1st 100 years= continuous movement

frontier life

safety valve theory: the frontier prevented a population explosion in the east (even with immigrants arriving) and allowed upward social mobility

turner thesis: (after 1890 census) there is no longer a discernible frontier line, the existence of the frontier uniquely shaped american history

2 million

potato famine

poverty-stricken

city dwellers (NY and boston)

roman catholic

catholic schools

menial work

NINA (no irish need apply)

1st Irish catholic mayer: john fitzgerald

not hated for race-only religion

1.5 million 

political refugees

middle class

western farmers: wis. ill. iowa

lutheran

public education (kindergarden)

beer-> milwaukee-$$$ brewery capital(Frederick Pabst & Joseph Schiltz) 

better liked than Irsih

only disliked b/c new

order of the star spangled banner -> formalized 3rd party

anti-immigrants and catholics- not in office

american party "know nothing"

awful disclosures: by maria monk- anti catholic, what happened in the converts (propaganda, effective)

dense population

$, liquid capital

raw materials

markets (consumers)

no dense population until immigrants (scattered population)

agrarian economy- no cash

undiscovered raw materials (unrecognized) 

british monopoly on factory system: illegal to tell how machines worked

samuel slater: memorized textile factory plans and went to america

eli whitney: cotton gin revolutionized economy, made civil war certain. interchangeable parts for rifles- started 2nd industry in the north, created a union victory

elias howe: sewing machine, ready-made clothing

isaac singer: sewing machine

rocky soil-no farming

dense population

1st labor supply

rivers= power

port cities= transportation

immigrants= cheap work force

waltham Mass.: 1st to spin and weave!!!

1st factory

wage slave= factory workers (long hours and low pay)

no labor laws

child labor

1842 commonwealth of massachusetts vs. hunt: mass. 1st legalize labor unions (had to be peaceful)

1830: cyrus mccormick- mechanical mower-reaper (cuts and gathers, chicago)

1837: john deere - all steel plow (stronger than iron)

E&W: ROADS 1790- Lancaster Turnpike (1st hard surface road = tollroad)

1811- Cumberland Road (1st national road)

W&S: RIVERS 1807- steamboat, robert fulton/claremont (rivers = 2 way transportation) 

E&W: CANALS 1817- erie canal 1835 (greatest change in transportation, 363 miles, hudson connected to Great Lakes)

NE: RAILROADS 1828- baltimore and ohio (most significant! original-england, used coal and wood = embers could catch things on fire; almost 31000 mile of track in North)

RESULT: transcontinental economy

east= industrial

south= cotton and slavery

west= nations "bread basket"

can now share wiht the rest of the country more easily, cheaper

1844 telegraph: samuel f.b. morse (1st instantaneous communication)

1858 transatlantic cable: cyrus field

1860: pony express

1840 second great awakening

unitarians

methodists*

baptists*

millerites

*become the biggest

"burned over district" (type of serman-western NY started in the south and spread)

mormons: josoph smith (founder, murdered in 1844), brigham young (took mormans to utah to practice religion in 1846 1st white people for a while. territory gov't 50 yrs- denied admission until polygamy is outlawed)

mormon trek

polygamy (multiple wives)

1840 public education: "tax supported" (universal manhood suffrage- if everyone can vote they should all be educated); horace mann: educational reforms (children could be molded, discouraged corporal punishment, teacher training programs)

1828 noah webster: 1st standardized american dictionary/readers and spellers (standardized american language); william mcguffy: grade school readers: morality/patriotism/idealism (women educated until 8th)

mary lyon: mt. holyoke/massachusetts (1st college)

emma willard: troy female seminary/ new york (higher academic education for women)

oberlin college: 1st co-educational/ohio

mass. 1st to tax for public education

1860- every state had free public education

public education/literacy

mass production/linotype (cheaper with movable type)

competition/"yellow journalism" (sensationalism; cause of war later)

james gordon bennet/ new your herald

horace greeley/ new york tribune

dbetor's prisons abolished

criminal codes softened

dorthea dix/insane asylums (1st reforms for institutions)

