economic document designed to protect the interests of the wealthy through the promotion of industry trade, protecting private property, and to pay back public war debts and not designed to protect political rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| During the ratification in 1788, these people opposed the Constitution on the grounds that it gave the federal government too much political, economic, and military control and instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most powers to the states. |
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Term
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Definition
| Madison proposed to have power concentrated in three separate parts of the government, the legislative, judicial, and executive, all "checking each other" and would therefore prevent any single, oppressive authority from taking complete control of the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first ten amendments of the Constitution, which guarantee the civil rights of all American citizens, promoted by anti-federalists and were designed to protect individuals from the tyranny they felt the Constitution might permit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between 1787 and 1788, this was the process of approving the Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation and proceeded relatively quickly over the opposition of the anti-federalists and was ratified by all states by 1790. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tariff designed to make imports more expensive and therefore make the manufactured goods made in America less expensive than the competition, which channels more money toward the American businesses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tariff designed to make more revenue (money) for the Federal Government by charging a tax on imports, this method was used for most of the federal income for most of the nineteenth century. |
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Term
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Definition
| Led by Alexander Hamilton, Federalists believed in a strong central government at the expense of state powers and were staunch supporters of the Constitution during the ratification process and were popular for approximately thirty years afterward but went into decline after the presidency of Thomas Jefferson and disappeared altogether after the Hartford Convention. |
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Term
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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Definition
| Written in 1798 by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, these resolves condemned the Federalists' broad interpretation of the Constitution and instead put forth a compact theory of the Union, which stated that states' rights superseded federal powers, originally to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts though would be drawn upon later by advocated of slavery. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1774 this created as an act of Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party and outlawed the use of the Port of Boston (by imposing a naval blockade) for trade until the Boston colonies repaid the east India Company and the King's treasury (for taxes lost on the unsold tea), which outraged most colonists who depended on trade from Boston for basic supplies (this was part of the Intolerable/Coercive Acts). |
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Term
| Administration of Justice Act |
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Definition
| Popularly called the Murdering Act when it was created in 1774, this act granted public officials the choice to leave the United States and be tried in Britain (or another colony) when charged with a crime when they suppressed a riot against the King of themselves, which further enraged colonists (this was part of the Intolerable/Coercive Acts). |
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Term
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Definition
| This fort was captured in 1775 by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, capturing cannons and other weapons used to break the British siege of Boston by Washington, emboldening the Continental army and lifting morale during a critical time. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the 1770s Britain sought to make royal governors and judges more dependent upon Parliament than upon the colonists in order to ensure loyalty by putting them on the British (not local) payroll under a provision in the Townshend Act. |
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Term
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Definition
| Legalized by Parliament during the French and Indian War, these were general search warrants that allowed British customs officers to search any colonial building or ship that they believed might contain smuggled goods, even without probably cause for suspicion which outraged the colonists who considered the writs to be a grave infringement upon their personal liberties. |
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Term
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Definition
| John Locke's belief that everyone was born into the world with inalienable privileges, generally considered life, liberty, and land during this time was widely accepted in America. |
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Term
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Definition
| This court system angered the colonies for many of the following reasons: cases were often held far away in Canada or even in Britain with people unfamiliar with the local situations, judges were paid in part by the "successful" cases that judges ruled against colonists, no trials by jury, and weak evidence standards allowed Britain to assert an active role in the colonial affairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use power is justified only when it is roots from the people or society that the power is exercised. |
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Term
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Definition
| This French officer landed French army reinforcements and defeated the British fleet in the Battle of Chesapeake in 1781, allowing him to blockade the coast Cornwallis was trying to flee in Yorktown, ensuring independence for America. |
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Term
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Definition
| A success under the Articles of Confederation, this allowed Congress to sell land in the Northwest United States in any orderly manner in square mile of land while also providing needed revenue to the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established in the Land Ordinance of 1785, this system was a six-mile square (36 miles)divided into 36 sections, each one-mile square or 640 acres that would compromise a town. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delegates from five states met in September 1786 to discuss interstate commerce (business), but their discussions of weaknesses in the government led them to suggest to Congress a new convention to amend the Articles of Confederation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The English government's policy of not enforcing certain trade laws it imposed upon the American colonies throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, with the purpose being to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dual levels of the state and federal governments where each government has complete authority in their unique roles, allowing that some powers (like taxation) that each can use, with the federal laws reigning supreme when state and federal laws conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the federal government holds ultimate authority and delegates only some powers to sub-national (state) governments when it is convenient. |
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Term
| Enumerated (Delegated) Powers |
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Definition
| The federal government may exercise only those powers that are granted to it by the constitution and are limited by the Bill of Rights and other protections found in the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any power not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to the states are reserved for the states. |
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Term
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Definition
| Powers that both the state and federal government may exercise simultaneously on the same territory and the same citizens (taxation, making roads, etc). |
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Term
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Definition
| Like hitting a pillow, lacking a specific target to bring the force of the elite British military, England floundered to find legitimate and effective targets against the colonists and were unable to end the uprising. |
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Term
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Definition
| When one side wins a battle, completes a desired objective, and the losses of the defeated outweigh those of the victor. |
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Term
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Definition
| One side might lose the battle, but gains some other positive emotional effect (Bunker Hill). |
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Term
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Definition
| War where one nation is mainly trying to defend itself from another as opposed to a war where both sides are trying to conquer each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A target of military/political/social significance that can be destroyed; the lack of one on the Continental side made it difficult for the British to end the rebellion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of pamphlets written by Thomas Paine that clarified the issues at stake in the war and rejected a negotiated peace without independence in words that everyone could understand which greatly helped the morale of the American colonists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Battle in 1781 that was a decisive Continental victory in the Southern campaign of the Revolutionary War that forced the British north towards the Battle of Saratoga. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principles established by the Constitution to prevent any one branch of government (legislative, executive, and judicial) from gaining too much power, trying to resolve the problem of how to empower the central government while also protecting against corruption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Favored a literal reading of the Constitution in order to limit the powers of the central government, those who supported this view were led by Thomas Jefferson and comprised the ideological core of the Republican Party. |
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Term
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Definition
| Favored a broad/general reading of the Constitution in order to expand the powers of the central government to include implied constitutional powers (not just enumerated ones), those who supported this view were led by Alexander Hamilton and comprised the ideological core of the Federalist Party. |
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Term
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Definition
| He defined the role of the president and intervened little in legislative affairs and concentrated mostly on diplomacy as well as supporting the financial policies of Alexander Hamilton and set the precedent of presidents serving only two terms of office. |
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Term
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Definition
| President Washington selected this man in 1789 to serve as Secretary of War under the Constitution, establishing a permanent presidential cabinet position to handle military matters in the new American government that still exists today. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hamilton's plan for the federal government to take over all debts incurred during the Revolutionary War by the states and pay them in full, establishing the United States as a dependable borrower, which helped international loans and prosperity flow to America. |
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Term
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Definition
| Led by Alexander Hamilton in the 1790s, this political party believed in a strong central government at the expense of state powers and were staunch supporters of the Constitution during the ratification process until thirty years later it disbanded after public rebuke of the Hartford Convention. |
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Term
| Bank of the United States |
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Definition
| Alexander Hamilton's most controversial portion of his economic plan, the creation of this organization would allow the national treasury to keep its deposits in one safe location, but many like Jefferson and Madison opposed this organization on the grounds it disproportionately helped the wealthy elites and created the Democratic-Republican political party to oppose Federalist policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the authors The Federalists Papers and the outspoken leader of the Federalists, he supported the formation of the Constitution and later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, spearheaded Federalist initiatives, most importantly the creation of the Bank of the United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| This war took place between 1789 and 1793 and indirectly challenged America's sovereignty, as George Washington had to decide whether to commit troops to the cause (as they had done four our war earlier) and risk upsetting Britain or remain neutral, and while some initially celebrated the spreading of Enlightenment ideals it became clear this was a very different war that was both bloody and ruthless. |
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Term
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Definition
| A July 1794 riot broke out in western Pennslyvania in response to a high excise tax on whiskey initiated by Alexander Hamiliton, President Washington personally led a force of militiamen to crush the rebellion in a show of national strength under the Constitution that was lacking under the Articles of Confederation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 1794 treaty that provided for the removal of British troops from American land, but failed to resolve the issue of British seizure of American ships and/or the impressments of American sailors which infuriated the public even though it was arguably the greatest diplomatic feat of the Washington administration since it preserved peace with Britain. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1793 this French diplomat came to the United States to ask the government for money and troops to aid the French Revolution but secretly began recruiting men and arming ships in US ports which Washington took firm action to send Genet back to France, firmly establishing neutrality as the foreign policy of the United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| Washington's declaration that the US would not take sides in the French Revolution south to avoid conflict for the unprepared United States but also violated the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. |
