Term
|
Definition
-succeeded Harrison, who died after 4 weeks in office
-His enemies accused him of being a Democrat in Whigs cloths
-He vetoed Clays Fiscal bank and the Fiscal Corporation which angered his Whig cabinet and forced them to resign (except for Webster)
-kicked out of Whig Party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-took life seriously, not a brilliant man, developed a positive four-point program in his four years
-1st goal: lower tariff; Secretary of State made the Walker Tariff of 1846 which reduced rates from 32% to 25%
-2nd goal: Restoration of the Independent Treasury; dropped by the Whigs
-3rd and 4th goals: acquire California and settle Oregon dispute |
|
|
Term
| Caroline and Creole Incidents |
|
Definition
-War of Words with Britain was brought to more serious matters when an American streamer, the Caroline, carrying supplies to insurgents across the Niagara River were attacked on the New York shore by British forces
-One American killed; McLeod part of the Caroline raid was arrested and indicted for murder. London threatened with war; fortunately, McLeod was freed after establishing an alibi
-1841, tension snapped when Bbritish in Bahamas offered asylum to 130 escaped Virginia slaves and captured the US ship Creole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved Maine's boundary because the St. Lawrence River is bound in ice for half of the year, the British wanted to build a road from Halifax to Quebec for defense from the Yankees
-Route ran through disputed territory claimed by Maine under the Treaty of 1783
-Fights occurred between the people of Maine and Canada; local militias brought in
-British sent Lord Ashburton, married to an American, to settle the dispute with Webster--->resulted in the Webster-Ashburton Treaty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Signed August 9, 1842
-Settled dispute over the location of the Maine border between US and Canada
-Americans got 7,000 square miles of the 12,000 square miles; British got less but won the Halifax-Quebec route |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-General who marched from Nueces Riber to the Rio Grande and ordered navy to prepare for war
-12th president (last Whig president)
-Hero at Buena Vista
-supported popular sovereignty (believed California should be admitted as a free state)
-no political experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-signed and negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848
-Chief clerk of State Dept. |
|
|
Term
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
|
Definition
-February 2, 1848
-Negotiated by Nicholas Trist
-US gained CA, NM, AZ, UT (half of Mexican territory) aka Mexican Cession
-US pay $15 million and assume claims of US citizens against Mexico ($3 million) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Defender of southern rights
-Sent to Mexico by President Polk to negotiate an agreement whereby the Rio Grande River would be the southern border of Texas
-instructed to offer $25 million for California (this failed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-December 22nd, 1847: offered by lincoln, when he was a Whig representative from Illinois
-resolutions requrested President Polk to provide Congress with the exact "spot" where blood was spilt on American soil, before declaring the war on Mexico |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Polk orders Zachary taylor to amrch from Nueces to Rio Grande to provoke war
-Mexicans attack and Polk says that Mexicans attacked American troops on American soil
-Group of Whigs in Congress demanded knowledge of the exact "spot"
-Lincoln was the most persistent of the Whigs and received the nickname "Spotty Lincoln" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most amazing "conductor" and an illiterate runaway slave
-Given the title "moses" and nicknamed General Tubman by John Brown
-Rescued more than 300 slaves and worked to bring education to freed slaves
-Served as a Union spy behind Confederate lines in the Civil War |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-slaveholder from louisiana
-General who Polk ordered to amrch to Rio grande to provoke war
-Hero of Buena Vista, nicknamed "Old Rough and Ready"
-won Election of 1848 as the Whig candidate against Cass with Millard Fillmore as his VP (he had no enemies)
-refused to veto anything, but would have vetoed Compromise of 1850
-died suddenly and VP became president |
|
|
Term
| Webster's 7th of March Speech |
|
Definition
-Age 68, Webster's last speech, Upheld Clay's compromise in that both North and South should make concessions
-North concession being a harsher Fugitive Slave Law
-Free soilers and abolitionists called him a traitor, but he believed without concessions, there would be disunion, and disunion is worse than slavery (according to Webster)
-argued that God had already decreed that the Mexican Cession territory should not have slavery because the land was unfit for large plantations
-turned the tide for Northern compromise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Senator from NY, spokesman for the young northern radicals
-strong antislaveryite and would not accept concessions to the South in the Compromise of 1850
-Believed man must follow both higher laws and man's mundane laws (nickname "Higher Law Seward") and may have persuaded Taylor to want to veto the Compromise of 1850 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Proposed by Clay; almost vetoed by Taylor but passed by Fillmore
-Concessions to the North: California admitted as a free state, territory disputed between TX and NM surrendered to NM, abolition of the slave trade in DC
-Concessions to the South: Mexican Cession to be formed into NM and UT and open to popular sovereignty, TX receive $10 million and harsher Fugitive Slave Law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-First Dark-Horse candidate, Democrat and nicknamed "Young Hickory", "Fainting General"
-Enemyless and pro-southern northerner
-Because the Whig party was split, he won the Election of 1852
