Term
| Maryland v. Virginia Colonies |
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Definition
biggest difference-religious
MD-offers religious freedom to anyone, predominantly Catholic
Va-more strict |
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Term
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Definition
no religious toleration
higher life expectancy and bigger families
trade and farming (more diverse)
more compact b/c they didn't farm as much
had legal orders from the beginning (Mayflower Compact) |
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Term
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Definition
economic
malaria
mostly men
TOBACCO
kept expanding land to replenish farmland
had more conflict with natives
more fighting over authority |
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Term
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Definition
Elizabeth I tolerated religious diversity as long as she was head of the Church
Puritans believed in predestination and were very strict
settled in New England to start fresh
think they're on a mission from God
being persecuted in England-it was hard for them to find jobs |
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Term
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Definition
said people could communicate with God without the Church
offered Puritans certainty instead of anxiety about predestination and their covenant
stressed equality for women and talked back to men
thinks everyone can be saved, not predestination
held womens meetings in her home |
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Term
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Definition
(Society of Friends) seeking refuge from persecution in England
rejected earthly and religious hierarchies and denied the need for a mediator between God and people. Allowed anyone to become a preacher, even children and women.
William Penn was major leader
equality of every
said slavery was wrong; were pacifists |
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Term
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Definition
Europeans (mostly English) immigrated to work in tobacco cultivation, used in the Chesapeake
Earned freedom if they worke 4-7 yrs.
not really slaves, could go before a council |
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Term
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Definition
joint-stock company (investors put $ in to get profit out)
started by Virginia Co. Faced drought, disease, and polluted water |
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Term
| Economic and Social Issues of 17th Century England |
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Definition
population boom in England shows lack of opportunities, land, and jobs
poor class is growing because not enough land |
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Term
| Two Treatises of Government (1691) |
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Definition
| by John Locke, challenged hierarchical political order, said that the people have a right to overthrow their ruler if they're not concerned with the good of the people; said God's laws governed monarch's power. said proper political order could prevent tyranny |
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Term
| the Stono Rebellion (1739) |
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Definition
slaves rebelled and killed store owners
wanted to go to Florida
all publicly executed to set an example for other slaves
led to mass fear-NY Conspiracy (both blacks and whites, owners thought there would be a slave rebellion) |
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Term
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Definition
| resulted from intro of nutritious crops, hence longer life expectancies and high inflation; officials thought surplus could live in N. America |
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Term
| Impacts of King George's War |
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Definition
Britain v. France, we're helping Britain
starts out well in New England with shipping, but then men go off to war and die
Chesapeake (middle) has most success because they can provide food, have fertile soil and good weather
south suffers because no one consumes their products |
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Term
| Salem Village witchcraft crisis |
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Definition
| if people couldn't explain their troubles, it was blamed on the work of the devil & witchcraft. Girls in Salem, MA accused women of being witches; Ended when Rev. Mather said their evidence was invalid, when political uncertainty (and stress) ended, and when there was a new governor who doubted the girls' validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| intellectual period where men prided themselves on education. Philosophers of this time emphasized acquiring knowledge through reasoning and finding out out the reasoning behind unquestioned assumptions; educated people had a unified view of the world, and it caused advances in medicine |
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Term
| the First Great Awakening (1730s-1760s) |
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Definition
wealthy merchants don't like it
leads to more religious diversity
started by Jonathan Edwards
people questioned the status quo |
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Term
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Definition
Set a western boundary for colonial settlement
didn't protect outside of this line
British agreed to it b/c they just wanted peace and they gave the Indians blankets w/ small pox in them
the colonists had just fought for the land, so they were mad about it
many Anglo-Americans had property W. of the line, and the unenforceable policy was a failure |
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Term
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Definition
landowners elected representatives, which contolled their local gov't
shows that we want local control
King gave it back because we protested so much once he took it away |
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Term
| Outcome of Seven Years War |
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Definition
Britain vs France
Britain won, but they had a lot of debt, so they raised taxes-to both, but colonies felt it more |
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Term
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Definition
| colonists were seen as "virtually" represented in Parliament because they were supposed to consider everyone |
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Term
| Individual Representation |
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Definition
| in colonies, members of houses of assembly were seen as representing the regions that had elected them |
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Term
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Definition
posed a direct challenge to colonial assemblies
caused Board of Customs Commissioners and vice admiralty courts in some colonies
everything was later repealed except for tea tax |
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Term
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Definition
| March 5, 1770- laborers threw snowballs at soldier guarding the Custom's House; sentries killed 4 and wounded 8 and they were considered martyrs |
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Term
| Coercive (Intolerable) Acts |
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Definition
4 Laws passed by Parliament
