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London Economic Conference (1933) |
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Definition
Coordinated international attack on the global depression. - Stabilizing each nation’s currencies, stabilize the rates at which they could be exchanged. This was essential to the revival of world trade. |
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Formal Recognition of Russia/Why? |
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Definition
Recognized them in 1933 over protests of: Anti-communist conservatives, Roman Catholics (against the Kremlin’s antireligious policies) Why? Wanted to trade with them, Wanted to have the Soviet Union on friendly terms with the U.S. so that they could counter the power of Germany and Japan |
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Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) |
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Definition
Gave independence to the Philippines after a 12-year period. The U.S.agreed to give up its army bases, but not naval bases |
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The United States wished to have good relations with its neighbors, especially at a time when conflicts were beginning to rise once again.This act was more or less intended to garner Latin American support. Renouncing unpopular military intervention |
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Mussolini invades Ethiopia |
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Definition
1935 – attacked Ethiopia for glory and empire |
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In 1933, FDR renounced armed intervention in Latin America at the Seventh Pan-American Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, and the following year, U.S. marines left Haiti. |
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Secretary of State during FDR's presidency; believed in reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff; led to passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934; also believed in Good Neighborism. Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, |
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Term
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934) |
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Definition
Lowered tariffs, Designed to boost American trade, FDR could lower rates as much as 50% if the other country would do the same. Could become effective without the approval of the Senate. Did away with logrolling and pressure from lobbyists |
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Definition
After World War I, many dictatorships sprang up, including Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union |
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After World War I, many dictatorships sprang up, including, Benito Mussolini of Italy seized power in 1922 |
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Dictator after World War I, from Germany most dangerous, because he was a great orator and persuader who led the German people to believe his “big lie,” making them think that he could lead the country back to greatness and out of this time of poverty and depression. Allied himself in the Rome-Berlin Axis. |
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| National Codialist German Workers Party - Political Party, led by Hitler - stressed racial purity of German people and persecuted those it percieved as race enemies |
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| The Italian Foreign Minister, Count Nobile Ciano, conducted a two-day visit to Germany which resulted in the Rome-Berlin Axis Pact. The agreement strengthened the positions of Germany and Italy against Britain and France by establishing a league of revisionist powers against a league of status quo states. Premier Benito Mussolini proclaimed the agreement in Rome on November 1st. |
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Term
America’s Response to the London Conference |
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Definition
| FDR sent Secretary of State Cordell Hull. But began to have second thoughts about agenda and announced America’s withdrawal. FDR preferred to solve without other countries being involved. The conference adjourned without having accomplished anything. America’s attitude of every-man-for-himself played into the hands of the dictators |
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Term
Spread of Totalitarianism |
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Definition
Totalitarianism and war in Europe forced Roosevelt to provide more and more assistance to desperate Britain, despite strong isolationist opposition. |
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Term
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Americans believed that their seas would protect them, Believed that WWI was a colossal blunder, too involved in getting out of the Great Depression, |
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Johnson Debt Default Act 1934 |
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Definition
Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the U.S. If attacked again by aggressors, these countries wouldn’t receive help |
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Term
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| Congress Legislates Neutrality, Nye Committee was formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufacturers were pro-war for the sole purpose of making more money and profits, as the press blamed such producers for dragging America into the First World War |
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Originally spurred by the Italian invasion of Ethiopia; Acts proclaimed that when the President declared the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:No American could legally sail on a belligerent’s ship, The sale or transport of munitions to a belligerent Make loans to belligerents The acts were tailored to keep the U.S. out of a war like WWI |
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| Spanish rebels, headed by fascist Gnrl Francisco Franco, rebelled against the republican government, aided by Hitler & Mussolini, while the existing government, loyalist,was supported on a smaller scale by the Soviets (helped American-Soviet relations), Congress amended existing neutrality laws to apply an arms embargo to both the Loyalist government & the rebels |
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Term
Peace at any Price-ism Attitude |
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Definition
The democracies, including the United States, were so determined to stay out of war that they helped to condemn a fellow democracy to death. In so doing they further encouraged the dictators to take the dangerous road that led over the precipice to World War II |
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Definition
Called for “positive endeavors” to “quarantine” the aggressors—presumably by economic embargoes. triggered a cyclone of protest from isolationists and other foes of involvement; they feared that a moral quarantine would lead to a shooting quarantine |
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Definition
In December 1937 Japanese aviators bombed and sank an American gunboat, the Panay, in Chinese waters, with a loss of two killed and thirty wounded. America’s isolationist mood intensified, especially in regard to China. |
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Term
Hitlers occupation of the Rhineland/Austria |
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Definition
| flouted the Treaty of Versailles - brazenly marched into the demilitarized Hitler undertook to persecute and then exterminate the Jewish |
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Term
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Appeasement of the dictators, symbolized by the ugly word Munich, turned out to be merely surrender on the installment plan. It was like giving a cannibal a finger in the hope of saving an arm. |
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Hitler could not stop. Intoxicated by his recent gains, he began to make bullying demands for this German-inhabited of neighboring Czechoslovakia. |
