Term
| With the rise of Andrew Jackson as president, ___________ was promoted due to the fact he was the first president that was born west of the Appalachians. By ____, the center of the American population had traveled past the Alleghenies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical pioneer families were poorly ___, ill-clad, housed in ________, also often the victims of ________,_______, and _______. Women were especially affected because they often felt ______ due to a lack of ____________. |
|
Definition
fed,
shanties,
disease, depression, and premature death,
lonely,
human contact |
|
|
Term
| Pioneers were turning to the new discover of ________ to feed their livestock and create a landscape that would bring more people westward. Fur trading became very popular with pelts being made out of ________ or _______. |
|
Definition
bluegrass,
beaver or otter |
|
|
Term
| ________ was a painter and student of Native Americans that was the first to truly believe and promote the __________ as a deliberate national policy. His ideas helped to create the ____________, starting with _________ in 1872. |
|
Definition
George Catlin,
preservation of nature,
a national park system,
Yellowstone Park |
|
|
Term
| The population growth of the colonies led to certain problems, such as ________, poor _____ lighting, inadequate ________, impure ______, foul _____, ____, and improper garbage _________. |
|
Definition
smelly slums,
street,
police,
water,
sewage,
rats,
improper garbage disposal |
|
|
Term
| The continuing high birthrate could be explained by ___________. Many of them traveled to america because Europe was experiencing _________ as well, they were ______ from their homes, or they were simply attracted to America. |
|
Definition
immigration/immigrants,
overpopulation,
displaced, |
|
|
Term
| Ireland in the 1840's was _______ due to the heavily influence of ______. Due to the ___________, one fourth of their populus was killed by disease and hunger. The Irish were determined to flee their horrible conditions to America. |
|
Definition
prostrated,
Britain,
Potato Famine, |
|
|
Term
| The last of the "old-style" elections was in 1824 with the "___________". John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William H. Crawford, and Andrew Jackson all ran for president claiming to be _______. However, political parties were so fuzzy, that __________ appeared as the vice-presidential candidate for Adams and Jackson. |
|
Definition
Corrupt Bargain,
Republicans,
John C. Calhoun |
|
|
Term
| The election of 1824 was the last of old style politics because the winner was considered the "_________". All men after this election due to ______________ (*HINT* U.W.M.S.), all men could vote. |
|
Definition
the common man,
universal white manhood suffrage |
|
|
Term
| Three candidates in the 1824 election were considered "________" because each one of them had a section of the country behind them specifically. _________ was the candidate that wasn't considered as a semi-national favorite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to how Jackson won the majority vote, but not the vote from the _________, there was a deadlock in the election. Henry Clay as __________ was in a powerful position, because due to the ___ amendment, he basically could choose the candidate of his choice. |
|
Definition
electoral college,
Speaker of the House of Representatives,
2nd |
|
|
Term
| Jackson and Clay were rivals, because both were ________, so Henry Clay made John Quincy Adams the winner of the ___ election. Crawford wasn't considered because he ________ before the election could be called. |
|
Definition
westerners,
1824,
died of a stroke |
|
|
Term
| Just after Henry Clay helped ensure John Quincy Adams as president, Adams made Henry Clay _________. Due to this whole ordeal looking very sneaky, this election was named the "__________". Jackson's supporters believed Adams bribed Clay fr the position, and took the presidency away from ________. This affected all elections after it because it prompted every man to ____. |
|
Definition
Secretary of State,
The Corrupt Bargain,
the people,
vote |
|
|
Term
| John Quincy Adams, like his father, was a ________. He was considered somewhat a loner, and was criticized for not having "____________". He was a closeted thinker rather than a politician. Less than ____ of the people voted for him as president. He earned his position through _____ instead of popularity. |
|
Definition
Yankee,
the people's touch,
1/3,
respect |
|
|
Term
| While Adam's enemies accused him of making corrupt deals, his supporters wished he'd make more. Adams resolutely declined to oust efficient _________ in order to create ________ for his supporters. Through his administration, he only removed ___ public servants. His followers were getting fed up by the end of his presidency because the president was not hiring _______ who were the reason he was in office. |
|
Definition
officeholders,
vacancies,
12,
party workers |
|
|
Term
| John Quincy Adams pushed on __________ programs to build _________, a _______, and a _______. At this time, the country was turning away from post-Ghent ______ and towards state rights and _________. |
|
Definition
nationalistic,
roads and canals,
national university,
and a national observatory,
nationalism,
secularism, |
|
|
Term
| The reaction of Adam's nationalistic motions was rather sudden. Many found his ideas __________. They believed the spending on the _______ would be a waste of public funds. Southern people disliked him because they thought he would continue the federal government's _______. Westerners disliked him because they resented his attempts to curb _________. As well, Adams attempted to ________ with the Cherokee Indians that so many people wanted driven out to forward westward expansion. |
|
Definition
observatory,
tariff duties,
sectionalism,
negotiate |
|
|
Term
| After the election of 1824, Andrew Jackson's supporters ere still going strong. After the election, the republicans of the __________ split into two different parties: There were the __________ who sided with Adams, and the ___________ who sided with Jackson |
|
Definition
Era of Good Feelings,
National Republicans,
Democratic Republicans |
|
|
Term
| Jackson followers believed that Adams was a corrupt ______ who took away the _____________ by the corrupt bargain. |
|
Definition
aristocrat,
will of the people |
|
|
Term
| Adams supporters often brought up insults about Jackson's mother as a _______ and his wife as an _________. They printed black-border handbills shaped like coffins to depict the six militia men he helped to ____ and his countless duels. |
|
Definition
prostitute,
adulteress,
hang |
|
|
Term
| Jacksonians made comments about how Adams purchasing a billiards table and how they became gambling furniture for the "__________". Criticism was also made in Adams large sums he received from federal _______. |
|
Definition
presidential palace,
salaries |
|
|
Term
| The election of 1828 was easily won by ________, with the west and south voting for him and the north voting for _____. |
