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| 1801; Since the 1790’s the US government had been paying an annual bribe (“tribute”) to the Barbary States of North Africa to stop their raiding of American merchant ships. Jefferson refused to pay the tribute and the piracy continued. They reached an agreement that involved a reduced tribute. |
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| 1802; Spain and the US had a treaty called Pinckney’s Treaty that allowed Americans to ship crops to New Orleans (Spanish-held) for export. When Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in France, he signed a treaty with Spain to gain the colony of Louisiana, then he stopped allowing the Americans access to New Orleans. Jefferson sent Robert R. Livingston to purchase New Orleans, but instead they worked out a deal in which the US purchased Louisiana for $15 million in 1802. This forced the Republican president to take a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Then Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the new territory. |
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| 1803; Marshall asserted the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review (the power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive and/or the legislative power) in the Marbury vs. Madison trial in 1803. Madison, the new (Republican) secretary of state would not deliver the commission appointing one of Adams’ midnight appointees, William Marbury. Marbury took it to the Supreme court and Chief Justice Marshall stated that Marbury had a right to his commission, but that the Justice Act went against the constitution by extending the Court’s jurisdiction. This asserted judicial review by overturning a national law. Thus, he repudiated the Republican belief that the states had the power to say what the law was or meant. |
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| 1804; New England Federalists began to openly talk about creating a separate Northern Confederacy; they feared for states’ rights as the country expanded, also, the Federalists had lost their power to the Republicans. Aaron Burr, the VP, led them in their efforts and when Hamilton accused him of conspiracy in 1804, they had a pistol duel. Hamilton died and Burr was declared a murderer. |
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| 1805; Burr began to conspire with James Wilkinson to either capture new territory in New Spain or establish Louisiana as a separate nation in 1805 and Wilkinson turned on him, arresting him. In the trial, led by Marshall, Burr was acquitted of treason. It revealed dangers of national unity and did not quell the sectional resentment that was growing. |
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| 1807; During the Napoleonic Wars, the US wanted to stay neutral, but Britain and France refused to accept their neutrality. The British were seizing American ships that were taking goods to Europe and seizing them to look for English deserters and force them back into service (some of these were Americans). In 1807, the British attacked an American navy vessel, the Chesapeake, and killed or injured 21, while taking 4 “deserters.” |
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| 1807; Madison and Jefferson devised the Embargo Act of 1807 that prohibited American ships to leave port until England and France repeal their restrictions on US trade. This was extremely unsuccessful since the two powers relied very little on US trade and it instead devastated the US economy (even though it helped manufacturers). To stop smuggling, the Republican Congress passed the Force Act. Madison became president in 1808 and quickly replaced the embargo act with a series of new economic restrictions, which also failed in getting France or Britain to accept US neutrality. |
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| Tecumseh’s Western Confederacy |
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| 1809; an Indian chief, Tecumseh revived the Western Confederacy (from the 1790’s) to keep the Americans out of lands west of the Appalachians. The British helped them by supplying them with guns, which led to later condemnation from the Republican “War hawks.” There were many clashes between the settlers and this Confederacy, so in 1811, William Henry Harrison defeated them in the battle of Tippecanoe. this british help of the indians was a cause of the war of 1812. |
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| War of 1812: three key events from 1812-1814 |
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| In 1813, General Harrison defeated a British and Indian force in the battle of the Thames, killing Tecumseh. This was among some other American victories. The tide of the war changed though and Britain burned D.C. and put the US on the defensive on the coast with the Royal Navy. The US had made little progress in Canada. A third event: Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians (British-helpers) in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814; they gained 23 million acres. The war was supported by Republicans and Westerners, but it was opposed by New Englanders. |
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| 1814; The setbacks of the war caused Federalists in Massachusetts to call for this Convention in 1814. Most agreed on amending the Constitution rather than seceding from the Union. They proposed many amendments that included a limited presidential term of one four-year term that rotated people from different states, a 60-day embargo limit, and a requirement of a two-thirds vote in Congress to declare war, prohibit trade, or admit a new state. Their proposals were disregarded when the Republicans began to shape up in the war. |
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| Battle of New Orleans; Treaty of Ghent |
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| 1814; Britain moved in offense and put pressure on the US from both north and south, but they wanted peace because 20 years of war with France had exhausted its wealth and energy. They met with the American commissioners, John Quincy Adams, Albert Gallatin, and Henry Clay, and drew up the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. They decided to restore the pre-war borders. Before news of the treaty reached home, in 1815 Andrew Jackson’s force crushed the British in New Orleans. |
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| 1810’s and 20’s; John Marshall (Federalist), chief justice until 1822, used judicial review to define and shape the evolution of the Constitution. “Three principles formed the basis of his jurisprudence: a commitment to judicial authority, the supremacy of national over state legislation, and a traditional, static view of property rights.” Loose interpretation. wanted to curb democratic power/ideals. |
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1810; a Georgia land grant to the Yazoo Land Company had been cancelled by a new legislature. Marshall ruled that the contract could not be discarded, but that it had to be upheld. This decision protected (Constitutionally) people who bought state-owned lands and promoted a national capitalist economy by “protecting out-of-state investors.