ordered port of Boston closed until tea was paid for
substituted an appt.d council for the elected one
someone who murdered while enforcing laws could be tried in Britain
Quartering Act where military officers could live with and among colonists |
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Term
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Definition
Parliament's reforms of the government of Quebec
granted more religious freedom to Catholics
reinstated French civil law, previously replaced by British procedures
French live there primarily, British gave them rights back |
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Term
| New York conspiracy (1741) |
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Definition
| hysterical whites suspected a biracial gang of forming a slave uprising, killed 35 people for participating in the alleged plot; confirmed Anglo-Americans fears regarding the danger of slave holding, and revealed the assemblies' inability to prevent disorder |
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Term
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Definition
American population who rejected independence and remained loyal to Britain
most opposed the men who became patriot leaders b/c colonial assemblies w/ little concern for them in the past
formed a loyalists core
moved to British army cities during the war
Anglican clergymen worried about job security; back country farmers |
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Term
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Definition
| back county farmers vs. wealthy eastern planters who controlled the governments; frontier dwellers protested their lack of voice in politics, and S. Carolinians complained of biased law enforcement. N. Carolinians objected to heavy taxation; regional, ethnic, and economic tensions caused problems with frontier people's dissatisfaction with the Carolinas' government |
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Term
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Definition
| France surrendered its North American holdings to Britain Spain (allied w/ France) gave them Florida British gave them control of fur trade |
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Term
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Definition
(Thomas Paine) radical English printer, only lived in America since 1774
proposed a republic
said get rid of King George
said that Britain had exploited the colonies
sold 120,000 copies when a lot of people were illiterate |
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Term
| importance of French-American alliance |
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Definition
began to aid Americans openly
Now Britain had to fight the US and France in the Caribbean |
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Term
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Definition
Hamilton and his supporters
said Democratic-Republicans wre trying to destroy the republic
believed in a big government run by the elite |
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Term
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Definition
Federalists (Hamilton)
wanted a bank
said if means are constitutional and the means aren't unconstitutional, then the result is constitutional |
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Term
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Definition
Democratic-Republicans
literal interpretation of the Constitution
said it did not give right to form a bank and that power couldn't be inferred from the Constitution |
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Term
| Bank of the United States |
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Definition
Hamilton recommended that a national bank be made w/ model of Bank of England
Private investors would work hard to maintain their $
Bank's notes would be nation's currency
would collect and disburse $ for Treasury and lend to the government
Many questioned if the Constitution gave Congress the right to est. one |
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Term
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Definition
Hamilton taxed whiskey b/c Jefferson's supporters were western farmers who sold whiskey
PA farmers resisted and Washington tried to prevent another Shay's rebellion
formed an army, but conflict stopped before they arrived
proved we had a stronger gov't than during Shays Rebellion
showed gov't wouldn't tolerate violent resistance to laws, but through peaceful, legal means |
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Term
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Definition
John Jay was sent to London to negotiate Anglo-American relations
Britain agreed to evacuate western front
eased restrictions on trade
gets out of Great Lakes area and opens seas |
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Term
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
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Definition
Jefferson and Madison's resolutions to the Alien & Sedition Acts
said the Acts were unconstitutional and asked other states to join them in protest
introduced into the KY and Va legislatures
inspired state rights activists in the South |
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Term
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Definition
first Democratic-Republican in office
sought unity and nation-building
small central agrarian government
biggest accomplishment was LA Territory |
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Term
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Definition
1803-established Judicial Review
Marbury was a midnight judge and wanted to certify his appointment
Madison would not certify so Marbury sued him
Supreme Court said they didn't have the power to issue writs of madamus |
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Term
| Theory of Judicial Review |
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Definition
the power of the Suprmem Court to decide the constitutionality of legislation or presidential acts
enhanced the power of the judiciary branch |
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Term
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Definition
1783- Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay were the American diplomats
Negotiated directly with Britain instead of conferring 1st w/ France
Would only start discussing once they agreed to peace
Formally granted American independence
Formed bigger boundaries
Native Americans ignored, said be nice to loyalists |
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Term
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Definition
intended to end disagreement and prevent growth of Demo-Repub faction, targeted recently arrived immigrants
Naturalization: lengthened residency required to 14 yrs
Alien: President had power to deport
Sedition: outlawed conspiracies to prevent enforcement of federal laws |
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Term
| President Thomas Jefferson |
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Definition
refused to acknowledge appointments Adams had made (J.A. of 1801)
Sought unity and nation building
thought we wanted to remain a country of farmers |
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Term
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward |
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Definition
1819
said states may not interfere with private contracts
again supports market economy
Supreme Court nullified a NH act which altered the charter of Dartmouth College
Marshall ruled that a charter was a contract and that the state could not interfere in commerce and business |