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Term
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Definition
| Washington's long-lasting foreign policy was for the United States to avoid "entangling alliances" with foreign nations that might drag us into wars that would not be beneficial to the people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 1795 Treaty that settled boundaries and allowed the US navigation rights along the Mississippi and the "right of deposit" in New Orleans, which essentially confirmed the neutral foreign policy Washington sought by removing Spain as a threat to further American settlement to the west. |
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Term
| Washington's Farewell Address |
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Definition
| This speech was made in 1797 as the president left office, warning the new nation to remain neutral with regard to European affairs, avoid entangling alliances, and refrain from the formation of political parties to prosper in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| This man was the first vice president and second president who led the country through a series of important events including the XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions while maintaining the country on a path of neutrality in foreign affairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first true presidential election (when Washington ran there was no doubt he would win), John Adams ran and won as a federalist over Jefferson who was a Democratic-Republican. |
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Term
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Definition
| French harassment of American shipping in 1797 led John Adams to send a diplomat to negotiate for peace but the French foreign minister Charles de Talleyrand refused to meet and instead sent three anonymous agents to try to extort over $12 million from the Americans in exchange for negotiation rights which outraged the American people which resulted in an undeclared "quasi-war". |
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Term
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Definition
| The French foreign minister who refused to meet with the US diplomats and instead sent three anonymous agents to extorts over $12 million from the Americans in exchange for the right to negotiate and caused the "quasi-war". |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of French and American naval conflicts occurring between 1798 and 1800 that never escalated past many minor skirmishes. |
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Term
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolves |
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Definition
| Written in 1798 by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, these resolves condemned the Federalists' broad interpretation of the Constitution and instead put forth a compact theory of the Union, which stated that states' rights superseded federal powers, originally to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts though would be drawn upon later by advocates of slavery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed by Federalists in 1798 in response to the XYZ Affair and growing Democratic-Republican support on the basis of "nation security," this law increased the number of years required to gain citizenship, allowed for the imprisonment and deportation of aliens, and virtually suspended freedom of speech which led to massive popular dissatisfaction and secured Republic Thomas Jefferson's bid for presidency in 1800 as well as the undoing of the Federalist Party. |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that an individual state has the right to ignore any federal law that the state felt was unjust, first expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A presidential election that resulted in a tie between two Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Burr, the final decision went to the House of Representatives and Jefferson was finally chosen but concerned legislatures were prompted to pass the 12th Amendment to ensure this problem never arose again. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emerged in the early 1800s as part of the backlash against American's growing secularism and rationalism, a wave of religious revivals stressing self-determination and individual empowerment spread throughout the nation giving rise to a number of new denominations during the second quarter of the nineteenth century. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, was elected to replace a federalist and the transfer of power went smoothly and changed the direction of the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alexander Hamilton's arch-nemesis and one of the leading Democratic-Republicans, he tied Jefferson in the Electoral College in the 1800 Presidential election but the presidency was awarded to Jefferson and he became vice-president. |
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Term
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Definition
| An 1801 bill passed by the Federalist Congress before the inauguration of Jefferson and other Democratic Republicans, the Federalists attempted to maintain control of the judiciary by reducing the number of Supreme Court justices and by increasing the number of federal judges Adam could appoint before leaving office known as "Midnight Judges". |
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Term
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Definition
| Third President of the United States (1801-1809), he was opposed to Alexander Hamilton's efforts to centralize power in the national government by strictly interpreting the constitution and advocated the limitation of federal power EXCEPT with his purchase of the Louisiana territory and his struggle to maintain neutrality in foreign affairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1783 Webster promoted education so that students would become patriots and created a simplified and Americanized system of spelling which sold over 100 million of his American Spelling Books & Dictionaries that essentially established a national standard of words and usages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created the first modern factory (a spinning mill) in 1790 at Rhode Island, bringing advanced English technology into America and helped jump-start American industrial development. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1793 this man dramatically changed the economy with his inventions of interchangeable parts and the cotton gin, which revolutionized both the southern agriculture economy and the need for slaves as well as the northern industrial economy in the South. |
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Term
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Definition
| Invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin quickly separated the fibers of short-staple cotton from the seeds which allowed plantations to become much more efficient and profitable and gave rise to a cotton-dominated economy in the South. |
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Definition
| In 1807 this inventory was responsible for perfecting the steamboat and bringing it to the attention of the nation, which further aided industrial development by allowing goods to quickly and profitably move around the nation. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1802 Secretary of Treasury under President Jefferson, this man drastically reduced government spending and repaid half of the national debt, forging the small government of Jefferson's design. |
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Term
| Midnight Appointments/Midnight Judges |
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Definition
| This terms refers to the men President Adams appointed in the last days in office in accordance with the Judiciary Act of 1801, who would serve in the courts during Jefferson's administration and sought to maintain Federalist control of the judiciary branch of the federal government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until his death in 1835, it was under his leadership the court became an equally powerful federal force as the executive and legislative branches by establishing the principle of judicial review. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this 1803 case, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1989 was unconstitutional because Congress had granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the Constitution permitted and established the principle of judicial review. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v Madison (1803), this principle held that the Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional dramatically increasing the power of the Supreme Court. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Supreme Court Justice in the early 1800s who Democratic Republicans targeted for impeachment because of his devout Federalists beliefs were a hindrance to Jefferson's policies, his acquittal helped establish that impeachment would not become a routine political weapon against justices serving in the courts allowing it to become a separate and equal branch of the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Territory procured from Napoleon by the US in 1803 for $15 million, this nearly doubled the size of the nation, opened the West to exploration and settlement, increased power of the Democratic Republicans, and removed France as a threat, but also caused border disputes with foreign powers as well as congressional debates over the admission of new free/salve states from the region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Democratic Candidate Jefferson easily won this political contest against Federalist Charles Pinckney reinforced the country's direction away from the Federalist and ensured Jefferson would leave a lasting impression on the country. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 1800s British policy of boarding American ships in search of British naval deserters whom they would force back into service but would often seize Americans as well, provoking outrage in America who felt the British were violating their neutrality and ultimately was a major cause of the War of 1812. |
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Term
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Definition
| This 1806 French system closed European ports to ships which had docked in Britain, intended to isolate their enemy Britain but also meant neutral American ships traveling to Britain would get caught in the Napoleonic War. |
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Term
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Definition
| This 1805 naval battle was between the British navy versus the French and Spanish navies and resulted in a decisive victory for England (they lost no ships, compared to 22 out of 31 ships for the French and Spanish) which ensured British naval dominance in the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fourth President of the United States (1809-1817), he began his political career as a Federalist and a staunch advocate of a strong central government but later became critical of excessive power in the central government and left the Federalist Party to join Thomas Jefferson in leading the Republican Party and later was the leader of the War of 1812. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jefferson endorsed this law that forbade all importation and exportation in response to the Chesapeake-Leopard affair in hope that the ban would economically force Britain and France to recognize US neutrality, but resulted in damaging the American economy more than it did Britain or France's eventually leading to the acts repeal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replaced the Embargo Act in 1809, this law only forbade trade with France and Britain in an attempt to heal the damage done by the Embargo Act but keep economic pressure on Britain and France but did not succeed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Madison's 1810 ploy to get Britain or France to lift trade restrictions, which stated US trade sanctions were lifted with the promise that if one country agreed to free trade with the US than sanctions would be re-imposed against the other nation which France quickly agreed to. |
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Term
| Chesapeake Leopard Incident |
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Definition
| In June 1807, the British naval frigate HMS Leopard open fired on the American naval frigate USS Chesapeake for refusing to allow British to board, killing three men and wounding twenty then boarding and hanging of four more suspected deserters which outraged Thomas Jefferson who responded with the Embargo Act. |
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Term
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Definition
| A former leading general of the Continental army, Wayne went looking to battle Native Americans for attacking US citizens and won the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794 which paved the way for settlement of the Ohio Valley. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tecumseh's brother, Tenskwatawa, was a charismatic religious leader and orator whose message united many Native tribes behind his political and military objectives to challenge the encroaching American population on their lands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Prophet's brother and a Shawnee chief who tried to unite Native American tribes in Ohio and Indiana to thwart white settlement, his forces were ultimately defeated in the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe but later allied with the British during the War of 1812. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of western and southern settlers who advocated fighting to resolve disputes with Britain of impressment and the arming of Native Americans on the Frontier, that was led by John Calhoun and Henry clay, who hoped to acquire western, southwestern, and Canadian territories as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fought between the US and Great Britain from 1812-1814, the war was essentially a stalemate but the American public believed the US had won the war after news spread of General Andrew Jackson's decisive victory at the Battle of New Orleans which led to an exuberant spirit of nationalism and optimism for years in America. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the largest naval battles in the War of 1812 occurred in September 1813, when commander Oliver Perry led the US Navy to defeat six British vessels, which ensured American control of the lake, and ultimately allowed the US to recover Detroit as well as break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. |
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Term
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Definition
| Led by future president, US forces defeated Shawnee forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, which curtailed the Native american threat in Ohio and Indiana encouraging more settlement and enraging the Native Americans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Led by future president William Henry Harrison, US forces defeated Shawnee forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. The US victory lessened the Native American threat in Ohio and Indiana. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Alabama on March 1814, Andrew Jackson led the United States Army and Native American allies to victory over the Creek Indian tribe, effectively ending the Creek War and destroying the hopes of an Indian state that could resist future white settlement. |