|
Definition
Andrew Jackson,
Quincy Adams |
|
|
Term
| Andrew Jackson was a very unique president. He was early orphaned, and grew up without parental _______. As a kid, he got into many fights. Eventually, he moved to _______, where fighting was prized. There, though ________ and native _______, he rose to become a judge and member of congress. Andrew Jackson was only the second president without a ___________. He was the first president to be nominated by a ________. |
|
Definition
restraints,
Tennesee,
personality and native intelligence,
college education,
convention |
|
|
Term
| Jackson's _________ was an idea acted onto the federal government where federal supporters received powerful positions in the government |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jackson defended the Spoils System stating that every man is as good as his _______. He believed that government jobs were not given on a _____ basis, and that a little change is good for the government |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the people chosen didn't neccessarily have to benefit the country as much as be loyal to Andrew Jackson. Men who bought their posts were appointed to __________, while illiterates, crooks, and imcompatents were given __________ positions. The spoils system helped to establish an emerging __________ based on _________ over competing claims of economic value or geographic region |
|
Definition
high office,
public trust positions,
two-party order based on loyalty to the party |
|
|
Term
| The purpose of tariffs were to protect American ______. _______ states and the _________ region supported the tariffs. Although, Yankees in the South believed soon that ______ would be more prosperous than the sea thanks to the increased income of ____ and ______ factories |
|
Definition
businesses/enterprise,
Middle states and the New England region,
factories,
wool and textile factories |
|
|
Term
| In ____ congress increased the general tariff, however wool manufacturers called for an increased tariff. Andrew Jackson soon made a risky decision, which was... |
|
Definition
1824,
He suggested to Congress a irrational increase on tariffs ON PURPOSE in hopes it would be repealed. |
|
|
Term
| However, Jackson's ploy backfired, and the so-called "_____________" was passed. The South was especially troubled by this, because they felt this tariff only appealed to the ____ and _____. They were feeling left out, and were already falling on hard times, so the South used the tariff as a _____. |
|
Definition
tariff of Abominations,
North and West,
scapegoat |
|
|
Term
| Southeners AND ________ hated the bill because it raised the prices of __________. Southeners used the tariff of abominations to fuel their outcry over fear of __________. |
|
Definition
Westeners,
things they purchased,
slave revolts |
|
|
Term
| Southern fear of slave revolts was first prodded by a failed slave rebellion in ___ Charleston, led by __________. As well, with British support of _________. With the South relying heavily on slavery, an institution in which the federal government would have to _______, they took a stand against the tariff to ____________. |
|
Definition
1822,
Denmark Valley,
abolish slavery,
protect slavery |
|
|
Term
| ________ became the South's main spokesperson, who was the ________________. This is important because he secretly wrote the _____________. It used the _____ and _______ resolutions to supports it's claim of the unconstitutional nature of the tariff and further _______ South Carolina from the union |
|
Definition
John Calhoun,
Vice President of the United States,
The South Carolina Exposition,
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions,
nullify |
|
|
Term
| South Carolina nullifiers called upon the ____ vote needed to nullify from the union. Congress first attempted to appeal to them with the new __________. However, this didn't meet the South's demands. |
|
Definition
2/3rds vote,
Tariff of 1832 |
|
|
Term
| After further conflict with South Carolina, Andrew Jackson threatened to ____________ in order to enforce the new Tariff. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ in the Senate was the main force behind determining a compromise between the union and South Carolina because he didn't want _________ to be rewarded for the nullification of South Carolina. The compromise called for the _____ of the Tariff of 1832 by ___ percent over a period of __ years, and then by ___ the rates would be back to where they were in ___. This was known as the ________ of ___. |
|
Definition
Henry Clay,
Andrew Jackson,
reduction,
10,
8,
1842,
1816,
the Compromise tariff of 1833 |
|
|
Term
| There was no real "winner" of the compromise Tariff of 1833 because the South Carolinians succeeded in ________ the tariff, while the federal government got South Carolina to _____ by the tariff. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A direct result of the compromise Tariff of 1833 was the ________, which allowed the president to use ______ if needed to collect the _____. |
|
Definition
Force Bill,
force/armies,
tariff |
|
|
Term
| _______ were all for westward expansion, but this meant conflict with the native americans. Federal policy towards the indians varied. The Washington administration recognized them as seperate _______ and agreed to acquire lands from them through treaties, however these didn't work because regardless Americans still fought against them to drive them west. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many Americans respected the Indians and believed they could be assimilated into white society. A lot of energy was put into ________ the indians, and promoting _____ and ________ for the indians. For example, the Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians was founded in _____. |
|
Definition
Christianizing,
literacy and agricultural instruction,
1787 |
|
|
Term
| Indians practically did everything they could to become members of society. For example, Cherokees of ______ accepted our methods of agriculture. Missionaries opened _______ amongst the Cherokees. The Sequoyah developed an ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ____, the Cherokee National Council legislated a _________, and in ___ it adopted a written ______ that provided for executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government |
|
Definition
1808,
written legal code,
1827
constitution |
|
|
Term
| The "__________________" consisted of the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chikasaw, and Seminole tribes |
|
Definition
| The Five Civilized Tribes |
|
|
Term
| Indian efforts however were not recognized, and in 1828 the _____ legislature found the Cherokee tribal council ______ and asserted it's jurisdiction over inidan affairs and indian lands. The indians tried to go to the ___________ to have this appealed, however this unsuccessful because Andrew Jackson refused to recognize the court's __________. This is important because this disregard of the Supreme Court could have been punishable by __________, however A.J. wasn't impeached because of his ______ and _________ ruling over the courts in support of Jackson. |