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Term
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Definition
1824
Supreme Court overturned an NY state law which gave Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston a monopoly over a NY-NJ steamboat trade
confirmed federal supremacy in interstate trade/commerce
showed that courts supported a market economy |
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Term
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Definition
economy was uneven
cycle of economic growth follwed by economic contraction and deflation
also seasonal and personal
caused by market economy |
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Term
| American System of Manufacturing |
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Definition
Northeast
Americans made products that were machine-tooled, not handmade
used machinery to make interchangeable parts-when something breaks you just have to replace the part, not the whole thing
first used w/ just guns, but spread to form the industry of mass production |
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Term
| Beliefs of Charles G. Finney |
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Definition
led the Second Great Awakening
preached salvation could be achieved
people were not doomed by original sin, and sin was avoidable
strong following of Baptists and Methodists
people changed their lives to make sure they weren't sinning |
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Term
| American Colonization Society |
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Definition
advocated for gradual, voluntary emancipation
resettlement of former African sllaves
didn't believe free blacks had a place in the United States |
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Term
| American Anti-Slavery Society |
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Definition
immediatists
said we have to stop sinning now
Harriet Tubman and Fredrick Douglass |
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Term
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Definition
agrarian society
didn't want powerful central government
offered an alternative to the strong federal government by JQ Adams
similar to Jeffersonians |
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Term
| Power of Presidency under Jackson |
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Definition
increased power of the executive branch
used the veto a lot
never consulted his official cabinet, but his friends |
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Term
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Definition
it was our divine right to expand West and South
Americans hungered for more land to extend republican system of government
racsim involved because they thought Hispanics and Indians were inferior |
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Term
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Definition
founded by Ann Lee
largest of the utopian societies
sex was a ssin, thus less growth
didn't matter because they thought the Second Coming was soon
each colony was one family |
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Term
| Movement Towards Utopian Societies |
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Definition
formed resistance to urban life
said markety economy leads to competition, which leads to sin and corruption
had communal values |
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Term
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Definition
visited all US states in nine months, analyzed America
said we had fluidity of social classes because of geographic mobility
said we're egalitarian in regards to white men because they all had an equal chance to succeed, to move up or down |
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Term
| Irish Immigrants 1830-1860 |
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Definition
previous Irish immigrants were British-Irish and Protestant
Protestants and Catholics didn't get along
potato famine (blight) caused millions to immigrate to US-they were Celtic and spoke Gaelic |
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Term
| South as a Peculiar Institution |
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Definition
slavery made them backwards
not advancing quickly because they already had a cheap way of production, where the north has to keep finding new ways |
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Term
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Definition
good for economy
property rights-slaves were property
paternalism-shows there's social order
whites were intellectual, blacks were meant for work |
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Term
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Definition
S. Carolina and Georgia used a system whre slaves had certain requirements
both slaves and masters embraced it
once slaves were done with tasks, the time was theirs |
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Term
| Treatment of Slaves in the U.S. |
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Definition
nicer to our slaves than other places because we had natural population growth
importation of slaves was illegal, so without natural growth we wouldn't have them
whipping was most common punishment
in other places, slaves were expendable |
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Term
| Slaves Belief in Religion |
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Definition
slaves brought African culture to Christianity
Became Christian because they could seek salvation and would be freed
saw as an instrument of support/resistance and personal/group salvation
used rhythm and physical movement |
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Term
| Southern Social Hierarchy |
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Definition
slaveholding planters at the top of they pyramid
based on how many slaves you have |
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Term
| Polk's Decisions RE: Oregon and Mexico Territories |
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Definition
leads to Mexican War
willing to compromise with Britain on 54th parallel-settles for 49th
wants to avoid 2-front war
disupted with Mexico over Rio Grande |
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Term
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Definition
residents in territories decide on slavery for themselves
ambiguous as to how it worked, leads to Bleeding KS and no one knew who a resident was |
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Term
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Definition
CA became a free state
N. Mexicio and Utah were organized on popular sovereignty
TX boudnary was set at present limits and US paid them $10 million for loss of N. Mexico territory
Fugitive Slave Act-any slave who escaped had to be returned
slave trade abolished in Wash D.C. |
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Term
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Definition
slave from MO was moved w his master to IL
sued his master for his freedom
Taney ruled that he was not a citizen, he was property
said Congress doesn't have a right to declare something a free state-thought all should be slave
officially repeals the MO Compromise, which upsets the North |
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Term
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Definition
(D)-Douglass in North and Breckinridge in South
(Const. Union) John Bell-avoided slavery
(R)-Lincoln, won but only electoral votes; South sees it as the coming of abolition |