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Term
| Battle of Plattsburgh/Battle of Lake Champlain |
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Definition
| In September of 1814, the British invaded the town of Plattsburgh, but had to abandon the attack after they failed to control the surrounding water that ultimately denied the British any territorial claims against the United States in the peace Treaty of Ghent. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Washington lawyer who witnessed an attack on Fort McHenry in September 1814 and wrote the Star Spangled Banner which in 1931 became the national anthem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Before becoming president, he gained popularity as a general who launched aggressive military campaigns against Native Americans and led the US to a stunning victory over British forces at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815, persuading many Americans they had won the entire war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Although it ended in stalemate with the Treaty of Ghent, the American public believed the US had won the war after news spread of General Andrew Jackson's decisive victory at this battle, which occurred two weeks after the signing of the treaty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Discussion for a state to leave the Union of the United States because of deep political differences with the way the majority of states are running the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| A meeting of Federalists that ultimately destroyed the political party near the end of the War of 1812, the New England based party enumerated its complaints against the ruling of the Republican Party and proposed seven amendments and hoped that antiwar sentiment would return them to power but news of the successful Battle of New Orleans made their actions in Hartford seem traitorous and antagonistic to the unity of the cooperation of the Union. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signed on Christmas Eve in 1815, this treaty ended the War of 1812 and returned relations between the US and Britain to the status quo. |
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Term
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Definition
| This 1817 treaty between the United States and Britain provided for the Great Lakes region to be demilitarized, demonstrating a remarkably quick and improving relationship between the US and England following the War of 1812. |
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Term
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Definition
| Charted in 1819 this institution served as a depository for federal funds and a creditor for state banks but was blamed for the panic of 1819, and corruption/mismanagement haunted it until its charter was let to expire under President Jackson in 1836 who proclaimed it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society. |
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Term
| National Road/Cumberland Road |
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Definition
| This helped fulfill a pressing need to improve the transportation system in 1825 by building a path from Cumberland, Maryland to the Ohio River and allowed unprecedented amounts of manufactured goods and people move about the country contributing to an expanding economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| An 1816 protective duty that effectively limited competition from abroad on a wide range of manufactured items drawing criticism from agricultural areas but forging an important American industrial economy prevailed. |
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Term
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Definition
| America's first major canal project, New York Governor Dewitt Clinton began its construction in 1817 and completed it in 1825 linking the Judson River to the Great Lakes which dramatically lowered the cost of shipping and led to the growth of port cities along the length of the canal and its terminal points. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of America's all-time richest individuals, in 1812 he owned a highly successful fur company and exemplified the opportunity to make a fortune as well as America's expansion into the western frontier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fur trappers that spearheaded the western movement in the early 1800s, these tough individuals moved into the far western areas of the continent in search of furs that were becoming scarce in the east. |
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Term
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Definition
| President from 1817 until 1825, his presidency was the core of the Era of Good Feelings, characterized by a one-party political system, increasing opportunity, expansion westward, an upsurge of American nationalism, and his own efforts to avoid political controversy and conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| The period between the end of the War of 1812 and the rise of Andrew Jackson in 1828, during which the United States was governed under a one-party system that promoted nationalism and cooperation ,which was exemplified best by James Monroe's presidency as he strove to avoid political conflict and strengthen American nationalism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political figure throughout the Era of Good Feelings and the Age of Jackson, he served as James Monroe's secretary of war, as John Quincy Adam's vice president, and then as Andrew Jackson's vice president for one term but his belief's in states' rights and nullification ultimately brought him into conflict with Jackson. |
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Term
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Definition
| This treaty was signed in 1819 between the U.S. and Spain, in which Spain ceded eastern Florida to the U.S., renounced all claims to western Florida, and agreed to a southern border of the U.S. west of the Mississippi extending all the way to the Pacific Ocean while the US agreed to give up Texas that helped define the US-Mexico border. |
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Term
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Definition
| The US agreed to purchase Florida by assuming $5 million worth of Spanish debt as part of the Adams-Onis Treaty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Son of John Adams, secretary of state to James Monroe and president from 1825 to 1829, he worked to expand the nation's borders and authored the Monroe Doctrine but his presidency was largely ineffective due to lack of popular support resulting in a Congress that blocked many of his proposed programs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The start of the two-year depression caused by extensive land speculation, the loose lending practices of state banks, a decline in European demand for American staple goods, and mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States, this economic downturns exacerbated social divisions within the United States and is often called the beginning of the end of the Era of Goods Feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| The infamous line marked by the Missouri Compromise, these coordinates prohibited slavery north of the latitude line but allowed slavery to spread southward which (temporarily at least) resolved the threat of sectionalism to the Union. |
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Term
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Definition
| Resolved the conflict surrounding the admission of Missouri to the Union as either a slave or free state, this made Missouri a slave state, admitted Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The growing patriotic feelings toward the entire country was spurred on by President Monroe, and beginning to supersede the pride one felt toward the state which they lived. |
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Term
| Dartmouth College v Woodward |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the state of New Hampshire could not convert Dartmouth College to a state university because doing so would violate the college's contract granted by King George II in 1769, and the Constitution forbids states from interfering with contracts which Democratic Republicans interpreted as a shocking defeat for states' rights and exposed the political conflicts still occurring during the Era of Good Feelings. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1819 Supreme Court case that determined states could not tax federal institutions such as the Second Bank of the United States, this ruling asserted that the federal government wielded supreme power in its sphere and that no states could interfere with the exercise of federal powers which angered many Democratic Republicans who favored states' rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| An 1821 Marshall Court ruling that upheld the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to review a state court's decision where the case involved breaking federal laws (it reviewed a case from Virginia dealing with the sale of lottery tickets) that angered Virginia (even though the Supreme Court ruling agreed with Virginia) because this asserted federal authority over that of the states authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the country's leading statesmen in the first half of the nineteenth century, he was a Federalist layer from New Hampshire who won the Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Supreme Court cases, elected to Congress in 1822, and became a powerful defender of northern interests supporting the 1828 tariff and objecting to nullification and opposed many of Andrew Jackson's policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1810 Marshall Supreme Court ruling over Georgia's legislative attempt to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption, the Court ruled that state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights which marked the first time a state law was voided on the grounds that is violated a principle of the United States Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1824 Supreme Court case involving state versus federal licensing rights for passenger ships between New York and New Jersey, devoted Federalist Marshall ruled that the state could not interfere with Congress' right to regulate interstate commerce by interpreting the "commerce" broadly to include all business, not just the exchange of goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1832 Supreme Court where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled the Cherokee tribe comprised a "domestic dependent nation" within Georgia and thus deserved protection from harassment -- in this case, from forced migration out of Georgia but that did little to deter Andrew Jackson who removed all Native Americans by 1838. |
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Term
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Definition
| Issued by President Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine asserted that the Americas were no longer open to European colonization or influence, and paved the way for U.S. dominance of the Western Hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system devised by Henry Clay after the War of 1812, supported industrialization and included using federal money for internal improvements, enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, while also strengthening the national bank but was not back by Monroe but gained support with John Quincy Adams. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concept that the individual states, and not the federal government, have the power to decide whether federal legislation or regulations are to be enforced within the individual states, supported by New England Federalists in the War of 1812 but later many southerners in response to federal legislation around the Civil War and later Civil Rights in the 1960s. |
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Term
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Definition
| An important political figure during the Era of Good Feelings and the Age of Jackson, he engineered and championed the American System, as speaker of the House he was instrumental in crafting much of the legislation that passed through Congress including the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850 until he died in 1852. |
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Term
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Definition
| A presidential election where failed to win the electoral vote, so the election went to the House of Representatives where influential speaker of the House Henry Clay backed Adams to win the election. |
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Term
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Definition
| Son of John Adams, secretary of state to James Monroe and president from 1825 to 1829, he worked to expand the nation's borders and authored the Monroe Doctrine but his presidency war largely ineffective due to lack of popular support resulting in a Congress that blocked many of his proposed programs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Although Andrew Jackson won the highest percentage of popular and electoral votes in the 1824 election, he failed to win the required majority and the election was thrown to the House of Representatives where Clay backed Quincy Adams for president ensuring Adams' victory and in return rewarded Clay by making him the secretary of state. |
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Term
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Definition
| A presidential candidate in 1824, his poor health took him out of consideration in the disputed election which allowed Clay to shift his votes to Quincy Adams and win the election. |
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Term
| Democratic Republic Party |
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Definition
| This party was comprised mainly of Anti-Federalists and generally opposed the power of the federal government over state governments; this party dominated presidential elections and was led by Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. |
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Term
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Definition
| Name given by Southern politicians to the 1828 duty because it seriously hurt the South's economy while benefiting Northern and Western industrial interests, and popular resistance to the tariff in South Carolina led to the Nullification Crisis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Led by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams, this political party was one of the two new political parties that emerged in the late 1820s to challenge the dominant Republican Party and found its core support in the industrial Northeast and late transformed into the Whig Party. |
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Term
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Definition