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| The Western European democracies, badly unprepared for war, betrayed Czechoslovakia to Germany when they consented to the shearing away of the Sudetenland. They hoped that this would slake Hitler’s thirst for power and bring “peace in our time.” |
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Term
Soviet Non- Aggression - Pact with Hitler |
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Definition
Stalin, as prearranged secretly in his fateful pact with Hitler, came in on the kill for his share of old Russian Poland. Long-dreaded World War II was now fully launched, and the long truce of 1919–1939 had come to an end. |
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Definition
succumbed in three weeks to Hitler’s smashing strategy of terror. |
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Term
Britain and France Come to Poland's Aide |
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Definition
Britain and France, honoring their commitments to Poland, promptly declared war. At long last they perceived the folly of continued appeasement. But they were powerless to aid Poland, |
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Term
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Definition
provided that henceforth the European democracies might buy American war materials, but only on a “cash-and-carry basis.” This meant that they would have to transport the munitions in their own ships, after paying for them in cash |
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Definition
The months following the collapse of Poland, while France and Britain marked time, |
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Finland Falls to the Soviets |
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Definition
Attacked to secure strategic buffer territory, But despite heroic resistance, Finland was finally flattened by the Soviet steamroller |
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Term
Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium |
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Definition
An abrupt end to the “phony war” came in April 1940 when Hitler, again without warning, overran his weaker neighbors Denmark and Norway. the next month he attacked the Netherlands and Belgium |
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France (June 1940) falls to the Nazis |
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Definition
| By late June France was forced to surrender, but not until Mussolini had pounced on its rear for a jackal’s share of the loot. shocked Americans out of their daydreams. |
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In a pell-mell but successful evacuation, the British managed to salvage the bulk of their shattered and partially disarmed army. The crisis providentially brought forth an inspired leader in Prime Minister Winston Churchill the bulldogjawed orator who nerved his people to fight off the fearful air bombings of their cities. |
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Term
Roosevelt's builds up military |
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Definition
He called upon an already debt-burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which could also check Japan. |
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Term
conscription law, approved September 6, 1940 |
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Definition
Under this measure— America’s first peacetime draft—provision was made for training each year 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves. The act was later adapted to the requirements of a global war. |
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| Britain alone stood between Hitler and his dream of world domination. For months the Battle of Britain raged in the air over the British Isles. The Royal Air Force’s tenacious defense of its native islands eventually led Hitler to postpone his planned invasion indefinitely. |
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Term
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. |
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Definition
Its argument was double-barreled. To interventionists, it could appeal for direct succor to the British by such slogans as “Britain Is Fighting Our Fight.” To the isolationists, it could appeal for assistance to the democracies by “All Methods Short of War,” so that the terrible conflict would be kept in faraway Europe |
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Term
Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh/isolationism |
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Definition
Speechmaker/America First Committee - “England Will Fight to the Last American.” They contended that America should concentrate what strength it had to defend its own shores, lest a victorious Hitler, after crushing Britain, plot a transoceanic assault. |
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Wendell L. Willkie/democratic candidate |
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Definition
| a Germandescended son of Hoosier, Indiana. His great appeal lay in his personality, A complete novice in politics, the delegates finally accepted this political upstart as the only candidate who could possibly beat Roosevelt. Willkie, an outspoken liberal, was opposed not so much to the New Deal as to its extravagances and inefficiencies. Democratic critics branded him “the rich man’s Roosevelt” and “the simple barefoot Wall Street lawyer.” |
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Definition
| Ohio - son of ex president Republican aspirant for nominaton for president |
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| isolationist, anti - Lend-lease "the blank-check bill” “the new Triple-A [Agricultural Adjustment Act] bill”—a measure designed to “plow under every fourth American boy.” |
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Term
lend lease extened to Soviets |
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Definition
Sound American strategy seemed to dictate speedy aid to Moscow while it was still afloat. Roosevelt immediately promised assistance and backed up his words by making some military supplies available. |
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| held in August 1941, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill secretly met with FDR on a war ship off the foggy coast of Newfoundland - first of series; created 8 point atlantic charter |
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Definition
While opposing imperialistic annexations, it promised that there would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants (self-determination). It further affirmed the right of a people to choose their own form of government and, in particular, to regain the governments abolished by the dictators. Among various other goals, the charter declared for disarmament and a peace of security, pending a “permanent system of general security” (a new League of Nations). |
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Clashes between US Ships and German Subs |
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Definition
even though Hitler’s orders were to strike at American warships only in self-defense. In September 1941 the U.S. destroyer Greer, provocatively trailing a German U-boat, was attacked by the undersea craft, without damage to either side. Roosevelt then proclaimed a shoot-on-sight policy. |
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Term
| December 7, 1941 - Black Sunday- The Day that Will Live in Infamy |
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Definition
Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor by Japan About three thousand casualties were inflicted on American personnel many aircraft were destroyed, the battleship fleet was virtually wiped out when all eight of the craft were sunk or otherwise immobilized. An angered Congress the next day officially recognized the war that had been “thrust” upon the United States. US delcared war on December 11, 1941 |
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