jist: expanded the definition of the word contract to include charts and grants from the state governments |
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| Dartmouth College v. Woodward |
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1819; Marshall protected this private college’s rights (based on a royal charter from George III) when the New Hampshire legislature tried to force the college to be public to educate more citizens. Daniel Webster, a lawyer, defended the college by claiming that the royal charter counted as a contract. Marshall and Story agreed.
jist: safeguarded property rights of chartered corporations |
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1819; the Marshall court sided with the Second National Bank, putting the national government over states’ rights. The problem at hand was that the state of Maryland decided to put a tax on money from the Second Bank to keep the state-chartered banks competitive. The bank questioned the constitutionality of the Maryland law and the Maryland lawyers questioned the constitutionality of the bank’s existence, also claiming that since the bank did exist, Maryland had the right to tax its activities in the state. Maintaining his loose interpretation, Marshall repudiated both claims by the state.
jist: interprets the Constitution to give broad powers to the national government |
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1824; national dominance was again asserted. The New York legislature had granted Aaron Ogden a monopoly in the steamboat service that took passengers across the Hudson to New Jersey. The court sided with Thomas Gibbons, who had a federal license for transporting goods and people between New York and New Jersey.
jist: gave national government jurisdiction over interstate commerce |
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| 1790’s; Many revivals took place in camp meetings in the south and southwest. The Methodists and Baptists attracted many new converts during this Second Awakening because they appealed to the lay people with emotional speeches in camp meetings. A new sect, Universalists, preached universal salvation, denying predestination. This created new church denominations. The “circuit riders,” preachers riding from town to town, establishing churches run by the people. The preachers of the revival stressed equality for all, but they had to modify this to say that women should be submissive to their husbands and slaves should be submissive to their masters. |
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| American Colonization Society Founding |
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| 1817; proposed the idea of emancipating the slaves and taking them back to a colony in Africa. President James Monroe and Henry Clay were founders. This group believed that free blacks in the US would just lead to racial problems and possibly a civil war (there were 1.5 million Africans there at this point). This was a failure though (transporting only 6,000 blacks back to Liberia, Africa) because the free Blacks didn’t want to go to Africa and the society couldn’t raise that much money to buy slaves’ freedoms. 3,000 of these Africans met in resistance to colonization. |
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| Missouri Compromise (include the Tallmadge Amendment) |
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| 1820-21; When Missouri sought to enter the Union as a slave state, Congressmen James Tallmadge proposed an amendment that would not allow the importation of any more slaves into Missouri and it would provide for the ultimate emancipation of all slaves there; it was not passed, but Congress did block Missouri’s entering into the Union. The southern-controlled senate did not grant Maine statehood to show their determination to protect slavery. The south advanced three constitutional arguments. Henry Clay worked out the Missouri Compromise that allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state, setting the precedent that states would enter in pairs like so. It also established a line through the Louisiana Territory stating that there would be no other slavery states (than Missouri) north of it. |
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| 1817; When Madison was president, he had vetoed the Bonus Bill in 1817 that Clay and Calhoun had proposed. This bill included using money from the second national bank to pay for internal improvements in transportation. When Madison explained why he vetoed this, he stated what many people believed: that the states were the ones with the right to make internal improvements. |
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| 1824; Jackson won the popular vote, but since it wasn’t a majority, the choice went to the House. Clay had come in last so he was dropped from the race, so he used his power in Congress to get Adams elected and Adams made Clay his Secretary of State, which was usually the position of the next president, but clay did not become the next president because Calhoun accused him and Adams of making previous arrangements, calling it a “corrupt bargain.” |
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| 1824; Clay attracted people in the West when he was running with his American System that would take money from tariffs and put it towards better transportation. This system would also have the Second Bank of the United States regulate state banks. The South greatly opposed this. John Adams adopted this system in three parts: a protective tariff to stimulate manufacturing (tariff of abominations), federally subsidized internal improvements to aid commerce, and a national bank to provide uniform currency and control credit. |