|
Definition
Georgia,
illegal,
Supreme Court,
decision,
impeachment,
popularity,
John Marshall |
|
|
Term
| Jackson's policies led to the __________ Act in ____. which led Indians west to reside in __________. The government promised that once there, Indians would no longer be forced west, however this was a LIE |
|
Definition
Indian Removal Act,
1830,
Mississippi |
|
|
Term
| Sauk and Fox braves from Illinois and Wisconsin led the __________ (group) that resisted eviction by Americans. They were easily defeated. The Seminoles fought a ___-year guerrilla war to also avoid relocation, however they were easily beaten. |
|
Definition
Black Hawks,
seven-year guerrilla war |
|
|
Term
| Andrew Jackson despised the Bank of the United States because (along with most westeners) it helped the ______ and wasn't accountable to the ________. |
|
Definition
aristocratic and wealthy classes,
common man |
|
|
Term
| As well, Jackson hated the B.U.S. because they minted gold and silver coins ("_______") for currency, and not paper money which was more _________. As well, the B.U.S. was the most powerful bank, and acted as almost a part of _________ because it controlled much of the nations' _________. |
|
Definition
hard money,
accessable,
the government,
currency |
|
|
Term
| The president of the B.U.S. was ______, who had immense power. His ideals went against _________, which greatly angered Jackson. His policies of producing ________ and cracking down on "_________" also angered Jackson |
|
Definition
Nicholas Biddle,
democracy,
hard money,
wildcat banks |
|
|
Term
| The _________ erupted in ____ when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to renew the B.U.S.'s _______. The goal behind this was for A.J. to _____ the charter, in order for him to receive _________. |
|
Definition
The Bank War,
1832,
charter,
veto,
criticism |
|
|
Term
| The plan for this charter would be to put A.J. into a trap... if he approved the charter he would be wrongdoing his ______ followers, and if he vetoed it, than the ______ would be angry while the ____ & ________ would be upset for A.J. selling them out to "__________" |
|
Definition
western,
North,
South and West,
"big business" |
|
|
Term
| The election of ___ was fought mostly between Andrew Jackson and _______. It was a unique election because for the first time a third party, the ___________, entered the election.This party was specifically against ________ because he was a Mason. This party gained a lot of support from ________ seeking power. |
|
Definition
1832,
Henry Clay,
The Anti-Mason,
Andrew Jackson,
Protestants |
|
|
Term
| The election of _____ was also unique for it's use of national _______ conventions, which meant ________ chose the candidates. As well, the creation of a printed ________ by the Anti-Masons that continue on in all elections following it. |
|
Definition
1832,
nominating conventions,
common people,
printed party platform |
|
|
Term
| After being re-elected in 1832, Andrew Jackson fought to end the B.U.S. charter in order to make sure _________ didn't try to revive it. What ensued next was a direct result of tensions from __________. Andrew Jackson started withdrawing money from the B.U.S. and investing it into "________". Biddle retaliated by taking loans from these banks for the B.U.S. to demonstrate the bank's ________, a series of events known as "__________". This resulted in an overall ___________. It is ironic, because it hurt the people Jackson was trying to help. Although Jackson was largely to blame, the common man thought that the ____ and _________ were to blame. |
|
Definition
Nathan Biddle,
The Bank War,
wildcat banks AKA pet banks,
importance,
"Biddle's Panic"
economic depression,
B.U.S. and big-whigs were to blame |
|
|
Term
| In the 1830's, a new political party was formed- called the ______. They were against Jackson, supported active ________ and ______, as well as ___________ such as roads and canals |
|
Definition
Whigs,
governments and reform,
internal improvements |
|
|
Term
| Andrew Jackson supported _________ as his successor as president in the 1836 election. The Whigs however were disorganized, so they didn't have a _________. In a hurry, they nominated a leading Whig "favorite son" which was ____________ of Ohio, in order to try and divide the vote preventing anyone from gaining a ________ to win. The Whig's plan failed. |
|
Definition
Martin Van Buren,
presidential nominee,
William Harrison,
majority |
|
|
Term
| As the budding president, Martin Van Buren faced three problems from the day he took office. The first was a ___________ that was started on the border in ____ where Van Buren kept America neutral between Britain and ________ which led him to no support. Anti-slavery supporters in the North were upset about the idea of annexing ______, which was a slave-land. Worst of all, Andrew Jackson left Van Buren with a growing _________. |
|
Definition
Canadian rebellion,
1837,
Canada,
Texas,
economic depression |
|
|
Term
| The __________ occurred soon after Martin Van Buren took office. It had a lot of things to trigger it, such as _________, Jacksonian economics such as the _______ and the __________ (which was Jackson's decree that all debts had to be paid with ______), and failure of _____ crops which resulted in increase of price for _____, and the failure of two major banks in _______ |
|
Definition
Panic of 1837,
overspeculation,
The Bank War and the Specie Circular,
hard money,
wheat,
grain,
Britain |
|
|
Term
| The Whigs formed a plan to solve the Panic of 1837 by expanding ______, creating higher _____, and investing money in __________. |
|
Definition
bank credit,
tariffs,
internal improvements |
|
|
Term
| Martin Van Buren tried to fix the Panic of 1837 with the __________ which suggested that the government should divorce itself from _____ altogether. The bill set up an "__________" where extra government money would be kept in ______ rather than the banks. This bill was never popular...democrats reluctantly supported and Whigs hated it because they had hoped to restore the ________. The "_____________" Bill was passed in 1840, then repealed by the Whigs the next year, then brought back in ___ |
|
Definition
Divorce Bill,
banking,
independent treasury,
vaults,
Bank of the United States,
Independent Treasury Bill,
1846 |
|
|
Term
| Americans wanted to expand cotton land into Texas. Originally, Spain prevented them from entering, however when ______ won it's independence it gave a huge tract of land to _________ in agreement that he would bring with him into Texas _________ American families |
|
Definition
Mexico,
Stephen Landing,
300 American families |
|
|
Term
| The 300 families Stephen Austin was expected to bring with him into Mexico were expected to become ________, ____________, and prevent _________. |
|
Definition
citizens,
catholic,
and prevent slavery |
|
|
Term
