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| Wife of John Adams, attempted to get rights for ladies from her husband who, at the time, was on the Declaration of Independence committee. |
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| Radical veteran of the revolution, led a rebellion, felt like he was fighting a tyranny. The rebellion was composed of debtors demanding cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of mortgage forclosures. He was sentenced to death but later pardoned. The rebellion in 1786 helped lead to the constitution. |
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| To be ruled by a mob, an example of people who used this method would be the American colonists. When England would impose taxes and acts, the colonists would protest. |
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| The principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power. The framers of the constitution for the USA saw the policy necessary for the government to run smoothly. This principle has prevented any one branch from taking over the government. |
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| Supreme political power. When the continental congress asked the colonies to draft new constitutions in 1776 to become new states for the new government, the principle of republicanism stated that this would rest in the people. |
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| society of the Cincinnati |
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| Group of continental army officers that formed a military order in 1783. They were criticized for their aristocratic ideals. |
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| 1787, between large and small new states/House of Representatives- population and Senate- equal representation for the new congress. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| the first constitution governing the United States after the revolution/ratified in 1781 and provided for a “firm league of friendship”/congress could not regulate/important in a step toward the present constitution. |
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| A group of electors that are selected by the people to elect the president, this system ties with the constitution the state’s representatives must reflect the interests of the people in their states. |
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| the people of a country have to consent to be governed, otherwise they have the right to overthrow the government (John Locke) |
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| Foreign minister/in1797, Adams sent a diplomatic commission to France to settle matters about the upset of the Jay Treaty of 1794. The French thought that America was siding with the English. |
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| American treaty of 1778. The commission was sent to talk to Talleyrand about the seizing of American ships by the French. Americans soon negotiated and this act started war with France. |
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An economic plan devised in 1790 by Hamilton in order to bolster the nation’s credit and strengthen the central government. It was a plan to exchange old bonds for new bonds at face value. This would take on the debts of all states and reinforce faith in the government bonds (168)
Strict Construcion- Jefferson and his states right disciples believed the constitution should be interpreted literally or strictly, to protect individual rights. The Bank of the USA was created in 1791. Having a strong central government made people fear that their rights would be taken away from them. |
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| Jefferson and his states right disciples believed the constitution should be interpreted literally or strictly, to protect individual rights. The Bank of the USA was created in 1791. Having a strong central government made people fear that their rights would be taken away from them. |
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| Part of Hamilton’s economic theory stated that the federal government would assume all the states’ debts for the American Revolution this angered states such as Virginia, who had no debt. |
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| A body of executive department heads that serve as the chief advisors to the president formed during the first years of Washington’s presidency, the original members of the cabinet included the secretary of state. The cabinet is extremely important to the presidency, for they influence him. |
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| Great political leader, federalist, “Father of the national debt” military genius, secretary of treasury, established economic plan for 1790, major general, served under George Washington. |
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| Stated that the acreage of the old northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. |
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| The idea that people should have the right to rule themselves, this idea had revolutionary consequences in colonial America. |
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| The theory that the government was under the authority of the people it governs. The power in the people’s hand is the basis for democracy. The writers of the constitution used this theory. |
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| The anti-federalists opposed the constitution because they thought the states did not have enough power. They believed that each state deserved rights that were not clearly defined in the constitution but were pertinent in democracy. Since these rights were not included in the original draft of the constitution, there was a delay in the ratification process until the class was added. |
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| A black slave would count as three-fifths of a person when they were counting the population. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more representatives in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all. |
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| 1787, Sections of land would be under Federal government control until they were inhabited by 60k people, then it would be a state. The thirteen original colonies were charters. |
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| people against the federalists in 1787, disagreed with the constitution and believed people’s rights were taken away in the bill of rights/ did not agree with annual elections and non-existence of God in the government. |
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| 1786, led by Daniel Shays, took place in western Massachusetts/impoverished back country farmers were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. They demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of mortgage foreclosures. Hundreds of angry agitators attempted to enforce these demands. Massachusetts authority supported by wealthy citizens, raised a small army under General Lincoln. |
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| a group of sovereign states, each of which is free to act independently. In 1776 a loose confederation was formed among the thirteen colonies. The states were united by a weak nation government, which was completely lacking constitutional authority. The states took the majority of power into their own hands, such as the power to coin money and raise armies. |
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| printer, farmer, soldier and politician, served as a vs representative from Vermont and Kentucky/ violated the Alien and Sedition Acts but was elected into the sixth congress and House of Representatives. |
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| Powers of the government found in unwritten froms/ such as creating a national bank/ Hamilton became head of the treasury in 1789 and debates ensued, causing the political parties. |
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| A duty imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. |