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| This tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufactured goods and raw materials. The Southerners were enraged and called it the “tariff of abominations.” They had no need for a protective tariff since their cotton was already the cheapest and they did not benefit. They either had to support wealthy northern manufacturers (and their expensive prices) or pay the high taxes. |
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| South Carolina Exposition and Protest |
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| (1828) Calhoun; in which he claimed that since the states’ conventions ratified the Constitution, that the states have the right to determine if a federal law was constitutional or unconstitutional and declare it null within their borders. Jackson opposed Calhoun’s idea and got Congress to pass the Force Bill (1833) that allowed him to force the collection of the taxes. He also addressed the problem with the compromise Tariff Act that would gradually reduce the tariff. This compromise got South Carolina to comply and it also combated a part of Clay’s American system. |
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| Jackson’s veto of the bank recharter |
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| 1832; Jackson’s opponents, led by Clay and Webster, brought an early rechartering of the Second National Bank, knowing that Jackson would veto it, and hoping that this would split the democratic party right before elections. Instead, Jackson vetoed it and convinced the public that the bank would be the downfall of the ordinary people and that it only catered to the wealthy. Thus, he overwhelmed Clay with defeat in the election of 1832 with Van Buren as his vice. The middle-class Americans rallied to his cause against the bank. |
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| created by Martin Van Buren in 1828. |
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| Jackson’s destruction of the bank |
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| early 1830’s; Jackson appointed Roger B. Taney as secretary of the treasury, and got him to withdraw all government money from the national bank, putting the money in state banks. Clay and Jackson’s opponents in the Senate passed a resolution that warned of tyranny, but Jackson ignored it. When the bank’s national charter ran out, it became a state bank. Jackson had destroyed national banking. |
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| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, Worcester v. Georgia, Trail of Tears |
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| 1831, 1832, 1838; The Cherokee’s went to the supreme court against Georgia in 1831, and Marshall denied their claim to national independence, but in Worcester v. Georgia, he sided against Georgia stating that they did not have the right to make laws for the Indians to abide by. Jackson signed a removal treaty with a group of Cherokees and Van Buren enforced it when he became president, forcing 14,000 Indians to move west, many of them dying in the move; the Indians referred to this as the Trail of Tears. |
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| when the British stopped the money flow into the US through credit, the cotton price dropped and many Americans also had to withdraw their gold and silver from the banks to pay off their foreign debts. A financial crisis was set off with people withdrawing their specie from the banks, causing the banks to close their doors. |
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| Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge |
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| 1837; This took place with Roger B. Taney as chief justice. Taney concluded that the Charles River Bridge Company was not allowed a monopoly in the charter and that the legislature could charter another bridge company. |
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| “Log Cabin” election of 1840 |
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| It saw the first Whig president elected, which was William Henry Harrison with John Tyler (vice). The Whig leaders wanted a weak president (Harrison didn’t have much experience) so that they could get all their plans rubber stamped. |
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| Formed in opposition to Jackson. they were wealthy and welcomed capitalism and government involvement in economics |
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| 1842; the chief justice was Lemuel Shaw. He stated that workers were allowed to form unions and enforce a closed shop. This made it so that unions were not illegal and that their members could legally enforce closed shop. |
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| 1828, 1833; The slave owners in South Carolina were afraid of a slave rebellion since the whites were a minority, and they feared emancipation. They wanted to weaken the national government to prevent this, so they targeted the tariff of 1828 (abominations) when legislation was passed to retain the duties, declaring it null (Ordinance of Nullification) in the state and prohibiting the collection of these taxes. They were going off of Calhoun’s (vice) tract, The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, (1828). the president passed this to be able to force them to pay the taxes. |
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