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| exchange of plants, animals cultures and diseases between Europe and Americas |
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| 1607- built by London Company in Virginia, |
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| made tobacco a commercial crop, helped save Virginia |
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| saved Jamestown with a strict military order |
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| tobacco proved to be extremely profitable |
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| transatlantic slave trade carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and Europe |
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| favorable balance of trade… exports>imports |
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| results of the protestant reformation, wanted to purify the Church of England from within, est. Mass bay colony (leader John Winthrop) |
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| believed that Puritans needed to completely leave the church of England, led by Roger Williams, (est. Providence, RI) |
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| separatists, landed in Plymouth Mass |
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| 41 men signed it, written by the Pilgrims to preserve the struggling community from anarchy |
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| trip from Africa to America, or the space on the boat the slaves were kept on (middle deck) |
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| Original sight of the pilgrims |
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| middle and southern colonies |
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| middle-New Hampshire, New Haven, Connecticut, RI //Southern-Carolinas, Georgia, Pennsylvania (Quakers)?, Many of these colonies succeeded due to diversity |
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| spawned scientific tinkerers… wanted knowledge to improve quality of life |
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| European philosopher believed all people had natural and inalienable rights, free men should form contracts to protect these rights |
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| philosophy that led to the idea that political authority must be derived from the consent of the governed |
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| philosopher, experimenter, inventor (Lightening rod, stove, etc) |
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| 7 years War, May 7, 1756 British declare war on the French (William Pitt led the British) Britain won, forced French from North America…. Results: the colonies became more unified, and they didn’t want to pay taxes to Britain to pay for the war |
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| Native American resistance to British colonists, thousands of lives were lost |
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| 1765, colonists had to purchase seals or stamps to validate legal documents (effected everyone), strongly resisted by the colonists |
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| grab bag of duties on American imports of paper, glass, lead, paint, and tea (also enforced quartering act) (lots of boycotts resulted) |
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| March 1766, defense of parliamentary supremacy over colonists in ALL ways |
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| no taxation w/o representation |
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| parliament shouldn't tax colonists if they couldn't be represented in the British parliament (virtual representation was NOT good enough for the colonists) |
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| March 5, 1770 British soldiers shot at and killed 5 Americans (martyrs)… after being harassed |
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| December 16, 1773. Boston Mass. Men disguised as Indians tossed 340 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor, protesting the Tea Act |
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| a gathering of 55 elected delegates from 12 colonies, decl. written @2nd congress |
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| 1775 British troops marched to seize rebel supplies at Concord, the Lexington militia fought, 8 people were killed |
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| Colonists fired at redcoats as they marched back to Boston |
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| written by Thomas pain, a pamphlet that convinced Americans to sever ties w/ Britain |
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| wrote declaration of independence |
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| declaration of independence |
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| severed American ties w/ Britain, list of grievances, "all men are created equal" July 4 1776 |
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| Intolerable (Coercive Acts), other taxes, Prohibitory Act (British declared war on American commerce) |
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| revolutionary war battles |
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| Bunker Hill(L), Trenton (W) 1776, Princeton (W), Saratoga(W) (gained French alliance), Yorktown(W) (Cornwallis surrenders) |
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| revolutionary war results |
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| US gains independence, all land East of Mississippi (minus Florida), fishing rights in North Atlantic, (in return colonists had to pay debts from before the war, and give back stolen loyalist land) |
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| colonists fighting for freedom from Britain |
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| sided with the king, and English parliament |
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| ended the war, but the Americans had already made negotiations with England |
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| articles of confederation |
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| approved in November 1777, originally proposed by John Dickinson, very few federal powers |
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| several thousand impoverished farmers took over a county courthouse, with complaints of high taxed, high interest rates, and state gov. insensitivity., the rebellion was put down by an army hired by wealthy Bostonians |
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| wrote Virginia plan, attended Philadelphia Constitution |
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| 2 houses (both based on population), executive elected by congress, |
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| one house, each state with one vote, gave congress powers to tax and regulate trade |
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| 2 houses senate=everyone gets two reps, house+based on population |
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| slaves count as 3/5th of a person when determining representation in congress |
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| ratified in 1798, 3 branches of gov., included Bill of rights |
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| wanted a stronger federal gov, with more powers |
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| helped write The Federalist, essays supporting the new gov, first secretary of treasury liked England, federalist |
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| secretary of state for Washington, wanted America to be more like France, strict interpretation of the constitution, republican |
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| Virginia and Kentucky resolutions |
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| protests against the alien and sedation acts, states should be able to defend their rights |
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| authorized the use of courts and presidency to silence Republicans, first crisis over civil liberties, during XYZ affairs with France |
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| chief justice of the US for 34 years, federalist |
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| federalist judges appointed by John Adams before Jefferson took the presidency |
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| wanted a stronger federal gov, with more powers, led by Hamilton and Adams |
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| political party led by Jefferson believed in states’ rights |
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| 2nd president of the US, served two terms, served during the Quasi-war w/france |
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| Bought Louisiana Territory from France (Talleyrand) in April 1803, for 15 million, doubled size of US |
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| explored the Louisiana Territory |
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| British seized American sailors and ships for their navy, disregarding American neutrality |
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| Americans ended trade w/ the European powers b/c they were being pirated by them, US people didn’t like this act |