| Out of these conditions, the first two were ignored and the anti-slavery rule was broken in order to grow _____. This outraged the Mexicans because in ____ they freed all of their slaves, the president of Mexico ________ soon was fed up and built an army to teach new Texans (led by __________) |
|
Definition
cotton,
1830,
Santa Anna,
Sam Houston |
|
|
Term
| In early ____ Texas declared it's independence and named ________ commander in chief of the new "______________". Santa Anna then attacked, leading over 6,000 troops to the Battle of the _______, and following that he won the battle of ______ too. |
|
Definition
1836,
Sam Housten,
Lone Star Republic,
Alamo,
Goliad |
|
|
Term
| The Battle of _________ was a turning point for Sam Housten and the Texan troops. Santa Anna was caught ______ in a bend of a river without any ________. He was easily defeated. Santa Anna was forced to sign a document saying Texas was _________, then he was released. Santa Anna declared the document null and void, however Texas remained independent. |
|
Definition
San Jacinto,
stuck,
lookouts,
independent, |
|
|
Term
| Andrew Jackson recognized Texas as a _____ after it gained it's independence. texas wanted to join the union, and it eventually did. However, _________ postponed Texas's statehood because northern states accused the south of trying to create a "__________" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Martin Van Buren _____ re-elected in 1840. He was up against William Harrison, known for his success against the ______ and ______ (ex. The Battle of Tippecanoe) |
|
Definition
was,
British and the French |
|
|
Term
| In the 1840 election, there were ________ for the candidates. Martin Van Buren was already known, and the only reason Harrison didn' receive one was because of the continued disorganization of the ______. Harrison was criticized for that by a popular Democratic editor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 1840 election is noteworthy for being the first "________". Voter turnout was a whopping __%, campaign ______ were created for the candidates, and basically everything superficial about campaigns was conceived. |
|
Definition
modern election,
75%,
slogans |
|
|
Term
| During the Federalist era, an elite was considered fit for the presidency. However, in the growing 1800's, this was less and less true. Politicians from the ______ were especially liked. This change in political ways was known as the formation of "____________" where the common man voted for a _______ politician who was relatable. The top characteristic of this political change was "_______________" (U.W.M.S.) |
|
Definition
west,
New Democracy,
common sense,
Universal White manhood suffrage |
|
|
Term
| _________ won the election of 1840 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By 1840, there were two strong political parties, the __________ and the ______. |
|
Definition
| The Democrats and The Whigs |
|
|
Term
| The Democrats believed in the "_______", remained true to the beliefs of founder ___________, loved rights for the ______, was made up of the ______ classes, and regionally consisted of members of the ______ & _____. |
|
Definition
the common man,
Thomas Jefferson,
states,
lower,
South and West |
|
|
Term
| The Whigs consisted of the _____ classes, strongly resembled _________ by favoring a strong __________, favored spending for _______, ______, or the _._._. Regionally, it was made up of people from large _____ and the ______. |
|
Definition
wealthy,
federalists,
strong central government,
internal improvements, increased tariffs, or the B.U.S.,
cities and the East |
|
|
Term
| From the American standpoint, the Irish were worthless individuals because they were _______, _____, and _________. Therefore, the Irish received the _____ paying jobs, however, the Irish persevered through the hard work. As well, Politicians learned that the Irish vote was ______. |
|
Definition
uneducated, poor, and Christian,
worst,
important |
|
|
Term
| Simultaneous as the Irish, _______ came to America. Their reasons for leaving were _________ or to escape the chaos of _____ in _____. A lot of those that escaped were _______-political refugees. |
|
Definition
Germans,
crop failure,
war in 1848,
liberal-political refugees |
|
|
Term
| The Germans helped contribute to America with inventions of the ________, the Kentucky _____, the tradition of a _______ tree, and ________. |
|
Definition
Conestoga wagon,
rifle,
Christmas,
kindergarten |
|
|
Term
| Germans were unique in that they were usually of ________ faith, they clung to their ________, they kept to themselves in order to preserve their ______, and they consumed great amounts of alchohol, which helped to jump-start the ____________ movement |
|
Definition
Lutheran,
language,
culture,
temperance movement |
|
|
Term
| The _______ was the formal name of the group of Liberal-German refugees that came to America |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ were people that rioted against Roman-Catholic immigrants, and immigrants in general. They complained that immigrants were _____, _____, from un-__________ backgrounds, ________, and willing to work for little which drove down the average _______ for Americans. |
|
Definition
Nativists,
uneducated,
poor,
un-democratic,
Christian (in the case of the Irish),
wages |
|
|
Term
| A famous secret society of nativists were the "_________". They were given this name because since they were in the society, they'd answer any question with "I know nothing." This group fed off of ______, particularly Maria Monk's book Awful Disclosures. They would often stir violence against _________, and detested the idea of a "____________" |
|
Definition
Know Nothings,
stories,
Irish-Catholics,
melting pot |
|
|
Term
| The _______________ began in England when machines and factories began to replace _________. With this, the ________ system spread to the United States, where Americans would prosper. America had characteristics that made it perfect for industrialization...there was ________, immigration provided many ________, there were many ________, and many willing _______. |
|
Definition
The Industrial Revolution,
handmade products,
factory system,
cheap land,
workers,
raw materials,
consumers |
|
|
Term
| ________ is considered the "Father of the Factory System". From Britain, he fled to American with almost identical factory systems as those he saw in Britain. Once here, he gained the funding of _______, and built a factory for spinning thread. his thread-spinning system created a shortage of _________ |
|
Definition
Samuel Slater,
Moses Brown,
cotton fiber |
|
|
Term
| ___________'s invention of the cotton gin in ____ seperated the fiber from the seed. The cotton gin was revolutionary in that is was ___ times more efficient than a human, enabled the South to expand it's _____ producing capabilities and increase of ______, and it allowed the north to expand it's ___________ for spinning and weaving cloth. |
|
Definition
Eli Whitney's,
1793,
50 times more effective,
cotton,
slaves,
factories |
|
|
Term
