"sinful eleven", "rebs", "sesesh"

(deep south secede before Lincoln's inauguration) 

1. south carolina

2. mississippi

3. florida

4. alabama

5. georgia

6. louisiana

7. texas

(fort sumter- then last 4 secede, mid south)

8. virginia

9. arkansas

10. north carolina

11. tennesee

• Lincoln's goal is to preserve the union, not slave release. elected twice but killed.
• first VP is hannibal hamlin, 2nd VP is andrew johnson (democrat and mountain white from tennesee to help get border state votes)
• state: seward. war: cameron, stanton. treasury: chase.
• no one in cabinet really likes Lincoln (team of rivals) but he chose them specifically to help get votes

Fort Sumter

april 12, 1861

• south fires first shots of civil war. 
• federal fort= military bases that are being taken over by south as they secede
• now there are only 2 forts left in the union and this one in south carolina is running out of supplies
• lincoln decides to provision with supplies but not reinforce with weapons
• south carolina still thinks this decision is unacceptable so they open fire on fort
• fort sumter surrenders
• opening shots of civil war made by confed (in long run is good for union)
• unified northern public opinion

• population= 24 mil (plus 5 mil border)- bigger and more manpower
• industry= 1st mechanized warfare (factories)
• transportation (most of railroads so can move people and supplies quicker)
• liquid capital (lots of cash)
• control of seas with strong Navy
• king wheat - British need food more than cotton so they help union not confed
• Abraham Lincoln

• poor military leadership
• lost beginning battles
• they are on the offensive- must invade confed, conquer, and drag back to union
• worse soldiers

confederate advantages

• superior military leadership
• won beginning battles
• defensive war- only need to repel invader so a tie is a win for them
• better soldiers (due to rural lifestyle)
• king cotton- england is on verge of joining them for last 2 years of war (their biggest advantage) but then england chooses union so fail
• superior moral cause (independence)

• population= 9 mil whites (didnt use 4 mil slaves for fighting)- way smaller so less power
• industry (no canon factories)
• transportation (hardly any railroads)
• almost no cash
• weak/ no Navy
• king cotton- britain doesnt need cotton that much
• confed gov= weak central government

union plan of attack

(offensive campaign- four phases)

phase 1: suffocate

• union blockade of confed coast via Navy= blocked main ports and would stop foreign ships of high seas to look for contraband= controlled international waters= illegal
• "ultimate destination" and "continuous voyage"= excuse for legality of blockade. neither england nor france challenged 

phase 2: cut in half

• focus= capture Mississippi river cuz it would cut geographical area into 2 separate pieces

phase 3: chop to pieces

• to desolate the confederacy
• sherman's march to the sea- burned down everything

phase 4: strangle/ decapitate

• capture richmond (capital)

• nap III moves into mexico
• 1863 mexico- maximillian (hapsburg of austria). nap says max can be emperor of mexico (cuz he wants to take over mexico)= threat to monroe doctrine which we can now defend but not til after the war
• luckily issue resolves itself cuz mexico kicks french out

• crisis situation for first 3 years of war (we almost have to fight them too)
• charles francis adams= US ambassador who keeps peace
• 1861 trent affair= british mail ship left confed to go to england with with 2 confed diplomats so union ship takes them. lincoln has to apologize for this
• 1862 alabama incident= commerce raider (attack merchant ships). british built, british manpower, but not british gov. support= confederate officers but brit rowers- union says you cant do that (meant Britain was main naval base of confed)
• 1863 laird rams= iron ships to replace wooden ships. Brit built these for confed. union protests this so Brit gov. buys the ships so confed gov cant have them

• took unconstitutional action but it was good cuz it ended up saving the union
• congress wasnt scheduled to meet for 2 months so Lincoln has to do these things even tho they arent w/in his powers (1-3):