| His most notable achievement occurred during the War of 1812, where as commander of American naval forces in Lake Champlain he won the decisive Battle of Lake Champlain/Battle of Platssburgh to help secure the United States would lose no territory to the British when writing the Treaty of Ghent. |
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Term
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Definition
| This presidential election was between Democratic Republican James Madison and Federalist Charles Pinckney, the country overwhelmingly selected the Democratic Republican party continuing the Federalists decline. |
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Term
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Definition
| The 1812 Baltimore stronghold against British invasion, Francis Scott Key witnessed a devastating attack and penned the Star Spangled Banner as the US forces refused to surrender. |
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Term
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Definition
| Different areas of the country were developing unique and separate cultures would could potentially lead to conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the Convention of 1818, the US and British negotiated to both occupy Oregon as "being free and open" to subjects of both states in order to prevent future conflict over the territory, signaling improving relations with Britain. |
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Term
| Convention of 1800/Treaty of Mortefontaine |
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Definition
| A meeting between US and France to settle hostilities that occurred during the Quasi-War which signaled improving relations with France and marked the end of foreign alliances for the United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hamilton's controversial plan to repay all debt at face value, which would greatly enrich the wealthy but also stabilize the nation's financial credibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tax of tariff on the exports of goods, a source of revenue for the new government. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to store goods in a port like New Orleans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Napoleon's greatest military victory, defeating a Russian & Austrian army in a display of brilliant tactical decisions and ended the Third Estate War in France. |
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Term
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Definition
| The British Response to the French Continental System in 1807, Britain forbade French trade with England, her colonies, or neutrals and instructed the Royal Navy to blockade the French and Allied ports which meant neutral American ships traveling to France would get caught in the Napoleonic War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Napoleon's order in 1806 in order to cut Britain off from the rest of the world, which meant that American ships traveling to Britain to deposit goods would get caught in the Napoleonic War. |
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Term
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Definition
| President from 1829 to 1837 this strong-willed leader opposed federal support for internal improvements, the Second Bank of the United States, used the veto extensively, and fought for states' rights and Native American removal attaining the nickname "King Andrew I" by his critics who deemed him to be tyrannical and against the spirit of democracy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Governor of New York who played a key role in constructing the Erie Canal and symbolized the important roles political parties were becoming as his political opponent Van Buren stated a permanent political opposition would result in politicians being more attuned to the will of the people that encouraged the rise of mass politics and spread from New York to the rest of the country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vice President and later from 1837 to 1841, Van Buren took over as the panic of 1837 began and unable to win support from his platform from the Whigs, and lost his bid for reelection in 1840. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jackson's idea to prevent corruption in government positions was to move government workers from one position to another frequently, and ultimately democratize the government and lead to reform by allowing the "common folk" to run the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Andrew Jackson wholeheartedly supported his system, claiming it was necessary to liberty for the removal and replacement of high-ranking officials from the previous president's term with loyal members of the winning party. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political figure throughout the Era of Good Feelings and the Age of Jackson, he served as James Monroe's secretary of war, as John Quincy Adam's vice president, and then as Andrew Jackson's vice president for one term, he was a firm believer in states' rights that ultimately clashed with Jackson, most notable over nullification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jackson's presidential cabinet, dubbed so because the members were his close political allies who had questionable political skills, this group assumed a passive and supportive role in contract to serving as a policy forum to help shape the president's agenda as previous cabinets had done.l |
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Term
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Definition
| An attractive woman who was said to have had an extra-marital affair circulated in Washington that led to her being socially shunned, enraged free Andrew Jackson, and ultimately led Jackson to choose Van Buren as his next Vice president and ended Calhoun's chance at the presidency. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "Tariff of Abominations" hurt the Southern economy while benefiting Northern and Western industries, which led Vice President John C. Calhoun to denounce the tariff as unconstitutional on the grounds that federal laws must benefit all states equally, and urged that states nullify the tariff within their own borders that sparked a heated national debate over tariffs and states' rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| An American political leader and is most famous for debating Senator Daniel Webster in 1830 over the issue of states rights, and served to expose the conflict between New England and the Southern states to light the bitter resentment on both sides. |
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Term
| South Carolina Exposition |
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Definition
| This document, written by John C. Calhound, outlined the anger of the South in the face of the "Tariff of Abominations" and expressed the Southern contention that the tariff was unconstitutional, as it severely altered trade with Europe on which Southern farmers had become dependent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sauk and Fox Indians refused to uphold treaty signing away their land in Illinois that a rival enemy tribe had signed in 1831, and resettled part of the Northwest that whites feared was the beginning of an invasion so they brutally exterminated most of the Native Americans in this war, resulting in the near complete removal of Indians from the Northwest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Granted Jackson the fund and authority to move Native Americans to assigned lands in the West, this 1830 law primarily targeted the Cherokee tribe in Georgia as part of the federal government's broad plan to claim Native American lands inside the boundaries of the existing states. |
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Term
| Cherokee Nation v Georgia |
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Definition
| Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in 1832 that the Cherokee tribe comprised a "domestic dependent nation" within Georgia and thus deserved protection from harassment -- in this case, from forced migration out of Georgia, which President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce, and removed the Cherokee aggressively from their land. |
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Term
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Definition
| Despite the Supreme Court decision in Worhester v. Georgia, federal troops forced bands of Cherokee Indians to move west of Mississippi between 1835 and 1838 in which 2,000-4,000 of the 16,000 Cherokee died. |
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Term
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Definition
| Native Americans tribe that even some whites argued should be allowed to retain their eastern lands since they had become "civilized" and given up many of their traditional ways, but their removal symbolized that all Native Americans would be pushed off their original lands and moved as the United States settlement spread westward. |
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Term
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Definition
| The uprising led by Osceola between 1835-1842 was the only (partially) successful resistance of white encroachment on Native American lands, and ultimately the US government finally gave up and let a very small contingent of Native Americans remain in the area instead of being forced westward. |
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Term
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Definition
| This 1816 institution served to stabilize the financial system but became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, corruption, and mismanagement until its charted expired in 1836 when Jackson proclaimed it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1832 Jackson was determined to destroy the Bank of the United States as soon as possible but could not legally end it before its chartered term was over, so instead took the government's money from the bank and placed it in state banks that essentially destroyed the BUS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chairman of the Bank of the United States, he fought Jackson to re-enter the bank by causing an economic downturn but ultimately gave up and let the bank expire, allowing the country to lose a flawed but stable financial system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leading Whig Senator during the nation's Antebellum Era, he beautifully articulated his nationalistic views and sought to preserve the Union with his most famous debate considered the most eloquent speech ever delivered in the Senate. |
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Term
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Definition
| He led the Whig Party as Speaker of the House of Representatives until his death in 1852, his many achievements include engineering the American System, helping resolve the Missouri Compromise of 1820, designing the Compromise of 1833 and the Compromise of 1850. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presidential election of Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay where the main issue was whether to re-charter the Bank of the United States, but Jackson's victory at the polls ensured the B.U.S death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presidential election where the Whigs ran four separate candidates thinking any of them could defeat the Democratic Republican Van Buren, but this strategy failed and Van Buren took the Presidency as the country slid into the Panic of 1937. |
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Term
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Definition
| This event punctured the economic boom sparked by the state banks' loose lending practices and over-speculation, the contraction of the nation's credit in 1836 led to widespread debt and unemployment which forced the President Van Buren to spend most of his time in office attempting to stabilize the economy and ameliorate the economic crisis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 1836 executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson in an attempt to stabilize the economy which had been dramatically expanding since the early 1830s due to state banks' excessive lending practices and over-speculation, this required that all land payments be made in gold and silver rather than in paper money/credit which would ultimately cause the economic depression known as the panic of 1837. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ninth President of the United States and the first successful Whig presidential candidate, he was a westerner who fought against Native Americans and nickname "Old Tippecanoe" but he died a month into office because of pneumonia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Became President of the United States in 1841 after William Harrison died, Tyler drifted from the Whig ideas and policies and instead replaced his cabinet with Democrats as well resulting in little change from previous presidents policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Whigs arose in opposition to President Jackson in the mid-1830s whose members consisted of the National Republican Party as well as some Northern Democrats, and sought protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government/industrialization but the party disappeared by the 1850s, when its Northern and Southern factions irrevocably split over the slavery issue. |
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Term
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Definition
| This treaty was signed in August 1842 and settled US-Canadian boundary disputes including the Maine-New Brunswick border, established a detailed border between Lake Superior, resolved the Caroline steamship issue, as well as called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas to be enforced by both countries which allowed America to focus on westward expansion and symbolized growing US-English rapprochement. |
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Term
| Maine boundary dispute/Aroostook War |
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Definition
| An undeclared war between Canada and Maine in 1838 over territory in dispute since the Treaty of Paris 1783 whose rich timber drew lumberjacks from both countries and violent brawls broke out on who had a legitimate claim to the area, this signified a tensing relationship between the US and Britain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period of mass starvation in the 1840s that led to the island's population to decrease approximately 25% and proved to be a push-factor for immigrants to leave their home country and seek refuge in other countries like the United States and was part of the broader trend of mass immigration from Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fear and hatred of foreigners, particularly religious or ethnic minorities, emerged and even formed organizations that led to large street fights, printed materials, and even dedicated political party name the American/Know-Nothing party. |
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| This 1840s-1850s political group was an extreme wing of nativist movement that opposed immigration and the election of Roman Catholics to political office. |
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| Artist and inventor, he is most famous for his invention in telegraphy in 1844 that allowed for fast and cheap transfer of news connection every major town and also allowed for better coordination of business. |