| The New England area was a good place for factories because it had horrible _____, but it had quick-moving _______ and quick access to ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eli Whitney also created the "__________" where machine-made components of anything could simply be swapped out if broken. This discovery grew into ___________, and it was his greatest LEGACY |
|
Definition
interchangeable part,
mass production, |
|
|
Term
| _________ and _______ invented the sewing machine, which revolutionized the ________ clothing industry, which took root at about the same time as the Civil War |
|
Definition
Elias Howe and Isaac Singer,
ready-made clothing industry |
|
|
Term
| Technical advances such as the "__________________" came into place. These companies ensured that if the company went ____, the investor could only lose what he _______, not everything he _______. This assurance caused more people to invest in business, thus businesses grew |
|
Definition
limited liability corporation,
sour/bad,
invested,
not everything he owned |
|
|
Term
| __________ was a painter turned inventor who created the _______, thus providing nearly instant communication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A side-effect of the factory system was the exploitation of workers, known as "__________". Conditions in factories were _____, _______, had poor _____, exploited child ______, and banned by law any workers to create a ______. |
|
Definition
wage slaves,
unsafe,
unhealthy,
wages,
labor,
unions |
|
|
Term
| Thanks to the increase in belief of universal white manhood suffrage where more workers the power to vote, conditions _______ in factories. The goals of the workers was to gain a ___-hour workday, higher ____, better ________, public ________, and ___________ for any debts |
|
Definition
improved,
10-hour workday,
wages,
conditions,
education,
humane imprisonment |
|
|
Term
| The results of the strikes for these demands were little, as any who went on strike were usually ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Industrial Revolution led to a rise in standard of _______, the development of the _________, and difficulty for workers in adapting to _________ |
|
Definition
living,
middle class,
a new way of life |
|
|
Term
| The Erie Canal revolutionized ________ markets because it permitted the transfer of good from ________ to __________ along inland waterways |
|
Definition
domestic,
New York,
New Orleans |
|
|
Term
| John C. Calhoun advocated nullification in order for the formation of the ________ States of America |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Andrew Jackson's specie circular was put into place in order to slow down _________ in public lands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At this time period, the radical view on slavery was that slaves should be ______ and there should be promotions of racial ________. However, the conservative and majority opinion supported ___________ attempts and continuation of slavery |
|
Definition
freed,
equality,
colonization |
|
|
Term
| The court case Commonwealth vs. Hunt legalized ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ and ________ were the common source of factory labor, and they were often beaten, underpaid, and whipped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______,___________ was a well known employer of young women to work in it's textile factories. Women bunked in dorms, were able to take classes, and were carefully guarded when they were not working |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ was a prominent voice who pushed for women to enter teaching. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Working women were often young because it would expected they would get _______ and then raise their new families |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Home life was affected due to the Industrial Revolution. Less children were being born because they were seen as simply ___________, and the home changed from a place of work into a place of _____. Women however were STILL expected to take care of the ________. |
|
Definition
another mouth to feed,
rest,
family/home |
|
|
Term
| Certain inventions helped agriculture to thrive. ___________ invented the steel plow, which enabled farmers to cut into firm soil. ________ invented the mower-reaper to harvest grains such as wheat |
|
Definition
John Deere,
Cyrus McCormick |
|
|
Term
| There was a transportation boom at the first half of the 1800's. The _________ was a roadway traveling from Maryland all the way to Illinois |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before the steamboat, _________ were the ships America used. However, when ________ invented the steamboat 1807, it changed the transportation structure...Now, one could travel ______, and the South and West saw _____ benefits from the steamboat |
|
Definition
bunkerships,
Robert Fulton,
upstream,
major |
|
|
Term
| The Erie Canal was established by New York governor ________ ("Clinton's Big Ditch") |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effects of the Eerie Canal was a decrease in __________ costs, increased trading that was stolen from the __________ river, and _________ cities booming (such as Chicago and Detroit) |
|
Definition
shipping,
Mississippi river,
western |
|
|
Term
| Railroads in the early 1800's were unsuccessful. ________ were common, embers of the trains started _____, the boilers sometimes blew up, and the ______ of the tracks were not standardized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ laid a telegraph line across the Atlantic ocean. Although it didn't last long, it was the first transatlantic cable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "___________" were ships specifically built to carry products to other countries, particularly China |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ Express was a method of sending mail from Missouri to California. It lasted only two years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The "_________________" wanted to link the West to the rest of the union, and it did. Roads, rivers, canals, and steamboats linked the nation |
|
Definition
| The transportation revolution |
|
|
Term
| The notion of "_____________" appeared when each section of the U.S. specialized in it's own thing. The North specialized in _______, The South in ________, and the West in ______ and _______. |
|
Definition
division of labor,
manufacturing,
cotton for export,
grain and livestock |
|
|
Term
| A French observer, _________, made lasting remarks about America's religious standpoint and women's rights in that they were better than they were in France |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New religions started to go against Christianity. One of them was _____, which a lot of the founding fathers were. It sprang out of the __________, and was based on scientific reasoning. This religion believed that faith was a ________, and they rejected the ________ of Christ (although they DID believe in a greater power) |
|
Definition
Deism,
