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Historian who influenced many other historians
Wrote The Significance of the Frontier in American History
Sectionalism came from social forces (ethnicity, land ownership) which determined settlement patterns and social and political tendencies
His “Frontier Thesis” was read at the Chicago World’s Fair
Spirit and success of the US is the result of Westward Expansion
The American citizen was born on the boundary lines between civilization and wilderness, a man that can tame wild and also learn from it
Won the Pulitzer prize in 1933 |
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Founded the Hull House
criticized for her pacifism and support for immigrant's civil rights during WWI
campaigned for Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Party in 1912
elected President of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, so she often traveled to Europe and Asia spreading her Victorian belief that Women had a special mission to preserve peace
won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 (1st US Woman) |
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Cofounded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
Chicago, Illinois
one of the first US settlement Houses, began the settlement house movement
Based on Toynbee Hall in England
Mission: provide social and educational oppurtunities to the neighborhood's working class (at the time, many were immigrants)
held free concerts and lectures
was the meeting house for a huge variety of clubs for all ages
held classes about literature, history, art, and domestic activities
produced many successful female reformers
advocated for many progressive reform bills
some say it was the advent of modern "Social Welfare"
established many local public playgrounds and sanitation services ect. |
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*James Garfeild* v. Winfield Scott Hancock
Republican - Democrat
Hancock was a military officer whose campaign showed his inexperience
High Tariff - Low Tariff only for revenue
no major issues except the continuation of Reconstruction
214 - 155 electoral votes
2000 popular vote difference (smallest in history) |
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| founder of the IWW, Pres. candidate for the Social Democratic Party in 1900 |
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Battle of Little Bighorn
aka Custer's Last Stand 1876 |
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Lakota-Northern Cheyenne led by Sitting Bull vs. 7th Cavalry led by George Armstrong Custer
Major Indian victory in the Great Soiux War of 1876-77 |
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| respected war leader of the Oglala Lakota and fought in the Battle of Little Bighorn |
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| VERY disputed. Democrat Samuel J. Tilden won the popular vote and it was eventually determined that Republican Rutherford B. Hayes got the electoral vote so he won |
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founded the Liberal Republican Party and ran for Pres against Grant in 1872
Editor or New York Tribune |
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Edison General Electric + Thompson Houston Electric Company = General Electric,
Federal Steel Co. + Carnegie Steel Co. + others = US Steel Corporation |
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| Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) vs. Horatio Seymour(Democrat) |
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| Wounded Knee Massacre 1890 |
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| Battle that broke out when the 7th Cavalry attempted to transport the remaining Souix |
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| Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers vs. Carnegie Steel Co. |
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Pennsylvania RR Co.
stole the Bessemer Process
Carnegie Steel Co.
Treated workers badly |
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| revolutionary farms that grew and harvested wheat |
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| combo of Central and Union Pacific Railroads |
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GAR
(Grand Army of the Republic) |
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civil war veterans that pushed for pensions
founded by Benjamin F. Stephenson in 1866 |
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rumored union of Irish coal miners in Pennsylvania
1876-78 were the trials |
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Wrote the utopian novel, Looking Backward, in 1888
described "Nationalism" (socialism) through a story about a late 19th century man who wakes up in the socialist utopia of 2000
Effects: several Bellamy Clubs popped up along with socialist utopian communities |
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Pro Laissez-faire/classical liberlaism/gold-standard
Yale College professor
As a Sociologist he developed diffusion, folkways, and ethnocentrism |
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| Credit Mobilier scandal of 1872 |
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| Credit Mobilier was a construction company created and hired by the Union Pacific RR Co. The leader, Congressmen Oak Ames bribed other Congressmen with stock for their endorsement of construction. |
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| Ulysses S. Grant's "peace policy" |
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| Dec. 4th 1871, Grant delivered his State of the Union Address he proposed land west of Arkansas and Missouri and south of Kansas that was given to the Native Americans in 1830 was called "Indian Territory" (it was ignored) |
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Wrote How the Other Half Lives 1890
book of photo journalism about the New York slums in the 1880s |
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Wrote Sunshine and Shadow in New York 1869
It described the drastic difference in living conditions between the wealthy and the impoverished in the 2nd industrial revolution |
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| Coined the term "Conspicuous Consumption" in his 1899 book Theory of the Leisure Class (spending just to display wealth) |
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| Captains of Industry/ Robber Barons |
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philanthropist or economic leader whose successes benefit the public in some wa
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economic leaders who unfairly acquire a large personal fortune |
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| Vertical Integration/Horizontal Integration |
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-introduced by Andrew Carnegie
-broke an industry into hierarchies, each of which finished a different part of the products
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merging of two similar corporations to eliminate competition |
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| president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company |
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Wrote The Wealth of Nations 1776
introduced capitalism |
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Wrote Progress and Poverty (1879)
Promoted a single land value tax
Why?: It would bring land value down so...
spectators would stop snatching huge tracts to sell and...