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| This man's ownership of the Tribune Newspaper in 1846 represented the growing forms of journalism that gave serious attention to national and international events that would ultimately help unify American life. |
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| Originally designed by Eli Whitney for gun manufacturers, the idea had gained little momentum until the 1840s as more manufacturers began incorporation the idea into the production of their products allowing for the creation of faster and cheaper parts. |
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| Made improvements to the basic sowing machine developed by Howe in 1846, and was soon used to quickly and cheaply manufacture ready to wear clothing, demonstrating the technological innovations occurring within the vibrant commercial and industrial areas during the 1840s. |
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| Invented the sewing machine in 1846, which made sewing faster and more efficient demonstrating the technological innovations occurring within the vibrant commercial and industrial areas during the 1840s. |
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| Lowell established a factory in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts that was the first factory in the world to manufacture cotton cloth by power machinery. |
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| Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1820s that spread across the nation, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used so that few skilled workers were needed in the process that allowed for the cheaper production of products by paying lower wages. |
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| As much machinery as possible was used so that a few skilled workers were needed in the process, yet the workers needed in the Lowell system were almost all single young farm women who worked for a few years and returned home to be housewives because managers found these young women worked about 80 hours a week and received low wages. |
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| An 1842 case heard by the Massachusetts Supreme Court, this was the first judgement in the Us that recognized the conspiracy law was inapplicable to the unions that strike for a "closed shop" are legal, as well as that unions were not responsible for the illegals acts of their members. |
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| In 1837 she founded the women's college Mount Holyoke, one of the few opportunities women had to gain access to education and break away from the "Cult of Domesticity." |
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| In 1858 this successful businessman laid the first successful telegraph wire across the Atlantic Ocean allowing for instantaneous communication between the Americans and Europe. |
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| Famous for building the mechanical reaping machine in 1831, this invention made farming dramatically more efficient and allow an agricultural revolution to coincide with the industrial revolution by allowing a single family/corporation to substantially increase the acreage that could be farmed. |
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| The new invention of the cotton gin allowed short staple cotton to be harvested, and allowed new states to produce cotton that led to a boom in the cotton market and encouraged westward expansion for additional farming areas. |
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| Term used to describe slavery, used in association with a defense of slavery and advocated slavery was a "positive good" establishing both an economic positive and a social positive by "establishing the proper relation between races." |
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| As a slave he won the lottery and bought his own freedom and grew wealthier over time, but was ultimately accused of plotting a violent slave revolt with fellow church members and was hung as a symbol to other African Americans. |
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| A former salve who helped establish and run the Underground Railroad, a network of safe houses and escorts throughout the North to help escaped slaves to freedom. |
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| A network of safe houses and escorts established by Northern abolitionists to foil enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act, this helped escaped slaves reach freedom in the North and in Canada. |
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| An American slave who led a rebellion in Virginia 1831 that resulted in 56 whites being killed as well as his own execution, and new laws prohibiting education, worship, and assembly as the South became increasingly united in their support of the fugitive slave laws. |
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| Most famous author of his time who wrote stories like "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", he was the first American writer to be recognized in Europe and reflected an increasing American nationalism as he set stories based on American settings. |
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| This was a group of American landscape painters who depicted America's landscapes in a romantic manner and included artists like Thomas Cole and Thomas Doughtery. |
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| A fiction writer who gained popularity in the 1840s for his horrific tales, he published many famous stories, including "The Raven" and "The Cask of Amontillado" |
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| A poet and a disciple of transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson, his major work, Leaves of Grass(1855), celebrated American's individualism, diversity, and democracy. |
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| A leader of the transcendentalist movement and an advocate of American literary nationalism. He published a number of influential essays during the 1830s and 1840s, including "Nature" and "Selt Reliance." |
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| A spiritual movement that arose in the 1830s as a challenge to rationalism, this goal was to achieve a personal/emotional understanding of God rather than a rational, institutionalized one and believed concepts such as absolute truth and freedom were accessible through intuition and sudden insight. |
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| A prominent transcendent writer, his most famous writings are Civil Disobedience(1849) and Walden(1854), where he advocated living life according to one's conscience, removed from materialism and repressive social codes. |
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| She was a leader in the women's movement and editor of The Dial(1840-1842), which was a publication of the transcendentalists and appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" in hope that progress in philosophy would make the future better than the past. |
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| Founded by John Noyes in 1848 sought to be the shining example of equality between all members was controversial because they shared EVERYTHING including spouses, children, and property which many considered immoral and ultimately the community died out. |
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| A completely equal Utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827, it had 1,000 settlers but a lack of political authority and complete economic failure caused it to break up, but demonstrated the romantic impulse sweeping through American culture. |
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| A millennial group in the 1840s who believed in both Jesus, Ann Lee, equal gender roles, and celibacy, they believed in social discipline more than freedom and were more trying to escape a society they viewed as chaotic and disorderly, like many other Utopian groups during this time. |
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| Mormons/Latter-day Saints |
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Definition
| An 1830 religion founded by Joseph Smith Jr., as Smith claimed to have received sacred writings that he organized his church around, but his declaration that sections of Christianity were incorrect and polygamy made many Mormons shunned or attacked and they eventually sought refuge near the Great Salt Lake that formed the basis of Utah. |
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| After Joseph Smith was murdered by a mob in Illinois, this new Mormon leader collected the followers and moved into (present day) Utah in 1847. |
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| According to the Mormon beliefs, the angel Moroni visited this man in the western New York bedroom one night and told him of a sacred text which Smith found, translated, and formed the Mormon church around but his followers were ostracized and caused some violence by their surrounding community for practices and beliefs and were counter to mainstream Christian faith. |
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| America's first major canal project, New York Governor DeWitt Clinton began its construction in 1817 and completed it in 1825 linking Hudson River to the Great Lakes which dramatically lowered the cost of shipping and led to the growth of port cities along the length of the canal and its terminal ports. |
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| A group who rejected Calvinist religious ideas and preached the divinity of the individual similar to Emerson and Thoreau, giving the philosophical push towards remaking society as they felt it should be made. |
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| Appointed secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837, he reformed the divinity of the individual similar to Emerson and Thoreau, giving the philosophical push towards remaking society as they felt it should be made. |
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| A Massachusetts schoolteacher, she studied the condition of the insane in poorhouses and prisons and her efforts of reform helped bring about the creation of asylums, where the mentally ill could receive better treatment. |
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| An outspoken proponent of women's right, she organized the Women's Rights Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. |
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| First woman to go to the graduate from medical school in the United States in 1849, she was a key figure in opening the medical profession to women and symbolized the progress of women in this time. |
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| The discrimination against her inspired her to become a women's rights leader, and with her effort along with Lucretia she organized America's first woman's rights convention at the Seneca Falls Convention, became editor of the temperance newspaper the Lily, and eventually created the Woman's Loyal National League to help end slavery. |
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| Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1848, this meeting issued the Declaration of Sentiments, modeled on the Declaration of Independence, declaring that all men and women were created equal. |
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| An early women's rights advocate, she graduated from Oberlin College and dedicated her life to women's rights, organized the Nation Woman's Rights Convention, and in the 1840s set up education committees in towns and villages using her lecture fees to print and distribute women's rights propaganda. |
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Definition
| A leading member of women's suffrage movement, she helped draw parallels between slavery and the plight of women, and co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869. |
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Definition
| These women voiced their opposition to male dominance, and supported prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement in the 1840s. |
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| In 1822 he founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas and by 1833 he was sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for Texas independence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835, when he returned to Texas and became the commander of the settlers' army in the Texas Revolution. |
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| A former Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836 for thirteen days, but the final battle killed all of the Texan defenders by the significantly larger Mexican force. |
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| A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836, the Mexican forces were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes and Santa Ana was taken prisoner and forced to sign an armistice securing Texas independence. |
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| A leader of Texas independence, he defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and claimed independence and requested both Jackson and Van Buren recognize Texas as a state but both declined in fear that it would become another slave state and lead to an imbalance in Congress infuriating the Northerners. |
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| One of America's all-time richest individuals, in 1812 he owned a highly successful fur company that had expanded into the Oregon territory that both Britain and the United States had been barely settling up until the 1840s. |
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| Oregon was originally explored by Lewis and Clark, sparsely settled by Astor's fur traders, but during the War of 1812 that British had essentially taken control of the territory and held it jointly with the US until the land was divided with the US in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, supported by Polk. |
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| Presidential candidates Democrat James K. Polk, Whig Henry Clay, and Liberty Party James G. Birney ran for president and debated issues like Manifest Destiny in the annexation of Texas and reoccupation of Oregon, but in this election the third party candidate Birney drew enough votes away from Clay that Polk won the election. |
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| Polk signed the final paperwork in 1845 to include the Lone Star State into the Union, partly out of fear that Britain or France might try to acquire the land if the United States delayed any further. |
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| Twelfth President of the United States and a famous general during the Mexican-American War, he was a Whig President who opposed the spread of slavery and encouraged territories to organize and seek admission directly as states to avoid the issue of slavery but his impact was limited as he died suddenly in 1850, being replace by Millard Fillmore. |
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| Forms a large part of the US-Canadian border, negotiated out with Britain. |
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| President from 1845 to 1849. A firm believer in expansion, Polk led the US into the Mexican War in 1846, after which the US acquired Texas, New Mexico, and California. Many Northerners saw Polk as an agent of Southern will aiming to expand the nation in order to extend slavery into the west. |