1. ordered the union blockade
2. increased size of army (called for volunteers)
3. took $2 mil from US treasury to pay for #1 and #2
4. suspended the writ of habeus corpus (right to be charged with a crime or let go and then appear before a court) -meant people could just go rot in jail
5. censured the newspapers (violation of first amendment) 
6. supervised border state elections- decide whose on the ballad (communism)

• 2.5 mil soldiers drafted
• 1st time union has ever drafted- 1863
• conscription act required all able bodied men ages 18-35 to join
• substitution provision (way to get out of draft)- could pay $300 for a substitute (only rich could afford this)
• "bounty jumpers"
• draft riots- nyc

• 750,000 soldiers (most they ever had)
• drafted before union
• 1862- conscription act required all able bodied men between ages 17 and 50, desperate for lots of men
• exemption provison= owning 20 slaves or more exempted you from draft (favored wealthy)

• excise tax- alcohol and tabacco tax is increased (legal cuz these items arent necessary for survival)
• income tax (temporary)- 1%. 1st time ever happened
• tariff (Morrill) - tax- raises to 25-30%
• paper money= greenbacks- first federal paper money! printed 450 mil dollars but causes inflation (inflation rate is 80%)
• war bonds (most succesful) patriotic citizens did this= loan gov. $ and paid back years later
• national banking system (banking reform)

• farm produce tax- 10% tax on food (food is necessary to survive so it was a bad idea)
• income tax (temporary for war only) also 1%- but less effective in confed cuz states might say no
• NO TARIFF
• paper money= bluebacks- print a billion dollars in paper and inflation rate is 9000%
• war bonds (most succesful) jay kookin company (biggest bank) sold these

• all republicans support (radical GOP pressed Lincoln on emancipation)
• democrats split into 3 groups:
• war democrats also support (general McClellan)
• peace democrats are against
• copperheads- opposed war and openly aided confed= traitors (Clement L. Vallandigham of ohio- instead of going to prison he was banished from country but defied that)

eastern campaign:

1st Bull Run Battle

• july 21, 1861
• Manassas stream, Virginia
• scheduled battle
• union general= McDowell w/ 36,000 troops
• vs. confed general= Jackson w/ 30,000 troops
• confed wins
• nickname = stonewall jackson cuz he rallied his troops and stood still when his army was about to retreat so union scared by jackson retreats= good cuz union lost first battle so its a wakeup call to take this seriously and confed gets cocky so fight less

eastern campaign:

peninsula campaign

• march-july 1862
• virginia
• union general= McClellan (brilliant but cautious) w/ 100,000 troops
• vs. confed generals= Lee and Jackson w/ 50,000 troops
• confed wins
• first union attempt to capture richmond
• 7 days battle- campaign culmination. lee takes risks. McClellan gives up after 7 days and Lincoln fires him

eastern campaign:

2nd Bull Run

• august 29-30, 1862
• virginia
• union general= Pope
• vs. confed general= Lee
• confed wins
• pope goes back to washington and lee pursues. lee wins and returns to richmond. pope didnt do anything so McClellan is brought back

eastern campaign:

Antietam

• sept 17, 1862
• sharpsburg, maryland (border state)
• bloodiest single day of war
• union general= McClellan w/ 75,000 troops
• vs. confed general= Lee w/ 55,000 troops
• union wins! first turning point
• first offensive attack by Lee- invades union hoping that maryland would secede so england would join confed. good plan but fails cuz union soldier finds battle plan so McClellan knows it and ambushes confed
• McClellan loses 12,000 men and Lee loses 13,000
• McClellan should have captured Lee but was too scared so fired again
• a win for union means lincoln can now free slaves= emancipation proclamtion= changes reason for war

eastern campaign:

Fredericksburg

• dec 13, 1862
• virginia, close to richmond
• union gen= burnside w/ 114,000 troops
• vs. confed gen= Lee w/ 75,000 troops
• burnside does frontal full on attack on Lee= suicide mission, mega fail
• confed wins

eastern campaign:

