Term
| After the Civil War, __________ increased rapidly, from 35,000 to almost 200,000. They also spread out _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ encouraged the railroad boom by giving millions of acres of land to railroad companies. The railroads were established in a __________ fashion. The companies were greedy, preventing _________ from the land until railroads were built and they were placed on the best land. |
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Definition
Congress,
checkerboard,
other users |
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Term
| There were many critics to the railroads because they were given to such large companies, but often they often overlooked the benefits of the railroads. The government received benefits including long-term preferential long-term rates for the __________ and _________. Granting the land for these railroads was a cheap way to ________ the land for about 3$ an acre. The land could be used as collateral for _______. Villages nearby railroads ___________. |
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Definition
postal service,
military traffic,
subsidize,
loans,
grew into flourishing cities |
|
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Term
| The ultimate goal for the railroads was to establish a _____________ (from coast to coast). The process started in 1862, and because this was in the middle of the Civil War and the South was succeeding, the rails were built in the ________. Congress commissioned the ___________ to push westward from Nebraska. For their efforts, they received ____, _______, and _____________. |
|
Definition
transcontinental railroad,
North
Union Pacific Railroad,
pay,
free land,
and loans for more land/building |
|
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Term
| The _______________ company made fantastic profits from constructing the permanent railroad. They pocketed ___ million when they only needed ___ million to build the railroad. They bribed ________ in order to look the other way. Irish workers ("________") for the company worked fast. _______ were known to attack the workers who infiltrated their land, and the Irish quickly grabbed their guns to defeat them in order to continue building. |
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Definition
Credit Mobilier,
73,
50,
Congress,
Paddies,
Indians |
|
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Term
| The _____________ Railroad went from California to the east. The "______________" were the men who funded this railroad, and they were led by Leland ________. Although they made a lot of money, they kept they hands clean and didn't get involved in _________. _________ people did most of the work to build the railroad. |
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Definition
Central pacific Railroad,
Big Four,
Standford,
bribery,
Chinese |
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Term
| The transcontinental railroad was completed in ____. The completion of it was considered a peacetime undertaking as it united the west with the union. |
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Definition
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Term
| Before the century's end, four other railroads were created. None of them received _____ from the government, but many of them accepted _______. |
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Definition
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Term
These new railroads were as follows:
The __________ railroad linked Lake Superior to Pugent Sound,
The ___________ railroad went from New Orleans to San Francisco,
The ____________ railroad linked Duluth to Seattle,
and The ___________ (3) railroads linked Kansas to California |
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Definition
the Northern Pacific,
the Southern Pacific,
the Great Northern,
and the Atchinson, Topeka, and Santa Fe |
|
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Term
| The Great Northern railroad was constructed by _________, who was considered the greatest railroad builder of all time. He perceived that the prosperity of his railroad depended on the prosperity of ______________. So, he ran _____________ trains, and imported cattle and gave it all to the ________. His railway was so organized that it ran through _______ without troubles. |
|
Definition
James Hill,
the area surrounding it,
agricultural demonstration trains,
farmers,
storms |
|
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Term
Railroad weren't without their negatives:
Builders often suffered from _________, in that they put too much faith in towns lacking a growing population in hopes the railroad would attract more people. The failure of railroads such as this was nicknamed "_________________". When this happened, _________ often followed as well as the failure of savings from investors. Many of the large railroads experienced this |
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Definition
over optimism,
"going from nowhere to nothing",
bankruptcy, |
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Term
| Back east, Cornelius ___________ bought up all of the older and smaller railroad lines under the _____________ line. In doing this, he made improvements to the rails which created superior ________ for lower __________. |