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| Appointed minister of Mexico in 1845, he went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land but the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to speak with him which left only war to resolve issues between the two countries. |
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| The civil governor of California, he led the Army exploration with rumors of the Mexican-American War coming and thought he could take California but he ultimately joined Colonel Kearny and successfully took California. |
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| One of the finest generals to serve in the US Army, he led the US forces march on Mexico City during the Mexican American War and successfully took the city which ended the war. |
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| Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War and concluded with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, where Mexico agreed to cede California and New Mexico. |
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| This system allowed congressmen to hold informal meetings and decide who to nominate for president with little or no input from the electorate and was the way every presidential candidate from 1796-1824 went, until the system ground to a halt with westward expansion decentralizing the existing political parties. |
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| Wife of President Jackson, the 1828 election took a terrible toll on her health as she was accused of immodesty by being a bigamist and died right before the electoral ball for the new President, which demonstrated the level of dirty campaigning as well as provided the impetus for Jackson to get involved in the Peggy Eaton affair. |
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| This refers to the unusual practices of chartering banks under state law from 1816 to 1863, and the federal government did not regulate banks and regulation varied greatly from state to state and led to frequent closure of banks who also issued their own money in this time making that money worthless. |
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| There was a bill proposed to building a road in Kentucky at federal expense, but Jackson vetoed the bill with the justification that roads only in one state should be paid with state money and putting into action his strict interpretation of the Constitution by not allowing by not allowing the federal government to pay for internal improvements. |
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| In order to appease the South Andrew Jackson sought to lower tariffs from 45 percent to 35 percent, which did little to appease the South and led to South Carolina nullifying the tariff and threatening to secede from the Union and Jackson prepared for war but ultimately both backed down but demonstrated the increasing tensions between states and the Federal Government. |
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Term
| Compromise Tariff of 1833 |
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Definition
| Proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun to resolve the nullification crisis and gradually reduced tariff rates of 20% over a period of years but ultimately only lasted two months before a new protectionist tariff was created in 1842. |
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Definition
| One of the most respected Speaker's of the House for many years, Clay repeatedly forged compromises that held the Union together including the Missouri Compromise, Compromise Tariff of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850 but his death in 1852 symbolically represented compromise between the two sides was lost. |
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| Texas claimed its southern border was this river while Mexico wanted the border about 100 miles north, but Polk sent troops to the area and led to the Spot Incident and later war with Mexico, which resolved the border of Texas at this location. |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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Definition
| This 1848 treaty required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and California, to the US while the US gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that is would look like conquest and was ratified after a bitter debate over the expansion of slavery officially ending the Mexican-American War. |
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| An American professor and college president best known for writing a series of readers, one of the nations first textbook and widely used helping create and increasingly similar school experience for students across the country and sold over 122 million copies. |
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| A millennial group, Millerites were Seventh-Day Adventists who followed this man and sold their possessions because they believed the Second Coming of Christ would be in 1843 and 1844 and waited for the world to end. |
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| An American naturalist painter who focused his work on portrait pictures and died in 1827. |
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| An experiment in Utopian Socialism, it lasted for six years in New Roxbury, Massachusetts and was another example of the Romantic Impulse affecting the nation in the antebellum years. |
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Definition
| In 1838, Dow founded the Maine Temperance Union and as mayor of Portland, Maine, Dow secured in 1851 the state's passage of this law, which forbade the sale of manufacture of liquor. |
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Term
| Independent Treasury Bill |
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Definition
| Van Buren and Polk meant to keep government out of banking this required vaults to be constructed in various cities to collect and expand government funds in gold and silver, this took effect after the 2nd BUS was destroyed and a method for maintaining government funds with minimum risk. |
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Definition
| The American Colonization Society purchased a tract of land in Africa and sought to return free Blacks here. |
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Definition
| An influential abolitionist newspaper published by radical abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison from 1831 to 1865, this newspaper expressed controversial opinions, such as the belief that blacks deserved legal rights equal to those of whites and the immediate, uncompensated, emancipation for all slaves. |
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Definition
| Founder of the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, he was the most famous white abolitionist of the 1830s and was known as a radical because he pushed for equal rights for blacks and later pushed for women's equal rights as well. |
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Definition
| A Boston free black man who published "Walker's Appeal... to the Colored Citizens" and advocated the violent over throw of the slave system in 1829, showing black abolitionists were leaders in the crusade against slavery as well. |
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Definition
| From the 1830s to the Civil War, this movement began with the idea of transporting slaves back to Africa and later split with one portion ultimately favoring violent opposition to slavery with the other petitioning Congress and entered politics calling for no more expansion of slavery into new territories with the Liberty Party. |
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Definition
| A woman who emerged as a powerful and eloquent spokeswoman for the abolition of slavery and women's rights, and made the famous speech, "Ain't I a Woman?" at a convention held in Ohio. |
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Definition
| An abolitionist and editor, mobs of pro-slavery forces attacked his press on four separate occasions with the last attack setting his house on fire and shooting him as he ran out and was just another example of violence against abolitionists (even in the North). |
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Definition
| The most prominent of all abolitionists, this escaped slave founded the abolitionist newspaper North Star, and wrote his autobiography where he presented an incriminating view of slavery that backed up his demand for African American freedom with full social and economic equality. |
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Definition
| This group of people seeking to rid the country of slavery being influences by Dwight Weld's Slavery As It Is that favored gradual, compensated emancipation, appealed to many people, and represented about twelve percent of the population which demonstrated the fractured nature of the abolitionist movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increasingly vocal group that held views similar to William Lloyd Garrison in calling for the immediate, uncompensated emancipation and believed the constitution was bringing about evil and represented about three percent of the population. |
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Definition
| Written by Harriet Beecher Stow and published in 1852, this book portrayed the evils of the institution of slavery and sold 1.2 million copies in two years and reached millions more through dramatic adaptions, which resulted in aroused sympathy for runaway slaves among all classes of Northerners and hardened many against the South's insistence upon continuing slavery. |
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Definition
| A devoted man to abolition, his anonymous tract, "Slavery As It Is" in 1839 was the inspiration behind Uncle Tom's Cabin, but though this tract was presented as factual it contained wildly distorted images of slavery. |
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Definition
| One of the finest generals to serve in the US Army, he led the US forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican American War and his win opened up significant territory to the United States that created national problems as Congress tried to decide whether it should expand slavery in new territories. |
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Definition
| This man originally came up with the idea of popular sovereignty (which held the territory should choose to be free or slave instead of Congress) in 1848 in order to resolve the increasingly polarized national politics and was later picked up by Stephen Douglas. |
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Term
| Popular/Squatter Sovereignty |
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Definition
| First espoused by Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Cass in 1848 and eventually championed by Stephen A. Douglas, this principal stated that Congress should not interfere with the issue of slavery in new territories and instead each territory would draw up a constitution declaring slavery legal or illegal as it saw git which ultimately became the core of the Democratic position on slavery's expansion during the 1850s. |
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Definition
| President Pierce instructed this man to negotiate with the Mexican government in 1853 for land it had accidently left off of the Treaty of Guadalupe in order to build a southern transcontinental railroad through the area and today makes up the southern tips of Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million dollars. |
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Definition
| The first abolitionist party, it never campaigned on ending slavery entirely but did campaign on limiting the expansion of slavery. |
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Term
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Definition
| President from 1849 until his death in 1850, this Whig advocated popular sovereignty and in 1849 encouraged California to apply for statehood as a free state, thereby igniting the controversy that led to the Compromise of 1850. |
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Term
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Definition
| A political party opposed to the extension of slavery into new territories and supported national improvement programs with small tariffs, it was formed from the merger of a northern faction of the Democratic Party, the abolitionist Liberty Party, and antislavery Whigs who nominated Martin Van Buren as their candidate for president and received 10% of the national popular vote demonstrating that slavery had become a central issue in national politics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed in 1793 and strengthened as part of the Compromise of 1850, this act allowed Southerners to send slave hunters into Northern soil to retrieve runaway slaves, but by the 1850s the Northerners mounted resistance to the act by aiding escaping slaves and passing personal liberty laws. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed by nine northern states to counteract the Fugitive Slave Act, these state laws guaranteed all alleged fugitives the right to lawyer and a trial while prohibiting state jails from holding alleged fugitive slaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed by Henry and pushed through Congress by Stephen A. Douglas, this law aimed to resolve sectional conflict over the distribution of slave-holding versus free states by stipulating the admission of California as a free state; the division of the remainder of the Mexican cession into two separate territories, New Mexico and Utah, without federal restrictions on slavery; the continuance of slavery but abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia; and a more effective Fugitive Slave Law but the compromise proved incapable of stemming controversy over slavery's expansion. |
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Definition
| As Secretary of States under President Tyler, he presented an annexation treaty of Texas to Congress as if its only purpose were to extend slavery and infuriated the North, increasing sectional tensions within the country. |
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Definition
| A leading Whig Senator during the nation's Antebellum Era, he beautifully articulated his nationalistic views and sought to preserve the Union with his most famous debate considered the most eloquent speech ever delivered in the Senate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rose to national prominence as Speaker of the House, when he pushed the Compromise of 1850 through Congress and was the leading Northern Democrat of his day, a supporter of poplar sovereignty and the author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act who even politically battled Abraham Lincoln for a seat in the Senate in 1858, and for president (unsuccessfully) in 1860. |
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Definition
| Former secretary of war, he was elected president of the Confederacy shortly after its formation though he was never able to garner adequate public support and faced great difficulties in uniting the Confederate states under one central authority. |
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Definition
| Secretary of State in 1867, he was an eager expansionist who supported the Alaskan purchase and negotiated the deal though it was criticized since Alaska was not fit for settlement or farming. |