american peace society

most successful of the reform movements

american temperance society (created in 1820s)

ten nights in a bar room and what i saw there by t.s. arthur

moderate reformers stress temperance

radical reformers stress teetoalism (pushes laws in maine)

state of maine outlaws alcohol/"maine laws"

neal w. dow/ "father of prohibition" (pushes laws in maine)

by 1860 twelve northern states followed maine

cult of domesticity (women's "sphere' was in the home, role to vivilize the family; result of the industrial revolution. distinguishes woman and men roles)

elizabeth cady stanton

susan b. anthony

dr. elizabeth blackwell

lucy stone (didnt take husbands name)

amelia bloomer

women's rights convention. seneca falls (new york)

declaration of sentiments

eclipsed by the anti-slavery crusades

1. woman cant vote (main goal)

2. legal status of a minor

3. only single could own property

4. married = no control over property or children

5.no divorce 

1825 new harmony, indain/robert owen/failed after three or four years (had no $)

1841 brook farm, massachusetts/intellectuals experiment with advanced thinking (all thinkers: transcendentalists)

1848 oneida colony, new york/free love, birth control/ famous steel traps   (millerites "free love" survived b/c made stainless steel traps= $)

1776 shakers/opposed marriage and free love/longest lasting (religious, from england, most organizations, produce furniture)

painting: hudson river school (landscapes)

literature: pre-1812- nationalism/american style emerges

kickerbocker group/washington irving/ james fennimore cooper

transcendentalists/ ralph waldo emerson/ henry david thoreau/ walt whitman (abolitionists)

1793 cotton gin/ eli whitney

largest and most important export

slavery reinvigorated

england economically tied to the south/80% of cotton comes from the south

• plantation agriculture wasteful/soil exhaustion/excessive cultivation
• economic structure monopolistic/very few small farmers
• financial instability/ planters over-speculate/slaves = heavy investment of capital
• one crop economy= dangerous

slave-owning whites: 1 3/4 million= 25%; by 1850 only 150 families owned more than 100 slaves; 3/4 of the population of the south DID NOT own slaces

non-slave owning whites: 6 million= most supported b/c of economics and racism

1. lowland whites: could not afford slaves but defended the slave system

2. "poor whites": hillbillies, crackers, clay-eaters, poor white trash= poorer than slaves

3. mountain whites: semi-isolated/ hated the slave system and plantion owner/ played a mojor role in crippling the south

free blacks: 250,000

slaves: 4 1/2 million (SC slaves out # whites 2:1; all plantation born)

1800 gabriel: slave in virginia/ own people turned him in

1822 denmark vesey: free black from charleston, SC/ 30 slaves hung when caught

1831 nat turner: illiterate black preacher/ killed 60 whites before caught/ sent a wave of hysteria across the south (most feared)

** not very successful b/c illiterate and uneducated (illegal) penalty= very high

abolish through legislation wiht compensation (5th amendment= would have to be compensated by gov't if no civil war)

american colonization society (1817)

theodore dwight weld: minister who preached against slavery

• abolish immediately

• william lloyd garrison: editor of the liberator (radical abolitionist newspaper);

• american anti-slavery society (wanted to tansfer all blacks to africa to liberia-capital: monrovia- but slaves are all american born);

• constitution: covenant with death and agreement with hell (end justifies the means= will do anything to abolish slavery)

• frederick douglass: radical ex-slave/ beaten and mugged in northern cities
• wendell phillips of boston: refused to eat sugar cane or wear cotton clothes
• theodore parker: preacher/ "greater hurry than god to end slavery"
• rev. elijah p. lovejoy: killed by mob in illinois/ "martyr abolitionist"

opposed the extenion of slavery inot the wester territories

did not oppose slavery where it existed

** abraham lincoln

"peculiar institution"

supported by the bible (depends on interpretation)

protected in the constitution (yes, 3/5 compromise and slave trade compromise)

family relationship (uncle tom's cabin- describes cruelty but that was usually inaccurate, usually well cared for; south liked slaves as people but north did not; most cruel thing= separation of families)

better life than northern "wage slave"

** 13th amendement bans slavery