The Enlightenment,
superstition,
divinity |
|
|
Term
| The Age of Reason was a popular book which outlined deism. It was written by __________ and _____________. |
|
Definition
| Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine |
|
|
Term
| Another growing religion going against Christianity was the __________ religion. They believed that ____ existed in one person, rejected the _______ of christ, believed that people were _______, and that people were saved through "good works" and not by _______. |
|
Definition
Unitarian,
God,
divinity,
good at heart,
Christ |
|
|
Term
| With new emerging religions, Christians made an effort to "take back their faith". It reached full speed, known as the _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Second Great Awakening was unique in that it started a series of other movements: _______ reform, the ______ movement, _________ (ban of alchohol), and _________ of slavery. |
|
Definition
prison reform,
women's movement,
temperence,
abolition |
|
|
Term
| ________ and _________ were two religious denominations that greatly benefitted from the Second Great Awakening because with powerful speakers they were able to gain more followers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ was the most well-known Methodist preacher, who traveled from town to town. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________________ was the greatest of the revival preachers. He created the "anxious bench" for sinners to repent at church, and allowed women to prey alongside men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Second Great Awakening was also unique because it started a series of social movements: public _________, ___________ (ban on alchohol), women's _________ (right to vote), prison ______, and better treatment for the ________-ill |
|
Definition
education,
temperence,
suffrage,
reform,
mentally-ill |
|
|
Term
| The "_______________" was the nickname given to New York due to it's strong revival preaching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ was a failed growing religion of the time, that died down after it's prediction of Christ's return in 1844 failed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The many religions created gaps between social classes. The ______ became Baptists or or Methodist, the ______ became Unitarian or kept their religion. Methodist and Presbyterian churches fought over the issue of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1830, _______ officially started the Mormon faith when he claimed to have found golden tablets in New York with the ___________ inscribed on them. He ran into a lot of trouble on his journeys. A lot of people disliked his faith due to the concept of _________. He was killed in a skirmish on his way to taking mormons to the safe-haven of Utah. |
|
Definition
Joseph Smith,
The Book of Mormon,
polygamy, |
|
|
Term
| After the death of Joseph Smith, _______ led the Mormons to Utah in 1846. When they got there, irrigation increased due a "miracle", helping Mormons to _____. The _______ quickly grew due to polygamy. Polygamy affected the ability for Utah to become a state, because so many people originally disliked it. |
|
Definition
Brigham Young,
thrive,
population |
|
|
Term
| Public education in the 1800's was unpopular because people didn't understand why they had to use _______ to pay for the education of other kids. Under Jackson, people began to realize the power of his because greater education led to less __________ in the growing generation, which many were growing to despise. Many school teachers were _________, and taught with the "_____". |
|
Definition
their tax money,
uneducated,,
uneducated,
3 R's |
|
|
Term
| __________ was the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, and is known as the father of public education. He pushed for "_________" education and "______" education. |
|
Definition
compulsory education,
hands-on education |
|
|
Term
| __________ wrote textbooks, the Blackbook Speller, and the first dictionary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ wrote the McGuffey's Reader, which nearly every school child read from. It contained English lessons and moral lessons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The University of ________ was the first state supported university |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher education for women was still being denied to them. However, advancements in education inspired colleges for women to begin showing. The _____________ Seminary was established by Emma Willard in 1821. The __________ Seminary was established by Mary Lyon in 1837. _________ college also opened it's doors to women, allowing them to be educated alongside men |
|
Definition
Troy Female,
Mount Holyoke,
Oberlin |
|
|
Term
| The _________ movement was widespread and vowed to halt cruelty, war, alchohol, discrimination, and slavery. ________ were the greatest motivators behind this movement. After being inspired by the Second Great Awakening,they were prompted to _______. Those who participated were thought to be _____, however this didn't bother them. |
|
Definition
reform movement,
Women,
get out of the house,
naive |
|
|
Term
| Apart of the reform movement, views on _______ were softened. _______ prisons were abolished, mainly because most ______ were allowed to vote by this time. Criminal _____ were softened because more believed in reforming the wrong-doer. |
|
Definition
prisons,
Debtor,
debtors/workers,
codes |
|
|
Term
| _____________ sought to improve treatment for the mentally insane. Prior to her work, insanity was viewed as a _____ and dealt with harshly. She felt sympathy for them, brought these shameful acts to light and helped changes to be made. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pre-Civil War, many people were hoping for ultimate peace. The ________________ was formed by William Ladd. His idea, although lost in the war, inspired future peace congregations such as the ___________ and the _._. |
|
Definition
American Peace Society,
The League of Nations,
The U.N. |
|
|
Term
| Reformers wanted to ban _______. They believed _______ was being disgraced as men spent all their time and money in bars, missed work, beat women, and destroyed the traditional ________ family. Therefore, _______ led this movement. |
|
Definition
alchohol,
tradition,
Christian,
women |
|
|
Term
| The ___________ Society was founded in Boston in 1826. Over ______ chapters of this society grew. This group organized kids clubs, known as "_________". They used a variety of methods such as pictures, pledges, and pamphlets to spread their cause. |
|
Definition
American Temperence Society,
1,000,
Cold-Water Kids, |
|
|
Term
| Some of the most popular promoter of the Temperence movement was written by author _._. __________ called Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There (2nd). THE MOST POPULAR & favorite book of this movement was _____________. (cabin) |
|
Definition
T.S. Arthur,
Uncle Tom's Cabin |
|
|
Term
The war against alchohol had to attacks...