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Definition
| Vice President to Zachary Taylor until Taylor's death, he took over as president and served until 1853 as a moderate politician and helped push the Compromise of 1850 through Congress. |
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Definition
| A Democrat who served as president of the United States from 1853 to 1857, he was the last president until 1932 to win the popular and electoral vote in both the North and the South but did little in the years leading up to the Civil War. |
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Definition
| After failing to purchase Cuba from Spain failed, some suggested the U.S. take Cuba by force but this outraged the Northerners who thought the South was just trying to extend slavery into more territories, symbolizing the emerging crisis in relations between sections of the county over the slavery issue. |
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Definition
| Passed in 1854, this act divided the Nebraska territory into two parts and left the issue of slavery in the territories to be decided by popular sovereignty while also nullifying the prohibition of slavery above the 36-30' latitude established by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. |
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Definition
| Abolitionist/religious zealot who believed God had ordained him to end slavery, he is famous for his 1856 attack against pro-slavery government officials in Kansas that killed five and sparked months of violence as well as later in 1859 when he led twenty-one men in seizing a federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in a failed attempt to incite a slave rebellion (He was caught and hanged). |
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Definition
| The leading Radical Republican senator throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction, he argued ardently for civil rights for blacks and later led the defection of the Liberal Republicans from the Republican Party. |
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Definition
| Location where John Brown killed 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas and helped make the Kansas border war a national issue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, the decision to allow slavery or not turned violent as proponents of both sides flooded into Kansas territory and violence followed very disputed elections in 1855. |
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Term
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Definition
| A political party opposed to the extension of slavery into new territories and supported national improvement programs with small tariffs, it was formed from the merger of a northern faction of the Democratic Party, the abolitionist Liberty Party, and anti-slavery Whigs who nominated Martin Van Buren as their candidate for president and received 10 percent of the national popular vote demonstrating that slavery had become a central issue in national politics. |
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Term
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Definition
| A moderate Democrat with support from both the North and South who served as the 15th president of the Untied States from 1857 to 1861, he failed to stem the tide of sectional conflict that eventually erupted into Civil War. |
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Definition
| This woman famously wrote divisive Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852, which was praised by the North and convinced many Northerners that slavery was morally wrong while simultaneously it was denounced in the South as Southerners grew in their convictions to protect the slave institution. |
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Term
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Definition
| This presidential election marked appearance of the Republican party who nominated John Fremont against the american Party candidate Millard Fillmore and the Democrats winner James Buchanan, major issue was the extension of slavery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Originally led an Army exploration to attempt to take California he later became a presidential nominee for the new Republican Party in 1856 but failed to win the presidency on a campaign agaisnt the expansion of slavery and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that no black, whether slave or free, could become a citizen of the United States or sue in federal court and further argued that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it violated the 5th Amendment's protection of property from being taken away without due process so slavery was legal in the entire United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1836 to 1864, he was strong supporter of the South and slavery laws that were evident in his famous decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of seven debates held from August 21 and October 15, 1858 between senatorial candidates, the debates pitted Abraham Lincoln, a free-soil Republican, against Stephen a. Douglas, a Democrat in favor of popular sovereignty and resulted in hard-fought, highly attended, and ultimately inconclusive debates but they crystallized the dominated positions of the North in regard to slavery and propelled Lincoln into the national arena. |
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Definition
| The pro-slavery Kansas constitution was written by a group of Missourians who traveled across the border of Kansas and organized it around slavery but free-soilers boycotted the convention which made Congress reject the constitution and return it to Kansas for a re-vote where free-soilers would vote on it as well (Buchanan, on the other hand, supported the original constitution. |
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| Having territories choose for themselves whether to be free or slave failed, as evidenced by events in Kansas and it was clear this was not a practical solution to the slavery issue. |
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| An 1859 raid on a federal arsenal in Virginia led by John Brown, this 21 man assault seized a federal arsenal in a failed attempt to incite rebellion. |
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| In this crowded presidential election, the primary issue was slavery and its expansion debated by Democrats Stephen Douglas & John C. Breckenridge, Constitutional Union John Bell, and the winner Republican Abraham Lincoln who opposed the expansion of slavery which Southerners viewed as a threat to their way of life. |
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Definition
| President of the United States from 1861 until his assassination inf 1865, this president's victory in the election precipitated the secession of the first southern states, paving the way for the Civil War where his primary mission was to restore the Union and later planned for a lenient Reconstruction in 1863, but was assassinated before it could be fully implemented. |
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Definition
| His failed presidential bid won support from many border states and advocated a largely Whig political agenda, adding another faction to the fractured presidential election of 1860. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nominated by pro-slavery who had seceded from the Democratic convention, he was strongly for slavery and states' rights and represented the Southern Democrats in the fractured presidential election of 1860. |
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Definition
| Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War, South Carolina had seceded from the Union and had demanded all federal property be surrendered to state authorities, but Union Major Anderson refused to surrender and the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort which surrendered two days later which prompted congress to declare war on the Confederacy April 15, 1861. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1860 compromise proposal designed to defuse tension between the North and the South which would have allowed slavery to continue in the South and would have denied Congress the power to regulate interstate slave trade, but on the advice of newly election President Lincoln Republicans in Congress voted against it. |
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Definition
| A single state or a group of states leaving the United States Of America. |
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Definition
| 1862 Federal act designed to fund state "land-grant" colleges (like OSU) where state governments were given large amounts of land in the western territories that was then sold to individual settlers and the profits of these lands could establish the colleges, which could research "useful" topics that were practical to farmers. |
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Definition
| This law created a new financial system where banks had to invest 1/3 of their money in government securities and could in return issue US Treasury notes as currency, which created a uniform system of currency. |
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Definition
| This new currency was backed not by gold or silver, but simply by the good faith and credit of the government. |
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Definition
| Created as a federally chartered corporation,this railroad company was to build westward from Omaha and create a transcontinental railroad that would facilitate western settlement, shortening to a single week a coast-to-coast journey that once took approximately 7 months by wagon (tracks met at Promontory Point, Utah). |
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Definition
| Created as a federally chartered corporation,this railroad company was to build eastward from California and create a transcontinental railroad that would facilitate western settlement, shortening to a single week a coast-to-coast journey that once took approximately 7 months by wagon (tracks met at Promontory Point, Utah). |
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Definition
| Feeling threatened by an increasingly active national government forcing people into military service and a shifting rationale for war (from preservation of the Union to emancipation of African Americans), widespread violence broke out in New York largely by angry Irish-Americans against African Americans and were stopped only by federal troops. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replacing the Whig Party, this political party was formed in the mind-1850sw and focused primarily on free-soil issues, elected Abraham Lincoln president, and dominated politics during the Civil War and Reconstruction and held the African-American vote for over 60 years. |
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Definition
| Fought in Maryland in September 1863, this battle was considered the single bloodiest day of the Civil War with out 8,000 dead and 18,000 wounded and though the Union forces failed to defeat Lee and the Confederates, they did halt the Confederate advance through Northern soil and provided Lincoln with an opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political controversies surrounded Lincoln and the Republicans heading to the the election of 1864, who were trying to balance democracy while waging a war, so they created a new political party that supported the "broad coalition" of groups who supported the war but was essentially the Republican Party with a few Democrats. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1866 Supreme Court ruling that military trials in areas where civil courts existed were unconstitutional in order to prevent the President from becoming too powerful and disrupt the system of checks and balances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Several northern military victories rejuvenated northern morale and boosted the Republicans/Lincoln to victory in this election, with a vast majority of states voting for Lincoln which ensured the war would continue. |
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Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
| Issued by Abraham Lincoln in January of 1863, this announcement freed all slaves under rebel (Confederate) control, but did not affect the slave states within the Union or Confederate states under Union control, and therefore in practice freed no slaves but did give the war a new objective and helped ensure Europe would stay out of the Civil War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratified December 1865, this amendment prohibited slavery in the United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| Superintendent of nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War and later founded the American Red Cross in 1881, she symbolized the increased opportunities for women during this time period as the war forced people to adjust their social expectations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Commanding general of western Union forces for much of the war and for all Union forces during the last year of the war using the strategy of attrition, he later became the nation's eighteenth president, serving from 1869 to 1877 and presiding over the decline of Reconstruction and a corrupt administration. |
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Definition
| A Union frigate stopped and searched the British ship Trent and captured two Confederate ambassadors aboard it that possibly prevented a Confederate-British alliance but risked angering British to join the war on the side of the Confederacy until Lincoln apologized and paid the British. |
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Definition
| This successful military strategy was developed by Union General Winfield Scott who sought to crush the Southern rebellion by imposing a naval blockade that would cut the South off from supplies/trade and then take the Mississippi, which would cut the Confederacy in half. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1861 this was the first major battle between Confederate and Union forces, where the Confederate army stopped in invading Union army and sent the Union in retreat to Washington DC and waking everyone up that this would be a harsh conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1862 Commander of the Union Forces, this man was known as both an excellent trainer of soldiers but hesitant to commit them into battle and he was in charge of the overly complicated Peninsular Campaign and was eventually replaced by Grant. |
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Term
| Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson |
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Definition
| Perhaps one of the most gifted generals in American history, this Confederate general is well-known for his Valley Campaign but was accidentally shot at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863, and his death shortly thereafter greatly affected the southern military and public morale for the war. |
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Definition