Chancellorsville

• may 2-4, 1863
• virginia, close to richmond
• union gen= hooker w/ 134,000 troops
• vs. confed gen= Lee w/ 60,000 troops
• confed wins
• lee splits up his men in half and attacks on 2 sides so it seems like they have more men and is more effectives
• stonewall jackson accidentally killed here

eastern campaign:

Gettysburg

• july 1-3, 1863
• bloodiest battle
• union gen= Meade w/ 92,000 troops
• vs. confed gen= Lee and Longstreet w/ 76,000 troops
• union won
• lee invades and is pursued by union army- inconclusive so win for union
• lee attempts to dislodge northeast side. inconclusive at end of day 1. 2nd day= come from diff direction- again inconclusive. 3rd day= what to do- lee gives it a try with pickett's charge= fail so confed goes home and meade doesnt stop them! so he is fired
• so many bodies that town made a cemetary and Lincoln went to memorial service where he gave Gettysburg address= based on declaration- all men created equal

war in west:

tennessee theater

• feb-april 1862
• emergence of Ulysses S. Grant as union gen
• he was an alcoholic so he resigned from army but was allowed to fight in this war when they called for volunteers
• fort henry
• fort donelson "unconditional surrender"
• shilo
• army and navy used to caputre mississippi river

war in west:

new orleans

• april 1862
• mouth of mississippi
• david farragut and Navy

war in west:

vicksburg

• jan-july 4, 1863
• last important fort on mississippi
• grant vs. pemberton. campaign: 7 months and siege: 7 weeks
• has to surrender cuz they run out of food

war in west:

conquest of tennessee

• sep. 1863
• tennessee= only confed state that is completely captured
• chattanooga/ Busy RR Junction
• tennessee conquered and placed under martial law with military governor, Andrew Johnson- who used to be senator from tennessee but never seceded himself. only governor for a year, then VP, then prez
• gateway to south opened- allow phase 3 of union plan of attack
• sherman begins famous march to the sea

• general william tecumseh sherman
• 60,000 to 100,000 troops
• scorched earth policy, sherman's hairpins, sherman's donuts
• violent- total warfare= 1. weaken morale 2. destroy supplies
• battles: chattanooga (fall 1864), atlanta (sep. 1864), savannah (dec 1864- sends telegram to lincoln saying for xmas, sherman is delivering savanah as a present), columbia (feb 1865), raliegh (april 1865- capital of NC, pretty far north, end of war.)

grant's virginia campaign:

wilderness campaign

• april-june 1864
• goal: richmond
• union gen= grant w/ 100,000 troops
• vs. confed gen= lee w/ 50,000 troops
• must go thru wilderness= danger
• grant knew alot of his men would die but thats what it took to win. fighting down to the last soldier- grant lasts longer cuz he has more men
• war of attrition. meat grinder warfare. grant the butcher.
• the wilderness. spotsylvania courthouse. cold harbor. petersburg.
• grant wins war for union!!

• in the middle of the war. nov
• republican party runs as union party (sounds better to border state ears)
• UNION: GOP and war demos: Lincoln and Johnson- 212 electoral votes and 55% pop= clear majority win
• vs. DEMO: peace demos, anti lincoln GOP, and copperheads: McClellan- 21 electoral votes and 45% pop

• april 9, 1865 (palm sunday)
• april 2- Lee leaves richmond and retreats west
• april 9- Grant pursues and stops Lee at Appomattox Courthouse before Lee met his reinforcements
• surrender is signed at McLean House

• 14 april 1865 (good friday)
• ford theater to see Our American Cousin to celebrate end of war
• john wilkes booth
• andrew johnson becomes president- southern demo from seceded state= north is pissed!