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Definition
Cornelius Vanderbilt,
New York Central line,
railroad service,
rates/travel times |
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Term
Technological advances were imposed for railroads as well. Cornelius Vanderbilt helped to start the trend of using ______ rails instead of iron rails (these new rails were TOUGHER). As well, a standard ______ was put into affect across the country so now it became pointless to have to change trains. The Westinghouse _______ was created, boldly increasing safety. _________ Palace Cars, nicknamed "____________", were introduced considerably in the 1860's. There were three other inventions that aided in the safety of railroads:
___________ enabled easier communication, while
___________ and ____________ made trains safer. Despite the growing safety of railroads, accidents almost occurred daily. |
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Definition
steel rails,
gauge,
air brake,
Pullman Palace Cars,
"traveling hotels",
telegraphs,
double-tracking and block signals |
|
|
Term
| Railroads physically united the country for the first time in history. The greatest impact railroads had were on __________ and __________, by creating an enormous domestic market for American ________ and _________ which enabled us as a country to create the largest national market. |
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Definition
businesses and industrialization,
raw materials and manufactured good, |
|
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Term
| Railroads stimulated ______ in the West. It also made _______ and _________ out west increase, as well as a ______ for cities out West. The Western farmers gathered, while the East sold and transferred profit back to the West (a beautiful cycle). Railroads also created __________, in order to end rigid times for different cities. Railroads changed the nature of the land, killing out ______ and increasing the number of ____ fields. The railroads also increased the number of ___________. |
|
Definition
mining,
settlements and villages,
BOOM,
time zones,
buffalo,
corn fields,
millionaires |
|
|
Term
| Railroads were also involved in corruption: The _________ scandal was the worst of it, when the company was able to pay themselves double what they needed and bribed congress to look the other way. ___________ was a master of the process of "____________", in which he would bloat the cattle that was delivered by a certain railway, which scammed the buyers to pay for more than the railway's true worth because the bloated cattle made them believe the railway had a part in making the cattle grander and plumper. |
|
Definition
Credit Mobilier,
Jay Gould,
"stock watering", |
|
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Term
| Railroad owners (even Cornelius Vanderbilt) bribed off legislatures and elected their own "____________" into high office who they could manipulate, Railroad Kings began to work together, creating "______", which enabled them to have a monopoly on all of the railroads by joining forces to a one secret large company. __________ were given to large companies that shipped large quantities of goods. These were known to help the big companies, and harm the smaller companies. As well, _________ were given to members of the press in order to ensure positive publicity |
|
Definition
"creatures",
pools,
Rebates,
free passes |
|
|
Term
| Americans slowly began to be fed-up with the economic injustice that the powerful "railroad kings" were creating, in which they were ruled by a "money power". An economic depression in the 1870's prompted groups of midwestern farmers (notably The _________ AKA "Patrons of Husbandry") to fight for legislatures to regulate the railroads. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the notable _________ case of 1886, the supreme court ruled that the states cannot regulate __________, only Congress could. President Cleveland did not agree with regulation, however he was powerless to Congress. Congress officially passed the _____________ Act in 1887, which prohibited ______, "______", and required railroads to openly publish their _____. |
|
Definition
Wabash,
interstate commerce,
Interstate Commerce Act,
rebates,
"pools",
rates |
|
|
Term
| The Interstate Commerce Act was ineffective, as it allowed for large companies to move around it. What it provided for large companies was a ______ of sorts, in which the public would get off their case because they believed their worries were erased, although they weren't. All it did was provide competing railroad kings with official _______ to resolve conflicts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Interstate Commerce Act is still considered a _______ law, in that is was the first act by Washington with the goal of regulating business and industry of the entire country. It committed the government/congress to monitor the ________ from now on. |
|
Definition
red-letter law,
private economy |
|
|
Term
Important inventions:
__________________ invented the telephone (which enabled women to start working on switchboards), and Thomas Edison invented the __________. |
|
Definition
Alexander Graham Bell,
light-bulb |
|
|
Term
BY 1894, the U.S. rose to the largest manufacturing nation in the world. This occurred because the effects of...