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| having to do with agriculture. The agrarian society were the farmers and plantation owners of the south. This was the society that Jefferson wanted to see become the future of America. He appreciated the virtuous and beneficial characteristics. |
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| A small rebellion that began in South Western Pennsylvania in 1794 that challenged national governments unjust use of an excise tax on an “economic medium of exchange.” Washington crushed the rebellion with excessive force, proving the strength of the national government’s strength in its military but was condemned for “using a sledgehammer to crush a gnat.” |
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| “The Father of the Constitution”, talented politician sent to the constitutional convention in Philadelphia, May 25, 1787, Notable contributions to the constitution helped public ratify. |
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| USA political party of more respectable citizens/ lived along Eastern seaboard, wanted strong federal government and fought for the adoption of the US Constitution. |
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| Led by Thomas Jefferson, stemmed from anti-federalists in 1792/gradually became Democratic party, pro-French, liberal, mostly middle class, weak central gov and states rights. |
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| lack of strang centralized government, results in chaos, no security or stability, few laws are defired with no form of punishment/ time period before the constitution was created. |
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| Treaty signed in Paris to end France’s military alliance with America, Napoleon was eager so he could focus on conquering Europe and Louisiana/ ended “quasi-war” between them. |
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| Proposed by Virginia to create a bi-cameral congress based on population, giving the larger states and advantage; first written framework for the constitution. |
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| The foundation of our country’s national government, drafted in Philadelphia 1787/ established a government with direct authority over all citizens, powers of the national government, and protects state and individual rights. |
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| Series of papers (articles) written in New York as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government/ written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison/ penetrating commentary on the Constitution |
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| Chief Justice of the USA, negotiated a treaty that failed because America owed debts and didn’t mention British impressments; however, it did prevent a war with England and aided in the Signing of the Pinckney Treaty with Spain. |
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| Representative of France to recruit Americans in the French revolution/ landed in Charleston around 1793 after the outbreak of war between France and Britain / his actions showed the government was vulnerable. |
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| First 10 amendments of the constitution, added in 1791 and adopted the necessary number of states/ guarantees civil liberties like freedom of speech (James Madison) |
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| Tax on manufacturing an item, Hamilton wanted a strong central government supported by wealthy manufacturers/ tax targeted poor whiskey farmers, demonstrated the Federal governments power and started a rebellion |
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| Popular among English philosophers, supported by Jefferson and Madison/ the 13 states had entered into a contract when creating th federal government, individual states were the judges of the national government’s actions, basis for Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. |
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| the Alien and Sedition acts had violated the first amendment, so Jefferson and Madison protested by writing the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions to declare the laws null/only those two states voted for nullification though. |
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| 1796, George Washington retired from office and it was printed in newspapers/stressed staying away from permanent alliances, temporary alliances only in “extreme emergencies”, Jeffersonians rejected his partisan bitterness and favored the alliance with France. |
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| Proposed by Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson opposed that it was “unconstitutional”/ felt the states could manage their own money instead of printing money with a national currency, North supported and south opposed, created in 1791 in Philadelphia, lasted 20 years. |
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| 1798, American citizenship requirement from 5 to 14 years, president can order any alien out of the country in peace time, wartime, president could jail any aliens, fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of sedition. |
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| Began in 1789/ Washington gave neutrality proclamation but this caused arguments with the French, Jay Treaty caused controversy too, in 1792 France declared war on Austria. |
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| 1795, America got free navigation of the Mississippi and the area north of Florida from the Spanish, Jay treaty influenced Spanish to deal with the port of New Orleans. |
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| The amendment that the enumeration in the constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage other retained by the people, written by James Madison in 1791 to prevent people from thinking that the only rights protected were the ones mentioned. |
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| John Adams sent three envoys (including John Marshall) to France, where three agents, X, Y, and Z asked for 32 million florins and $250k in order to talk to Talleyrand. |
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| Last part of the Bill of Rights, protected citizens’ natural rights and states that any powers not delegated to the Federal Government are reserved for the states and the people. |
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| Organized the Supreme Court with 5 justices and a chief justice and several federal distinct and circuit courts, this also created the attorney general and the judiciary branch of the United States government. |
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| An attack made by “General Mad Anthony Wayne” against Indian invaders in the Northwest/ the British made an alliance with the Indians when the British found out the Indians had been defeated. |
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| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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| 1798, written by Jefferson and Madison to get back rights taken away in the Alien and Sedition acts/ brought about the compact theory that gave states more power than the government. |
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| Little concessions from Britain to the US/ disturbed the Jeffersonians/ Jay got the British to agree to vacate US soil and pay reparations for American ship seizures, but the British would not promise to leave ships alone in the future and Americans owed pre-war debts to British merchants/ Southerners were angered and called John Jay the “Damn’d arch traitor” |
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| Gave America all of Ohio after Mad Anthony Wayne defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timers, 1795, allowed Americans to explore the area and know that it was extra fertile and large land to the country. |
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| issued by Washington in order to deal with the situation created by the friction that existed among those Americans who sided with the British and those who were in favor of the French in the wars between those two countries. |
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