aspiring farmers or small producers would buy it because they planned to use it for income |
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| Required that employees not be a member of labor union. |
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| Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 |
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What it does: Forbids any contracts, combinations, or any other forms of trust between firms that restrict trade.Put government attorneys and district courts in charge of finding violaters of the Act. Effects: Clayton Act (granted private companies the right to sue any one who violated the Anti-trust Act.) |
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Cause:President Garfield's assassination by Charles Julius Guiteau who was a rejected office seeker. Whatitdo: -Ended the spoils system. -Established a Merit System in which many traidtionally appointed positions were competed for through exams. Established the Civil Service Commission which placed most federal government employees on the system.(Teddy Roosevelt was a commissioner) -Forbid bribery (selling campaign donations) on federal government property. Effects: -Took federal positions out of the hands of political machines. -Positions were filled with less politics and more expertise. -(Unintended) Parties shifted their financial reliance from campaign donations to business. |
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| Case: NY law that restricted the number of hours a baker could work per week Ruling by U.S. Supreme Court: The law is uneccissary to protect bakers' health and it violated the power of the individual contract. The right to free contract is implied in the "due process" clause of the 14th amendment. Justice Rufus Peckham was pro ruling Justices John Marshall Harlan and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. were against the ruling Effects: Lochner Era~ Series of court rulings against law that regulated working conditions on the account that they violated the liberty of contract. Criticism of the Ruling: The Court ignored an obvious interpretation of the constitution, because of their personal beliefs. (property rights over efforts of democratic majorities to enact economic regulations) |
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| Interstate Commerce Act/ Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) 1887 |
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| Cause: Many felt the Railroads were abusing their power. -Race Discrimination -Attempts to gain control of city and state governments -Bribed influential opinion leaders for omission from denunciation (elected officials, newspaper editors, ministers etc.)by granting them free yearly passes Act: Established the ICC who could (without discrimination) set maximum rates Challenges: US Supreme Court ruled that it was protected by the 14th amendment's "equal protection" clause. Congress through legislation could outlaw an act of (economic) discrimination against an individual or corporation if they failed to grant the affected person(s) equal protection of the rules or laws. Effects: Rocky start because the law that created it didn't give it adequate enforcement powers. Their powers were later expanded. There was great controversy over how to interpret language in the clause banning charging more for a shorter haul than a longer one. |
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| Wabash and Pacific Railroad Co. v. Illinois 1886 |
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| Question: Can the state regulate railroads used for interstate shipment Ruling:the Commerce Clause does not permit states to enact "direct" burdens on interstate commerce (noting, however, that "indirect" burdens were permitted under the Clause) Result: ~State safety regulations were allowed as "indirect" burdens ~put the regulation of interstate shipment fees in federal hands Effects: ~first modern regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ~one of the first instances in government assuming responsibility for economic affairs that had previously been delegated to the states |
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| The Supreme Court decided that the Fourteenth Amendment didn't keep the State of Illinois from regulating charges to use a business' grain elevators. Ultimate decision: The state could regulate a private company if it was in the public interest. Related to Wabash and Pacific Railroad Co. v. Illinois |
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| Authorized the president to divide usable tribal land in Oklahoma for distribution to individual Indian families who will gain full ownership of the property after 25 years along with full citizenship. Problems and effects: Most of the land was not valuable after the 25 year period, therefore it was sold at bargain prices to whites. The government sold the "surplus" land to whites. The Indians ended up losing 90 million acres of treaty land. (2/3 of their land in 1887) |
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Ulysses S. Grant v. Horace Greeley
Radical Republican - Liberal Republican
The Republican Party split and the Democratic Party supported Greeley because of his opposition to Grant
Greeley died after the popular election, but before electoral vote
3 electors voted for him anyway
arkansas and Louisiana's votes were rejected due to "reconstruction irregularities"
Every one else voted between...
Benjamin Gratz Brown, Democrat/Liberal Republican- 18 votes
Charles Jones Jenkins, No Party- 2 votes
David Davis, Liberal Republican- 1 vote
Grant won with 286 votes |
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Marcus A. Hanna
aka Mark Hanna |
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| William McKinley's campaign manager |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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one of the first and largest US labor unions
founded in Ohio by the union's president, Samuel Gompers in 1886
it was a reorganization of the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions
dominated by craft unions
thought labor improvement would come through capitalism
"pure and simple unionism" or "business unionism" focused on workers immediate commands instead of attacking owners and large businesses
many members were involved in the National Civic Federation |
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| Frances E. Willard (female) |
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college educator
temperance reformer
traveled with Anna Adams Gordon, giving temperance lectures along the east coast
participated in the creation of the Women's Christian Temperance Union
created (1883) and was president elected president of (1888) the Formed Worldwide WCTU
her argument for suffrage was based on "Home Protection" from the domestic issues that are spawned from alcohol
"Politics is a place for Woman"
influential in the passage of the 18th(prohibition) and 19th(women's suffrage) amendments
National President of Alpha Phi in 1887
First woman in Statuary Hall |
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| Temperance reformer who hacked up bars with a tomohawk |
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| Traveled giving women's rights speeches |
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a march on the Capitol of protest by unemployed workers
led by Populist Jacob Coxey
1894, the second year of the depression |
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| Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 |
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| Industrial Workers of the World |
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founded by Eugene V. Debs in 1905
members: socialists, anarchists, and radical trade unionists
they were against the AFL's policies |
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| gave federal land grants to |
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| Clayton Antitrust Act 1914 |
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