| The "western" city was besieged by Grant and surrendered after six months of fighting as the residents were literally starving to death and the Union gained control of the whole of Mississippi and the Confederacy was split into two in 1863. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1863 General Grant came to the rescue of Union Forces and helped break the Confederate siege of the city and gained control of the Tennessee River, which now meant that four of the eleven Confederate states were cut off from the Southern nation and ended Southern dreams of a decisive military victory over the North. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1863 invaded Pennsylvania from Virginia, where Union and Confederate forces clashed in the largest battle of the Civil War, and is widely considered to be the war's turning point and marked the Union's first major victory in the East, and lasted three days that resulted in 51,000 casualties. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this 1863 battle, Lee divided up his small force with Stonewall Jackson and charged the superior forces of the Union Army, which Union General Hooker barely escaped but the loss of Confederate General Stonewall Jackson was a devastating loos for the Confederates as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Widely regarded as the best general of the Civil War, the commanding general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War. He was a brilliant strategist, commander, and fighter that was victorious in the Second Battle of Bull Run, Fredericksburg, but faced devastating losses at Gettysburg and was forced to retreat back and ultimately surrendered to General Grant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Union General who commanded the Army of the Potomac, he is best known for defeating Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 but failing to follow up that decisive victory and letting Lee escape, which let the war linger on for years. |
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Term
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Definition
| During the Civil War, Union this general led his forces on a march from Atlanta to Savannah and then to Richmond, he brought the South "to its knees" by ordering large-scale destruction known as a "scorch-earth" policy. |
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Term
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Definition
| It was at this location on April 9, 1865, that the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia officially surrendered to Union forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| This means freedom for the slaves, which was now guaranteed by the thirteenth amendment and won only through Union victory in the Civil War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lincoln's lenient policy for Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and agreed to ratify the 13th amendment, but was not put into effect because of Lincoln's assassination. |
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Term
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Definition
| A minority group that emerged in Congress during the Civil War, they were led by Congressmen Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner, and demanded a harsh Reconstruction policy in order to punish the Southern states for seceding, and called for extended civil rights in the South and remained powerful until the mid 1870s. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established in 1865 and staffed by Union army officers, this agency provided food, clothing, education, medical care, and employment to Southern blacks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed in July 1864, this law set forth stringent requirements for Confederate states' readmission to the Union so President Lincoln, who supported a more lenient Reconstruction policy, vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill by leaving it unsigned more than ten days after the adjournment of Congress. |
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Term
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Definition
| An actor who supported the Confederacy, he originally planned to abduct Lincoln near the start of the war but ultimately shot Lincoln at Ford's Theater and shouted, "Sic Sempter Tyrannis!" then broke his leg when he jumped from the balcony and got caught in the American flag and was killed several days later in a barn surrounded by soldiers. |
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Term
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Definition
| President from 1865 until 1869, his plan for Southern Reconstruction was considered too lenient by Radical Republicans and Congress fought his initiatives and undertook a harsh Reconstruction plan that frayed relationships and culminated in impeachment proceedings in 1868 that he was ultimately acquitted for. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1866 bill that was designed to destroy Black Codes by giving African Americans full citizenship but President Johnson vetoed the bill, which Congress overrode. |
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Term
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Definition
| Former Vice-President of the Confederacy, his election as a Senator under Johnson's lenient Reconstruction plan hardened Northern Radical Republican resolve to fight Johnson and pushed for a retributive Reconstruction plan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Granted freedman a few basic rights but also enforced heavy civil restrictions based on race, these codes were enacted in Southern states under Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan and convinced many Radical Republicans that his plan was inadequate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratified in July 1868, this constitutional change guaranteed the rights of citizenship to all people, black or white, born or naturalized in the United States and also provided for the denial or congressional representation for any state that denied suffrage to any of its male citizens. |
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Term
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Definition
| An insulting term that Democrats gave to Southern moderates who cooperated with Republicans during Reconstruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nickname given to northerners who moved South during Reconstruction in search of political and economic opportunity, the term was coined by Southern Democrats who said that these northern opportunists had left home so quickly that they were able to carry all of their belongings in rough suitcases made from carpeting materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replaced the plantation system after the Civil War as a method of agricultural production in the South, this divided plantations into small farms that were rented to freedmen for leases paid in the form of a share of the crop produced and gave freedmen a measure of independence but also ensured that whites maintained control of the land. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replaced the plantation system after the Civil War as a method of agricultural production in the South, this meant merchants extended credit and farming supplies to poor African American farmers against their expected harvest at the end of the season. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fearsome British-made vessel that fought for the Confederacy and destroyed over 60 Northern ships in 22 months and later the United States diplomatically challenged Britain for violating neutrality and demanded repayment for the damage they inadvertently caused. |
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Term
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Definition
| A southern vigilante group founded in 1866 in Tennessee, they operated in all Southern states and often conducted raids and lynchings to intimidate black voters and Republican officials demonstrating the South's resistance to African American equality but faded away in the late nineteenth century until later in 1915. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratified in March of 1870, this constitutional change prohibited the denial of voting rights to any citizen based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." |
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Term
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Definition
| Resolved the conflict arising from election of 1876, in which Democrat Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote but Republican leaders contested some states' election returns, thereby ensuring Republican Rutherford B. Haye's victory. To minimize protest from Democratic Party, Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the last two occupied states in the South. |
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Term
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Definition
| Henry Grady made an 1886 speech in which he asserted the South wanted to grow, embrace industry, eliminate racism and Confederate separatist feelings in an attempt to get Northern businessmen to invest in the South. |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled by conservative whits from 1877-1902, they represented the planters, landowners, and merchants who used coercion and cash to control enough black votes to control the Democratic Party conventions, and thus state governments in Mississippi. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point of view that argued slavery was no longer a "peculiar institution" or a necessary evil but that is was a positive good and supported this idea with religious, historical, and medical arguments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to describe slavery in the best possible terms the South could muster. |
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Term
| Uncompensated Emancipation |
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Definition
| The idea that slave-owners should not be paid for freeing their slaves since it was the correct moral thing to do. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point of view that argued slavery was no longer a "peculiar institution" or a necessary evil but that is was a positive good and supported this idea with religious, historical, and medical arguments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to describe slavery in the best possible terms the South could muster. |
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Term
| Uncompensated Emancipation |
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Definition
| The idea that slave-owners should not be paid for freeing their slaves since it was the correct moral thing to do. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long-serving naval admiral, he commanded a modern warship which he used to impress the Japanese into signing the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened Japan to American trade. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive cultivation of cotton would lead to the overuse of the soil and would destroy its future potential, an unfortunately common side effect of the slavery social system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that slave-owners should be paid for freeing their slaves, as slaves were considered property during this time. |
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Term
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Definition
| This man was largely responsible for attempting to compromise between the North and the South to avert the Civil War, but his proposal failed as Republicans rejected it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic calamity that began with the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east, the depression greatly affected the industrial east and the agricultural west but did little damage to the South, reinforcing the South's view that their economic system was superior to that of the North. |
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Term
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Definition
| Democrat Stephen A. Douglas' attempt to reconcile his belief in popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision, Douglas argued that territories could effectively forbid slavery by failing to enact slave codes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri were states around the North who supported slavery within their territories but did not secede, giving the Union strategic land during the Civil War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Grant's most dependable General, he was a commander of infantry in the Western theater who Grant promoted to the Army of Potomac Cavalry Corps that were used to defeat Confederate forces in Shenandoah Valley and relentlessly pursue Robert E. Lee until his surrender in 1865. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main Union Army force in the Eastern United States during the Civil War. |
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Term
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Definition
| An act of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving, in this case the North imposed this on the South to isolate the South and bring it back into the Union. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major Union operation and first large scale offensive action in the Eastern Theater in 1862, General McClellan intended to capture Richmond, Virginia by circumventing the Confederate Army but was repelled by the superior tactics or Robert E. Lee. |
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Term
| "Swing 'Round the Circle" |
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Definition
| A disastrous speaking campaign by President Johnson in 1866 where he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and supporting Democrats in the upcoming election, but his campaign had the opposite effect and alienated more voters to vote for Radical Reconstruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags in order to ensure Democratic control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Laws aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan in 1870, made actions committed with the intent to influence voters/voting were made a federal offense so that the federal government would prosecute the crimes away from the local juries who might support such activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A battle Confederate forces under the Command of Lee and the Union of the Potomac led by General Burnside in 1862, this was one of the most one-side battles where the Union suffered terrible casualties in a failed frontal assault against entrenched Confederate defenders, destroying the Union's hope of capturing Richmond. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enacted by the radical Congress in 1866, it forbade the president from removing federally appointed people without the consent of the Senate and was meant to prevent President Johnson from removing radical-supporting administration figures, but Johnson broke the law and was impeached for his crime. |
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Term
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Definition
| For 100 years after the Civil War this was an area that always voted Democratic in every presidential election and was essentially a one-party area. |
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Term
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Definition
| The name for Northern and Western Democrats in Congress who wished for an end to what they deemed an "unjust war" were named after the poisonous snake because Lincoln felt they were waiting to get him, end his broad use of executive power and end the Civil War without saving the Union. |
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