-Expansionist, tried to connect Asia and acquire parts of Latin America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Secretary of State prepared meetings with Spain, France and England to buy Cuba for $120 million (Cuba to be slave state)
-If Spain refused, US "would be justified in wresting" Cuba
-Leaked out and northern free-soilers rose against it, causing Pierce to drop the scheme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Gadsden negotiated a treaty with Santa Anna in 1853, buying a piece of land in Mexico to build a railroad through since the surrounding land contained high mountains that would be difficult to build over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Great debater and speech maker
-Proposed the territory of Nebraska would be split into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and their slavery status would be determined by popular sovereignty (contradicted Missouri Compromise of 1820, forbid slavery in proposed Nebraska Territory, gained support of south but North hated it)
-rammed the bill through Congress with his oratorical skills in a heated bill passing thing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-divided territory of Nebraska into Kansas and Nebraska and let their slavery status be decided through popular sovereignty
-One of the causes of the Civil War
-Wrecked both Compromise of 1820 and 1850
-Hurt the Democrats, started the Republican Party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Said slavery should never exist in the territory gained from Mexico
-Didn't pas through the Senate but was eventually endorsed by Free State Legislatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Not as bad as the panic of 1837 but was at a bad time
-caused by: California gold inflation, overspeculation in land and railroads, overgrowth of grain--->unemployment, hunger, etc.
-Didn't affect the South very much, lead them to believe in King Cotton and grow overconfident; North hit hard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Wrote Uncle Tom's cabin (claims that God write it so she's actually plagiarizing him)
-exposed the wickedness of slavery
-very successful
-helped win the future civil war by making a profound impression on the north, countless youths, and convincing Europe of the evilness of slavery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wrote The Impending Crisis of the South which attempted to prove by an array of statistics that, indirectly, the non slaveholding whites were the people who suffered most from slavery
-Southern rich people were scared into thinking that the non slave holding planters would abandon their southern cause so they had book burning parties
-In the north, many copies were sold as campaign literature for Republicans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-he and his followers killed 5 men in Harper's Ferry (presumed proslaveryites)
-soiled the free-soilers' cause
-started the civil war in KANSAS
-later dreamt up a scheme to invade the south, call upon the slaves to rise, give them arms, and establish a black free state as a sanctuary
-At harpers Ferry, seized the federal arsenal in 1859, killed 7 innocent people (including a free black and injuring more)
-slaves were ignorant of Brown's strike and his band was quickly captured by marines under Lee
-hung for his crime
-north: martyr, south: murderer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Charles Sumner of Massachusetts: leading abolitionist (but very cold and disliked)
-Referred insultingly to South Carolina and its Senator, Andrew Butler
-Congressman Preston S. Brooks resented the insults, and pounded Sumner with a can until it broke in 1856
-Brooks resigned and was re-elected while southern admirers sent him gold canes
-Sumner went to Europe for treatment on his nervous system, continually re-elected
-Aroused north against "bully" Brooks
-South angered by Sumner's abusive speech
-displayed tensions between the North and South |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Republican candidate for 1856 politically inexperienced but hadn't been involved with tarred with the Kansas brush
-Lost to Buchanan due to doubts of his honesty, capacity, and sound judgment
-Many northerners were also afraid that a republican would kill the union
-Republicans still got surprisingly good results for their first election against the old Democrat Party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Buchanan presidency
-black slave who lived with his master in free territory for many years and sued for freedom based on his residency in free soil
-Because he was a slave, he wasn't a citizen, and couldn't sue in federal courts
-Chief Justice Taney (Pro slavery) ruled that since slaves were property they could be taken into any territory and legally held in slavery there
-5th amendment forbade Congress to deprive people of property without due process of the law
-Repealed the Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional in that Congress has no power to ban slavery from territories. |
|
|
Term
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) |
|
Definition
-Over a senate seat
-Lincoln challenged Douglas (Lincoln relied on logic over 'table thumping')
-Douglas' Freeport Doctrine: no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down (people's will will shine through)
-Douglas' victory moved Lincoln into the political lime light
-"preliminary battlefield of the Civil war" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-People were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution but for the constitution with or without slaver, but if it passed without slavery, slave owners would still be protected
-Infuriated free-soilers, boycotted the poll, it was passed with slavery in 1857
-Washington divided the Democratic Party into Douglas's side and Buchanan's side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Proposed by James Henry Crittenden of KY
-Designed to appease the South
-Slaveryw ould be prohibited North of the 36 30 but south of that it would receive federal protection and future states could choose