• 1865-1877: 12 years of reconstruction
• total era of civil war is 16 years 
• 1877= end of reconstruction

• totally uneducated
• no VP
• kept Lincoln's cabinet- who really hates him

• how to readmit confed states? nice or mean? now that theyr conquered
• how to handle confed leaders?- technically should be executed cuz committed treason
• how to handle ex slaves? - 4.5 mil "suddenly free"= homeless, jobless, unskilled, illiterate. race relations. Freedman's Bureau= semi solution- welfare agency created by congress, but didnt really work except success in education

• slaves have no where to live or work or eat- more blacks than whites
• physical devestation- land and buildings destroyed
• economic devastation- no $, no cotton= total collapse of industry
• racial problems:5 southern states now have a black majority so whites created Black Codes to control them with labor laws and limited rights to try to restore to preemancipation era
• mississippi had harshest black codes
• all ex slaves stayed in south
• all leads to tenant farming and shave cropping system- blacks live on farm as pay for work

13. "free"- slavery abolished thru emancipation proclomation

14. "citizen"- come from civil rights act (4 parts). civil rights to all, "equal protection" under the law

15. "vote"- suffrage for males

reconstruction of the south:

Lincoln's 10% plan

• pretty lenient
• 1864
• to all those in former confed: when a 10% of a state has taken the amnesty and loyalty oath, they will be readmitted
• congress thought 10% was too little so they propose 50% with the Wade-Davis Bill but Lincoln vetoed it
• then Lincoln died so plan failed anyway (Lincoln's death doomed former confed)
• this plan was only bad cuz it lacked rights/protection for ex-slaves

reconstruction of the south:

Johnson's Plan

• 1865
• former confed states have to: repeal secession and ratify the 13th (they all already did this but now they have to do it formally)= very lenient. all 11 states do it by xmas
• now confed has rejoined so south elects former confed leaders but congress kicks them out
• congress: moderate GOP vs. radical GOP (pro black suffrage)
• house- thaddeus stephend. senate- charles sumner
• congress and prez get in a big fight. congress is overriding all of prez's vetoes
• congress v. johnson- freedman's bureau and civil rights act. 2 things that congress overrides
• plan overall didnt work and not used

reconstruction of the south:

congress's plan

• 1867
• very harsh
• military reconstruction act which johnson vetoes and congress overrides
• southern states must ratify 14th amendment and guarentee black suffrage if they want troops to leave
• some states are stubborn
• marshall law made situation worse cuz young generation negatively views the north- maybe too harsh and maybe unconstitutional

• 1866
• Milligan tried in military court instead of civilian court which supreme court ruled cannot be done cuz is unconstitutional
• this means that military reconstruction was probably unconstitutional

• cooperated with military gov: southern blacks (Hiram Revels- first black senator), Carpetbaggers (northerners who moved), Scalawags (southerners who betrayed)
• white southerners take matters into their own hands
• white south: Ku Klux Klan- Nathan Bedford Forest is founder, secret organization to try to control blacks thru intimidation and murder
• congress: enforcement acts: enabled military to do anything encessary to stop KKK
• southern redeemers: build a new south

• impeachment: legislative power over executive and judicial branches (prez and SC justices)- checks and balances
• impeachment is a trial and they can be tried if committed "high crimes and misdemeanors"- constitutional crimes
• johnson issues:1. he was a demo so everyone hated him 2. fight with radical GOP congress 3. kept Lincoln's cabinet who hate him esp. Edwin Stanton
• 1867 Tenure of Office Act- bill proposed that says prez cant fire a congress member, johnson vetoes, congress overrides, johnson fires Stanton anyways= broke a law, unconstitutional
• 1868 Impeachment Trial in Senate
• House: examines evidence and votes to impeach (trial)- prosecution
• Senate: Jury (need 2/3 vote for guilty verdict) if guilty, have to resign
• President: defendant
• Chief Justice: judge
• Johnson is found NOT GUILTY by one vote- not a good prez but did not actually commit unconstitutional crimes
• Senator Ben Wade of Ohio- President Pro Tempore of senate was in line to be prez and already picked his cabinet cuz he thought johnson would be found guilty for sure