The first was to remove the ______ to drink by promoting ________, which was the act of rarely drinking (rather then stopping altogether. This was promoted to increase the _______ of the people to stop drinking). The second action was to ________ those that did drink. Neal S. Down sponsored the _____ Law of 1851 which prohibited the sale or manufacturing of alchohol. OTHER STATES FOLLOWED. (Dow is known as the Father of Prohibition) |
|
Definition
desire,
temperence,
the willpower,
punish,
Maine Law of 1851 |
|
|
Term
| Although conditions for women were better in Europe, they were still rather bad. _______ woes fueled the belief that women were emotionally and spiritually ______ than men. It was simultaniously the role of of women to _______ the men, and high carry U.S. _________ (THIS IS IRONIC/CONTRADICTORY). Women felt trapped inside of the _____, because they still owned and ran it. |
|
Definition
Economic,
weaker,
civilize,
concious,
home |
|
|
Term
| Women in this time period of reform were gaining strong leaders and role models. __________ urged women to start taking jobs, although she herself promoted the role of women as a good homemaker. ____________ was a successful fighter for women's suffrage. Interesting enough, she wasn't recognized for an anti-slavery convention she created. |
|
Definition
Catherine Beecher,
Lucretia Mott |
|
|
Term
| Lucretia Mott, along with __________ and ____________ all were very powerful forces in the woman's suffrage movement. (Stanton is best known for a controversy at her _______) |
|
Definition
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton,
wedding |
|
|
Term
| Other important female role models included _________, who edited a transcendentalist journal, and the ______ sisters who promoted abolition of slavery |
|
Definition
Margaret Fuller,
Grimke sisters |
|
|
Term
| THE GREATEST FIRST STEP FOR WOMEN'S RIGHTS WAS THE ________________ Convention in New York (year was ______). At this convention, the women wrote a "____________" arguing based on the _________ that all men and women were created equal. It demanded female _________. |
|
Definition
Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention,
1848,
Declaration of Sentiments,
constitution,
suffrage |
|
|
Term
| Various reformers set out in this time period to create ________, meant to achieve the perfect society. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Robert Owen, an Irish textile manufacturer, founded a utopia in New Harmony, __________. It attracted __________ but failed due to in-fighting and ______. |
|
Definition
Indiana,
intellectuals,
confusion |
|
|
Term
| _________ in Massachusetts was a utopia founded by intellectuals committed to __________. They prospered until 1846 when a major communal building _______ and they drowned under _____. This utopia inspired The Bithendale Romance, a book whose main character was modeled after __________ (a famous transcendalist) |
|
Definition
Brook Farm,
transcendentalism,
burnt down,
debt,
Margaret Fuller |
|
|
Term
| One of the more radical utopias was the ________ community founded in New York. It practiced free ____, _____ control, and the selection of ______ to produce ______ offspring. This utopia continued to flourish because it's artisans made superior _________ and ______. Eventually, this utopia died away, but not entirely. Over time, they became a successful ________ and are still around today. |
|
Definition
Oneida,
love,
birth control,
parents,
superior,
steel traps and plates,
company |
|
|
Term
| The _________ was another utopia founded by Mother Ann Lee as a _______ sect. Due to the fact members of the community broke apart by sexes, it died out. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During this time period, many were expanding technology and scientific discoveries. Nathaniel Bowditch was a mathematician whose writing expanded ________. Matthew Maury was an oceanographer who studied _______&______. Benjamin Silliman was a pioneer chemist who taught at ______. Louis Agassiz was a biologist from ______ who stressed ______ research. Asa Gray was a pioneer of ______. John Audobon was a early naturalist who studied _____. |
|
Definition
navigation,
currents and wind,
Yale,
Hardvard,
original research,
botony,
birds |
|
|
Term
| Thomas Jefferson's architectural achievements included his home, ______, and the University of Virginia. Popular artists of the day were Gilbert Stuart (painted portraits of _________), Charles Peale (painted portraits of _________), and John Trumbull (painted scenes from the _______ war). Stephen Foster was a famous ________ of the time. |
|
Definition
Monticello,
George Washington,
George Washington,
Revolutionary War,
song-writer/musician |
|
|
Term
| The "____________" were the group of people that exemplified new American writing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transcendentalism was a __________ and intellectual movement. They believed that __________ rose above (transcends) the senses (going against the original theroy of ________). People were thought to have an inner _______ that allows them to be in touch with God. |
|
Definition
philosophy,
knowledge,
John Locke,
light |
|
|
Term
| Transcendentalists believed foremost in _________, and commitment to self-______, self-_______, and self-________. They bred hostility towards ________ & ____________. They believed in the _______ of the individual regardless of skin color |
|
Definition
individualism,
self-reliance,
self-culture,
self-discipline,
authority and formal institutions,
dignity |
|
|
Term
| ____________ was the most famous transcendentalist. He was a former _________, who became famous through his book ________ which stressed the principle of individualism. |
|
Definition
Ralph Waldo Emerson,
Unitarian,
Self Reliance |
|
|
Term
| ___________ was another popular transcendentalist. He is known for _______ transcendentalism. He is known for writing a book called On the Duty of _________, which was a concept that had strong influence on _______ and ________. |
|
Definition
Henry David Thoreau,
truly living,
Civil Disobedience,
Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. |
|
|
Term
| Walt Whitman was another popular transcendentalist who wrote the poem __________ that encouraged people to live to their fullest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important authors of the time period include: Louisa May Alcott who wrote ________, Emily Dickinson who was a phenominal ____ who discussed love and death, Edgar Allen Poe who created the "_________ thriller", Nathaniel Hawthorne who wrote _________, and Hermen Melville who wrote _______. |