-Lincoln rejects it (went against his platform of no slavery)
-Last ditch effort to save the Union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-John brown seized federal arsenal (1859) and killed 7 innocents
-intended to start a slave rebellion, but failed
-Captured by Robert E. Lee
-Hanged as a martyr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Superseded the low tariff of 1857, increased duties from 5% to 10%
-revenue for the Union
-fact that they could do this was the difference in the North's and South's ability to gain revenue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Union Ship stopped a British mail steamer, The Trent, and removed 2 confederate diplomats
-Lincoln released the white elephant prisoners: "one war at a time" |
|
|
Term
| Jefferson Davis/Alexander Stevens |
|
Definition
-President and Vice President of the Confederacy
-Davis previously in Pierce's cabinet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-contender for the Republican presidential nomination, but was too radical(irrepressible conflict between free and slave) and lost to Lincoln
-strong antislaveryite senator from NY and spokesman of northern radicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-held his line of Confederate soldiers until reinforcements arrived at Bull Run
-accidentally shot by his own men at the Battle of Chancellorsville |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-launched a counterattack against the Union forces at Seven day's Batte and drove Clellan's forces back to the sea
-2nd Battle of Bull Run, lee ccrushed General Pope's Union forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-America's first female physician
-helped organize the US Sanitary Commission to assist the Union armies in the field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Radical Peace Democrats
-Most prominent leader was Clement Vallandigham; were totally against war
-denounced president |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Was given the command of the Army of Potomac(Union army)
-led the Peninsula Campaign
-launched a waterborne approach to Richmond and captured Yorktown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-one of the bloodiest days of the Civil war
-McClellan's men found a copy of Lee's plans and were able to stop the southerners at Antietam Creek
-Union display of power that Lincoln needed to announce his Emancipation proclamation |
|
|
Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
|
Definition
-announced in 1863 by lincoln
-slaves would be freed in seceded states (but NOT border states as doing so might anger them into seceding too)
-Lincoln freed slaves where he couldn't and wouldn't free the slaves where he could |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-led the invasion of Georgia
-leader of a Union force, captured Atlanta and burned it down
-destroyed rail lines and burned buildings
-captured Savannah and moved up through South Carolina, capturing and burning Columbia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-took Johnson's presidency after he died
-Democrat
-Union Party, Lincoln's VP so as to appeal to the War Democrats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-One of the first acts of new Southern regimes sanctioned by Johnson
-Aimed at keeping the Black population in submission and in the fields some harsh and some not
-Blacks who walked off jobs subject to penalties and fines, wages generally low
-forbade blacks from serving on jury and renting and leasing land; also punished for idleness and had to work on chain gang
-mockery of newly one freedom, lives not much different after civil war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Radical leading in the house; old sour men who was an unswerving friend of the blacks
-Republicans had veto-proof Congress
-Radicals wanted to keep South out of Union as much as possible
-He orchestrated the Congressional reconsrtuction plan and tried to impeach Jackson in 1868 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-extremely white racists who hated the blacks founded KKK in TN in 1866
-Organization that scared blacks into not voting or seeking jobs; often resorted to violence against blacks in addition to terror
-undermined what abolitionists sought to do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1867, Sec of State William H. Seward bought Alaska from Russia to the US for $7.2 million
-Public jeered his act as"Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Ice Box"
-Only later when oil and gold were discovered did Alaska rove to be a big bargain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -in the case Ex Parte Milligan (1866), Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals coult not try civilians, even during wartime, if there were courts availble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Passed by Congress in 1867, stated that the president could not fire any appointed officials without the consent of Congress
-Congress passed act knowing Johnson would break it
-Johnson fired Stanton without Congress and Congress; 1 short vote of removal in Senate (impeached but not removed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1865 by Union general Olver O. Howard, to train the unskilled and unlettered freed blacks
-taught about 200,000 blacks how to read, since wanted literary gap to narrow; also read the Word of God
-Wasn't as effective as it could have been, as evidence of further discrimination of blacks and expired in 1872 after criticism by racists whites
-Johnson repeatedly tried to kill it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Radical Republican's feared the leniency of the 10% plan would allow Southerners to re-enslave free blacks so rammed wade-David Bill through Congress
-required that 50% of states' voters take oaths of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than the 10% plan |
|
|
Term
| Carpetbaggers and scalawags |
|
Definition
-Carpetbaggers were Northerners who had come to the South for profit, power, and to help with reconstruction
-Scalawags were Republicans in the South, former Unionists and whigs |
|
|