1. "_________" AKA the millionaire class emerged and with it created new businesses
2. ____________ were being out to full use (namely, the ____________ range in Minnesota was now coming in to be the largest resource for steel and iron in the country)
3. ___________ kept labor cheap
4. Technological advances were playing a part in increasing producibility. Eli Whitney's development of ___________ and ___________ helped this movement. Beyond that, machines such as the cash register, stock ticker, and the typewriter benefitted __________. The refrigerator car, electric dynamo, and electric railway displaced __________ cars. |
|
Definition
Liquid capital,
Natural Resources,
Mesabi ore range,
Immigration,
mass production and interchangeable parts,
business operations,
animal-drawn cars |
|
|
Term
| Andree Carnegie was a giant of the steel industry, who owned the ______________. Through his methods, Carnegie invented __________ in order to grow his business. This method allowed him to _____ businesses in order to completely combine all phases of manufacturing under his control. His goal in doing all of this was to improve _______ by making supplies more reliable, to ensure he could control the _________ of his product, and ro eliminate ____________ fees |
|
Definition
U.S. Steel Corporation,
vertical integration,
buy out
efficiency,
quality
middleman fees |
|
|
Term
| John D. Rockefeller is known for almost monopolizing the oil industry. His ___________ company used a method of __________ to take over the industry. With this method, he FORCED __________ out of the industry OR bought them out. His company owned __ to __% of the oil in the U.S. Rockefeller is known for saying that he "preys" on the smaller companies in order to get them out of the industry |
|
Definition
Standard Oil Company,
horizontal integration,
companies,
90-95%, |
|
|
Term
| John Rockefeller also used a technique known as ____________, where his own men would be placed on the board-of-directors of ___________. The decisions they made would be with the purpose of "cooperating" with their competitors (AKA bending over to the will of Rockefeller) |
|
Definition
interlocking directorates,
rival companies, |
|
|
Term
| J.P. Morgan was a financial giant of the time. He made himself a legend on Wall Street by financing the reorganization of ______, ________, and _________. He established himself as a permanent giant by using the methods of ________ to put his own people on the board-of-directors of smaller but rising companies in order to control them. |
|
Definition
banks, railroads, and insurance companies,
interlocking companies |
|
|
Term
| Andrew Carnegie was a rags to riches story. He started as a bobbin-boy in a cotton mill, and worked his way a telegraph operator. After that, he became a railroad's __________, which gave him his ticket into the railroad industry. He was mainly successful for his ability to _________ and to hire excellent workers. |
|
Definition
executive secretary,
administrate |
|
|
Term
| When Andrew Carnegie wanted to retire, he sold the U.S. Steel corporation to ___________ for 400 million dollars. While Carnegie became a philanthropist, donating to ________, ________, and __________...U.S. Steel was being turned into the first ___________ company |
|
Definition
J.P. Morgan,
charities, librabries, and art programs,
billion dollar company |
|
|
Term
STEEL built the industrial revolution. Within 20 years, the U.S. became the top producer of it. The secret to creating so much steel was the _________________, a process wherein cool air was blown over red hot iron in order to burn off the _______ and in order to produce _________ and _________ steel. Other reasons the U.S. was capable to produce so much steel were...
1. The simple fact the U.S. was blessed with so much ____ and _____
2. When the natural materials and the ___________ process were combined with a seemingly endless __________, the possibilities were endless |
|
Definition
Bessemer Process,
impurities,
stronger and cheaper,
iron and coal,
Bessemer Process.
labor supply |
|
|
Term
| The first oil gusher in Pennsylvania (nicknamed "__________") started the oil boom. ____________ was the first major product of the infant oil industry. It was used to give ______ a much brighter flame. However, as technology improved, kerosene was replaced by electricity and lightbulbs. Kerosene was only being used in ____ areas. |
|
Definition
Drake's Folly,
Kerosene,
candles/lanterns,
rural |
|
|
Term
| The way in which John Rockefeller moved ahead in the oil industry was by using a method known as horizontal integration, wherein he would sometimes buy out companies. However, more often than not he would FORCE OUT companies by a means of "__________" the competition: He would charge ____ for oil, than the changing market price would send the competition under. This earned him the nickname "___________". Besides that, Rockefeller's tactics were aided by "economies of ______", in which large companies produce _______ products to put more pressure on "the little guy" |
|
Definition
Undercutting,
less,
Reckafellow,
scale,
cheaper |
|
|
Term
"Godliness is in league with riches" was a saying in which was said by... (Rockefeller was one of these people)
Some believed in the idea of a GOSPEL OF WEALTH, which meant... (namely Andrew Carnegie), |
|
Definition
...said by those who believed that God bestowed upon them riches,
...which meant that the rich had a moral duty to prove themselves morally responcible |
|
|
Term
Defenders of capitalism defended themselves with "_____________", which were social survival of the fittest theories developed by English philosopher Herbert SPENCER and Yale Professor William GRAHAM. This idea was...
