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| Occurred during Truman's presidency. Communist Soviet Union vs. leading western democracy (U.S.) Dominated international relations from the late 1940's to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and took the world dangerously close to Nuclear War. |
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| Americans viewed Soviets (which were communists) as threats to all Capitalist countries. Did not recognize the soviet union until 1933, large part of the red scare of 1919. Roosevelt said Stalin and the Communists should not be trusted. Although they were allies with the U.S. during world war II out of mutual hate of Germany. |
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| Former Communist Dictator of the Soviet Union. Disliked by America, allied during World War II. Responsible for the death of Millions of soviet citizens. |
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| Primary responsibility within the UN for maintaining international security and authorizing peacekeeping missions. Five major allies of war time: US, Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union. Has permanent seats and veto power in the Security Council. Tried to eliminate atomic weapons but failed. |
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| Created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. Initial purpose was to fund rebuilding of a war-torn world. The soviets, however, declined to participate because they were not in favor of the bank (it was a capitalist strategy). |
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| Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Declared, "An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent." of Europe. This speech called for U.S. Allies to work to halt the spread of communism. |
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| A metaphor used throughout the Cold War to refer to the division between U.S. West European U.S. Allies and East European Soviet Allies. |
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Adopted by Truman in 1947, and designed to prevent soviet expansion without causing a war. Implemented due to:
1) A communist-led uprising against the government in Greece
2) Soviet demands for some control of a water route in Turkey, the Dardanelles
Formulated by three advisers: Secretary of State General George Marshall, Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson, and an expert of Soviet Affairs, George F. Kennan. Appeasement did not work, Communist aggression must be challenged. |
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| Secretary of State and adviser for the Containment Policy (1947). Created the Marshall Plan (see definition below) |
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| President asked Congress in March 1947 for $400 million in military aid to assist the free people of Greece and Turkey against Soviet's "totalitarian" regimes. Was an oversimplified take on the situation in those countries and gained bipartisan support from Republicans and Democrats. |
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An economic plan created by George Marshall to stimulate the economy in Western Europe (which was struggling severely after the wars) to prevent these Western European countries from voting for Communist regimes. Plan was also offered to Soviet States/Eastern Europe, but they declined due to fear of independence on the U.S.
The plan worked in Western Europe as they had hoped and increased U.S. exports to Europe. But at the same time it increased the divide between Non-Communist West and Communist East. |
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| The Soviet union cut off all access to the roads to Berlin in June 1948. Truman refused to withdrawal from Berlin and decided to send in supplies to West Berlin by aircraft while simultaneously sending in 60 bombers capable of using atomic bombs in England. People anticipated Nuclear War, but Stalin stood against it. In May of 1949, the Soviets opened the blockade. This lead to the creation of two Germanys. |
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| As a result from the blockade between East and West Berlin, two Germanys were created. One of which was The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), who allied with the U.S. |
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| As a result from the blockade between East and West Berlin, two Germanys were created. The other was The German Democratic Republic (East Germany), which was a Soviet Satellite. Berlin was located in this part and was also divided into sectors of who allied with who. |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (WOR) |
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| President Truman breaking the U.S. tradition since Washington's Farewell address of not forming permanent alliances with European Nations. Recommended the U.S. join a military defense pact to protect Western Europe. Senate gave consent and ten European nations joined alongside the U.S. and Canada to create NATO. General Eisenhower to be its first supreme commander and stationed troops in Western Europe as a deterrent against Soviet Invasion. |
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| The Soviet Union countering NATO in 1955 by forming this pact, a military alliance for the defense of the communist states of Eastern Europe. |
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| National Security Act (WOR) |
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Way of U.S. to modernize its military capability (1947) by:
1) a centralized Department of Defense to coordinate the operations of the army, navy, and air force.
2) The creation of a National Security Council (NSC) to coordinate the making of foreign policy
3) the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to gather information on foreign governments |
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| The race between the Soviet Union and the United States to see who can make the biggest bomb. Prior to this, the U.S. was the only country to have atomic weapons til the Soviet's created one, then made it a thousand times stronger. While NATO became a very strong military alliance during this time, many argue Truman created unnecessary tensions between the U.S. and Soviets with the Arms Race. |
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| U.S. General who took control of the reconstruction of Japan. Seven Japanese generals were tried for war crimes and executed. Under MacArthur's guidance, a new constitution was adopted in May 1947 and set up a Parliamentary Democracy. Ceremonial Head of State Emperor Hirohito, and relied of Military Protection from the U.S. |
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| A Communist Revolutionary as well as the founder and former president of The People's Republic of China. Appealed to the poor, landless peasants since Nationalists were losing loyalty due to inflation and widespread corruption. The Communists appeared to be well organized compared to the Nationalists. |
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| When China was taken over by Communists, Chiang and the Nationalists retreated to an island formally controlled by Japan called Taiwan. While there, Chiang still claimed to be the legitimate head of the Chinese government. |
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| People's Republic of China (WOR) |
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| United States supported Chiang (still claimed to be the legitimate head of the Chinese government) and refused to recognize Mao's regime until 1979. |
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| After the defeat of Japan, its former colony Korea was divided along the 38th parallel by the victors. Soviets occupied North of the line and and U.S. occupied South. |
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| In 1949 both Soviets and U.S. withdrew from Korean territory and left the North to the hands of Communist leader Kim Il Sung and the South to Conservative Nationalist Syngman Rhee. |
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| War fought between North and South Korea between 1950-1953. Due to spread of communism, American containment, and Japanese occupation of Korea during WWII. Ended in a stalemate. Republicans not happy. |
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| Massive Retaliation (WOR) |
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| A policy for mutual annihilation, U.S. created the hydrogen bomb, soviet's caught up, Dulles's Diplomacy (threatening commies with bommies) |
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| After Stalin died, President Eisenhower called to slow down the Arms Race and presented the "Atoms for Peace" plan to the United Nations. Soviet's also showed signs of wanting to back down, withdrew troops from Austria, and established peaceful relations with Greece and Turkey. |
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| Summit held with both sides in Geneva, Switzerland, between Eisenhower and Soviet premier, Nikolai Bulganin. Proposed this policy to open arial photography by the opposing nation in an effort to eliminate the chance of a surprise nuclear attack. |
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| Speech given by this new Soviet leader in early 1956 which denounced the crimes of Joseph Stalin and supported "Peaceful coexistence" in the west. |
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First satellites launched into space by the Soviet Union. America wanted to be the superior nation in technology, so they began to make rockets mimicking those of the soviets (but failed)
Created NASA to catch up with Russia's space developments. |
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| More alarming than any other Cold War development during Eisenhower's presidency, Cuba rising as a Communist country. |
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| Overthrew the Cuban Dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. People weren't sure if he'd be better or worse than the previous ruler. Once in power, Castro nationalized American Owned businesses and properties in Cuba, and Eisenhower retaliated by cutting off trade with Cuba. |
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| Military-Industrial Complex (WOR) |
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| In Eisenhower's farewell address, he spoke out against the negative impact the Cold War had on the U.S. Feared the arms race would cause the nation to turn into an imperial state. |
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| Cuban Missile Crisis (WOR) |
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| Non-Proliferation Treaty (WOR) |
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| Antiballistic Missiles (ABMs) (WOR) |
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| Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) (WOR) |
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