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Term
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Definition
Union's plan of attack on Confederacy
1-blockade southern ports
2-capture the MI River, splitting south in half
3-take the capital, Richmond |
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Term
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Definition
Confederate outposts guarding the Tn and Cumberland Rivers
opened two prime routes into the heart of the Confederacy
opens up the south
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant saw the importance of capturing them |
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Term
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Definition
diplomatic turning pt. of the Civil War
after battle, Lincoln feels like he can give the Emancipation Proclamation
McClellan v. Lee-should be an easy win for McClellan, since he found Lee's battle plans
North won, but McClellan removed from office |
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Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
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Definition
keeps Britain out of southern alliance
made the Civil War about slavery
declared slaves free in rebelling areas as of Jan. 1, 1863
overwhelmingly passed through Congress because all members were from the North |
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Term
| Internal Southern Conflict during the Civil War |
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Definition
classes butt heads
internal discontent started over land redistribution
southern whites don't think planters have everyone's best in mind |
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Term
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Definition
blacks split crop with landowner after farming it
blacks had to get a loan from plantation owner in order to start, profit didn't cover debts
proved to be a disaster because merchants developed monopoly of control
keeps them in cycle of debt
economic bondage is a problem |
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Term
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Definition
said blacks were citizens and given equal protection under law
adds Confederate debt to national debt
Confederate officals can't be in office
black person counts as one person in voting
Congress overrides Johnson's veto of it |
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Term
| Reconstruction as a failure |
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Definition
Reconstruction post-Civil War in the late 1800s was a failure mostly due to the fact that socially and economically, America did not see significant change because the wealthy were still in charge and freedmen had little chance of economic success.
Republicans
Democrats
Freedmen
didn't change the social order
due to lack of social/economic structure
same people were in charge after as before |
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Term
| Presidential Election of 1876 |
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Definition
Tilden v. Hayes
voter fraud in the South
Tilden won poular vote
committee of 15 formed but 1 dropped out
Compromise of 1877-Hayes could become President if military forces pulled out of the South
Ended Reconstruction |
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Term
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Definition
not a large supply of indentured servants and Native Americans not an option because they knew the land too well
turn to African slaves |
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Term
| Frontier Settlers' Issues with Colonial Government |
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Definition
not practicing reaportionment (making sure there's equal representation in each area)
they don't feel they have a voice because they settled West |
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Term
| Stance on Reolution: Patriot/Neutral |
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Definition
Patriots-want Revoltuion; yeomen farmers living west, life conditions weren't improving
neutralists-Quakers, caused problems when people didn't pick sides
merchants/elites didn't pick a side bethey they were dealing with both |
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Term
| self-sacrificing, economic, and democratic republicanism |
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Definition
| all said citizens need to be virtuous |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
loose organization of states
had most of the power
united for common good
the national gov't could decare war, negotiate, etc. but not raise money (revenues or tax) |
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Term
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Definition
1787
agrees with John Locke's ideas
Farmers violently opposed high taxes
attempted to close military stores so thier land wouldn't be taken
governemnt has a hard time stopping them
realized we need a national government that's much stronger |
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Term
| Constitutional Convention |
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Definition
want to fix Articles of Confederation, but end up starting over
hardest issue-representation (b/w Virginia and New Jersey Plans)
big v. small states
develop bicamaral legislature
Senate has equal representaion
House of Reps is proportional
3/5 Compromise for slaves in represntation and taxation |
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Term
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Definition
decided at Constitutional Convention
system est. to select the President, emmbers would be chosen in each state
would ensure executuive would be independent of the people
worried that the masses weren't smart enough to decide |
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Term
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Definition
feared central government was to opwoerful
recognized need for Bill of Rights
support Constituiton in the end once there is a bill |
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Term
| Hamilton's Economic Views |
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Definition
said people were motivated by economic self interest (selfish)
wanted to consolidate debt because he was worried states wouldn't pay, and it would make us unstable as a whole for trading |
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Term
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Definition
no changes
America v. Britain, during Madison's presidency
starts impressment of the seas
Britain tense because of Napolean, vying for power
doesn't end until the fall of Napolean, which took pressure off Britain in Europe |
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Term
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Definition
1820
Maine would be a fee state and Missouri would be slave
otherwise wouldn't upset balance of slave and free
36 30 line established, everything NOrth is free and South is slave |
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Term
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Definition
puts the masses in charge (individual interpretation of the Bible)
movement of spiritual renewal
popular in South
democratic religious feform
people have more say and so do women |
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Term
| Frontier Settlers' Issues with Colonial Government |
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Definition
| not given a voice because no one was practicing reapportionment yet |
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