The opposite of this idea applied to those at the bottom of the food chain |
|
Definition
Social Darwinism,
...the idea said that the reason certain people were at the top of their business was because they were best adapted to running the industry |
|
|
Term
| Reverend _______________ was a minister that strongly promoted Social Darwinism throughout the country, in his sermon called Acres of Diamonds. His theme was... |
|
Definition
Russel Conwell,
...the theme was that people earn their lots in life, whether good or bad |
|
|
Term
| "____________", or rule by rich plutocrats, had replaced the old worry of slavocracy. The ruling by U.S. Congress to regulate commerce aided the heads of industry. Corporate lawyers also used the ________ from the Constitution in order to give their corporations to be classified as ________ with full ______ rights. |
|
Definition
Plutocracy,
14th Amendment,
legel people,
full citizenship rights |
|
|
Term
The _____________ Act of 1890 was enacted in an attempt to outlaw _______ and _______. The law forbade "COMBINATIONS" such as...
1. "pools" where ____________ would unite as one
2. ____________, where the same people sat on the board of directors of competitors and made the same decisions for each company, therefore competitors were basically one mega company
3. _________________, in which the head company would purchase ____ from other companies in order to manage the competitor as one mega company |
|
Definition
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act,
trusts or monopolies,
multiple companies,
interlocking directorates,
holding companies,
stocks |
|
|
Term
| The Sherman Anti Trust Act did not prove effective until ____. Until that time, "pools" would be found difficult to _____, and the fact that it lacked real teeth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Sherman Anti Trust Act did not prove effective until ____. Until that time, "pools" would be found difficult to _____, and the fact that it lacked real teeth. The Act prevented ____, _______, and ________. |
|
Definition
1914,
prove,
pools,
interlocking directorates,
holding companies |
|
|
Term
| The Industrial revolution didn't help the South. In 1900, the South was producing _____ crops than before the war. The plantation system degenerated into a pattern of _________ landownership. Black and White sharecroppers searched the soil for a share of the crops, or they became _____ meaning they controlled credit and supplies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1890, James Buchanan Duke was able to ______ many of his competitors and mass-produce his product in order to help the ________ industry take off. His company was the ________________ company. |
|
Definition
absorb,
cigarette,
American Tobacco Company |
|
|
Term
| Henry Grady was the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, who prompted the South to try and compete with the North in terms of industry, however his efforts were ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Railroads in the South didn't improve southern industry because train rates in the South were ______ and rates for ________ favored the South instead. Cotton mills began to show up in the South. They provided ______, however they also didn't provide workers with a lot of money |
|
Definition
cheap,
raw materials,
jobs, |
|
|
Term
| The __________ was dramatically increased due to industrialization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Women gained new economic and social opportunities. They were gaining jobs thanks to the _______ and ________. The new ideal women created in the 1890s by Charles Gibson was nicknamed the "____________", and was the romanticism of many. |
|
Definition
telephone and typewriter,
the Gibson Girl, |
|
|
Term
| More work for women meant delayed ______ and ________. Many women decided to work out of economic necessity rather than independence or glamour. Women received _________. |
|
Definition
marriage,
smaller families,
less money for their services |
|
|
Term
| The industrial age also flaunted class division. There was a lot of protest from ______ and ________. The existence of an oligarchy of money was exemplified because of the fact that in 1900, about ______ of people owned _____ of the nation's wealth. |
|
Definition
socialists and immigrants,
1/10 of people owned 90% |
|
|
Term
| In 1860, half of all workers were self employed, however at the turn of the century, ______ men depended on wages. This new dependency on wages left the common man to be vulnerable to the ________ and the _________. Many people feared _________ because it literally could bring disaster unto the family. Something that also proves the growing difference in class from the age of industrialization was the fact that reformers had difficulty gaining _____, _______, and ________ for the working class. |
|
Definition
2 out of 3 men depended,