|
Definition
Little Women,
poet,
psychological,
the Scarlet Letter,
Moby Dick |
|
|
Term
| Sir Walter Scott was a English novelist whose romantic medievalism encouraged _______ ideals of the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Harriet Stowe was a radical ________ author who wrote about the seperation of family thorugh the slave trade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nat Turner was a Visionary black preacher whose _______ in ____ tightened the reigns of slavery in the south |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ was a West African republic founded in ___ by freed slaves from the U.S. It was a movement led by the ______________ Society |
|
Definition
Liberia,
1822,
American Colonizing Society |
|
|
Term
| Theodore Weld was the leader of the "_________" who wrote powerful ____-slavery work American Slavery as it is |
|
Definition
Lane Rebels,
anti-slavery, |
|
|
Term
| Lewis Tappan was a Wealthy New York _______ merchant whose home was demolished by a mob. He is known for supporting the ________ case. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________ seminary was a midwestern institution whose president expelled eighteen students for organizing a debate on _____. |
|
Definition
Lane Theological Seminary,
slavery |
|
|
Term
| William Garrison was a leading __________ who burned the ________ to support his cause |
|
Definition
radical abolitionist,
constitution |
|
|
Term
| David Walker was a Black abolitionist writer who officially called for a "_________________" |
|
Definition
| appeal to colored citizens |
|
|
Term
| Sojourner Truth was a free New York black woman who fought for both ________ and women's rights |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Martin Delany was a Black abolitionist who visited West Africa to examine places where slaves could __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave and abolitionist who was the ____________ of the ____ century. He fought to end slavery through __________ action. |
|
Definition
leading black figure of the 19th century,
political action |
|
|
Term
| The _______ legislature was the site of the LAST MAJOR ____________ OVER slavery and emancipation in ___ to ___. In this trial was popular black preacher _________. |
|
Definition
Virginia,
southern debate,
1831-1832,
Nat Turner |
|
|
Term
| ____________ was nicknamed "Old Man Elequant". He was a former president who fought for the right to discuss slavery in ______. |
|
Definition
John Quincy Adams,
Congress |
|
|
Term
| Elijah Lovejoy was an editor from ______ whose death by a mob made his death a ______ for the abolitionist movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eli Whitney's cotton gin and southern _________ eventually made the south a booming _______ economy |
|
Definition
expansionism,
one-crop economy |
|
|
Term
| "_________" did not support slavery at all because they felt the didn't ______, and they hated the ___________ |
|
Definition
Mountain whites,
need slavery,
plantation owners |
|
|
Term
| Excessive soil _______ and financial _______ created problems under the surface for the southern cotton economy. In 1845, cotton made up ____ of American exports, and ____ of the world's cotton came from the U.S. South. They believed that because cotton was so important, if war broke out in the U.S., _______ would have to come to their aid. However, this wouldn't be the case. |
|
Definition
cultivation,
speculation,
half,
half,
Britain, |
|
|
Term
| Belief in white _______ and the hope of owning slaves led to non-slaveowning whites to be commited to a system that _____ them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The slave's love of freedom and hatred for their condition cause them to _____ from their masters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The religious fervor caused by the _______________ stirred an abolitionist fight against the "___" of slavery |
|
Definition
Second Great Awakening,
sin |
|
|
Term
| "____________" was a term for the South that emphasized it's single dependence on one crop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "____________" were the few PROSOUTHERN New England ______ owners who were ___________ tied to the southern "lords of the lash" who resisted abolition |
|
Definition
Lords of the Loom,
textile factory,
economically |
|
|
Term
| The _________ was a vulnerable group that was the object of ______ in the ______ and despised as a "third race" in the _______. |
|
Definition
Free Blacks,
prejudice,
North,
South |
|
|
Term
| The "_______" was the area of the South where most slaves were held, primarily in _______ and _______ |
|
Definition
Blackbelt,
Mississippi and Alabama |
|
|
Term
| William Garrison's newspaper that preached an immediate end to slavery was called the _________, and helped to drive southern worries over the abolitionist movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ was a strict rule passed by pro-southern congressmen of ____ to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the ___________. John Quincy Adams especially fought _________ this cause. |
|
Definition
Gag Resolution,
1836,
House of Representatives,
against |
|
|
Term
| The "_____________" was the name of a group of northern antislavery politicians (such as _____________) who rejected radical abolitionism but sought to _______ the expansion of slavery in the __________ territories. His became the platform for the ____________ party. |
|
Definition
Free Soilers,
Abraham Lincoln,
prohibit,
western,
Republican Party |
|
|
Term
| The primary market for the southern cotton production was _______. A large portion of the profits from cotton growing went to ______ traders and _______ manufacturers. |
|
Definition
Britain,
northern traders and european manufacturers |
|
|
Term
| Most southern slaveowners had less than ____ slaves (this was the MAJORITY). The conditions for free blacks were horrible in BOTH the ______ and _____. |
|
Definition
10 slaves,
North and South |
|
|
Term
| Most of the growth of African Americans after 1807 was through ________. The African American family was generally _______. Most slaveowners saw their slaves as a profitable _______. As well, after ____, most southeners _________ slavery and saw it as ______. |
|
Definition
natural reproduction,
stable,
investment,
rationalized,
positive thing |
|
|