economy and employer,
unemployment,
job, wage, and provision for temporary unemployment |
|
|
Term
| Due to the increase of cheap labor, unions began to form. IN the late 1880s/early 1890s they remained ineffective for a multitude of reasons: Employers hired _______ to work around issues. "________", or temporary employees, would be brought in if a worker was getting out-of-hand. Big-business could work with the federal courts to order ___________ to cease. Big-Business could also make workers sign "_________" or "yellow dog contracts" in which they swore to never join a union. Big-Business had the power to "______________" bad employees so that way they would never find another job. As well, some businesses ran "company towns" wherein... then the workers would thereby fall into a large amount of debt they could never get out |
|
Definition
lawyers,
"scabs",
strikers/protesters,
"ironclad oaths",
they would pay their employees with company money good only at the company's store, |
|
|
Term
| _____________ was a belief that pervaded society, and didn't leave a lot of room for people to grow. It stated that a person's position... that the rich... and the poor... |
|
Definition
Social Darwinism,
a person's position in life was their own doing, that the rich had earned their position and the poor were too lazy to do the same. |
|
|
Term
| In the early days of unions, during the _____s, they were a lot more successful. By 1872, there were several ________ organized workers and __________ national unions. |
|
Definition
1860s,
hundred-thousand,
thirty-two |
|
|
Term
| The National Labor Union was created in ____. It lasted 6 years, and had over _________ members. Although, it did exclude ________ exclusively, and turned away most ________ and _____________. Their goals were to gain _________ and an ___________. They were able to gain _________ for the government workers. However, the depression in the 1870's and decreased _____ took it out of existence. |
|
Definition
1866,
600,000 members,
the Chinese,
woman and blacks,
arbitration of worker complaints,
and an 8-hour workday.
They were able to gain an 8-hour workday,
wages |
|
|
Term
| The Knights of Labor began in ____ as a secret society, however they began public in the year _____. Led by __________, they aimed to include everyone in "one big union" such as the _________ union. Their goals were to gain __________,_______________, and ________. They welcomed everyone into the union, except for "___________" (liquor dealers, gamblers, lawyers bankers, and stockbrokers). |
|
Definition
1869, 1881,
Terrence Powerly,
National Labor Union,
worker's cooperatives (AKA be allowed to pool their money and resources), better working conditions, and an 8-hour workday.
"non producers" |
|
|
Term
| The Knights of Labor's public image was tarnished after a multitude of ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The "Haymarket Square Incident" occurred in Chicago in the year _____. The Chicago police advanced on a meeting called to protest _____________. Suddenly, a dynamite bomb was thrown that killed or injured several dozen people. ________ among the protestors were the true cause of the bomb, however police blamed it on the unions. After this incident, eight anarchists were arrested. Five were killed, three given heavy sentences (although later pardoned through the actions of the governor). The major result of the incident was... |
|
Definition
1886,
brutalities by the authorities,
Anarchists,
...was a distrust in unions and a decline in their membership. |
|
|
Term
| The __________________ was established in the year ____ by Samuel Gompers, and was made up of a series of small, independent unions all brought together by their membership. Gompers wanted what all unions do, meaning better conditions, wages, and shorter hours. MORE THEN THAT, he wanted "___________" from the companies, meaning one has to join the union in order to work at the company. His main tactics to earn this were ________ and __________. Unskilled workers were NOT ALLOWED in the union because... |
|
Definition
The American Federation of Labor,
1886,
"trade agreements",
boycotts and strikes,
...because they were too easily replaced and thereby would end up hurting the union |
|
|
Term
| The AFL harbored over ________members, and were criticized as being the "labor trust" even though __% of the country's workers were apart of the union. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It wasn't until 1900 that unions were allowed to come together, collectively bargain, and strike. A major achievement for the unions was ________ in 1894 when they were all allowed to take the day off of work. In the grand scheme of things however, UNIONS WERE INEFFECTIVE BECAUSE OF THE NEVER ENDING STREAM OF ___________ WHICH ALLOWED THE BIG COMPANIES __________ |
|
Definition
Labor Day,
immigrants,
to always have a source of cheap labor |
|
|