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| war w/ Britain, b/c Britain was attacking American ships, fought on Great Lakes, ended in the battle of New Orleans where Jackson became famous, united the nation |
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| Republican president following Jefferson, extremely modest, entered into war with Britain, served 2 terms |
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| Aggressive nationalists in Congress, wanted to go to war w/ great Britain |
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| president after the war of 1812, succeeded Madison, Republican |
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| myth… a single party dominated politics, as a result popular interest in national politics fell |
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| Missouri=slave state, Maine=free, line @ 36°30' |
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| US wanted Europe to stay out of "their hemisphere" and US would stay out of European wars |
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| advances in transportation |
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| started with roads and canals, switched to lots of railroads, esp. in the North |
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| took place mostly in the North, used new innovative technology, assembly lines |
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| Quincy Adams was victorious over Jackson and Clay |
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| Adams appointed Clay as his secretary of state leading Jacksonians to believe a bribe occurred to get the House to vote in favor of Adams |
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| war hero, became president in 1828, leader of democrats |
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| President from 1824-1828, led an unsuccessful presidency due to unpopularity |
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| right of a state to set aside federal law, declared an act of Treason by Jackson |
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| supported nullification, Jackson's VP, began to defy Jackson as their relationship deteriorated |
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| Senator, and later speaker of the house, involved in the "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824, he was appointed Secretary of State by President Adams. Supported American System, increase in tariffs to foster industry, the use of federal funding to build and maintain infrastructure, and a strong national bank. |
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| tariff law meant to gain support for Jackson, but backfired 1828 |
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| Jackson believed all Indians should be removed |
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| Jackson forced the Cherokees to relocate to Oklahoma w/military force, thousand died en route |
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| New national party… support came mostly from Clay, national republicans, and ex-federalists. |
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| temperance, education reforms, some abolitionist movements |
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| God meant for Americans to own all of North America… Atlantic to Pacific |
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| Texas War for Independence |
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| Texas fought for independence from Mexico, and formed the Lone Star republic of TX |
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| battle fought after TX declared independence from Mexico, rebels supposedly help off a much larger number of Mexicans, and all fought to the death |
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| Mexican general that was captured, and signed the peace treaty w/ TX and general Sam Houston |
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| Increased westward expansion |
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| California was a result of the Mexican War, |
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| President Polk sent troops to Mexico to help defend TX, war took longer than they thought it would b/c Mexico wouldn’t give up despite military defeats |
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| Treaty of Gaudalupe-hildago |
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| ceded New Mexico and California to US for 15 million, ended war |
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| 1853, US acquired Southern Arizona, and New Mexico |
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| differences between North and South |
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| North-wanted NO slavery in the new territories, and didn't want Mexico, South wanted the opposite |
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| California=free state, organize rest of Mexican cession with no mention of slavery one way or the other, granted disputed land in TX to New Mexico, and more effective fugitive slave law |
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| settlers could vote slavery up or down at the first meeting of a territorial legislature |
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| Freed slave? Helped w/ underground rr, defying fugitive slave law |
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| wrote Uncle Tom's cabin… anti-slavery propaganda |
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| couldn't sue not a citizen… but also would’ve lost anyways, Missouri Compromise declared unconstitutional |
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| IL senatorial campaigns, debates between the two men increased Lincoln's popularity |
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| Abolitionist, violent protest type thing at Harper's ferry, Virginia, hanged as a result |
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| Confederates attacked the South Carolina military base, provoked the beginning of the Civil war, eventually captured the fort |
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| some sided with North, some with South |
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| president of the union, assassinated at the beginning of his second term |
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| president of the confederacy, failed somewhat as an executive |
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| Confederate general, very successful and smart |
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| Union loss, led to the replacement of General McDowell, with George McClellan |
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| The monitor(a Union gunship) sunk the Merrimac (Confederate ironclad vessel) |
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| To "suffocate" the south by not allowing them any supplies |
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| The confederates strategy |
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| Union general after Scott |
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| bloodiest battle of the war, considered a Union victory, led to the Emancipation Proclamation |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| freed all slaves in the confederacy |
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| states that remained in the United states, |
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| states that succeeded from the US, wanted slavery, mostly Southern |
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| Gettysburg (Battle and Address) |
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| Union victory, Lincoln gave a famous address "We cannot hallow these grounds" |
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| Grant captured Vicksburg, Mississippi on July 4, 1863, the same day as Gettysburg |
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| marched through Georgia to the coast, demolishing the South as he marched, then marched up to the Carolinas |
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| sight of confederate surrender by Lee, April 9, 1865 |
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| 10% plan, Wade- Davis Bill (50%) |
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| antislavery, protection for black rights, |
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| set up in South to help emancipated slaves with relief, education, legal help… lost funding |
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| started as a kidnapping plot, changed the day of, was also supposed to kill secretary of state |
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| 13th-freed slaves, 14th- equal rights under the laws, 15th- African American suffrage |
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| became President after Lincolns murder, impeached but not acquitted by one vote |
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| Johnson violated this act by firing cabinet member secretary of war Andrew Stanton which was the grounds for his impeachment |
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| the one vote that saved Johnson |
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| extremely racist, tried to keep African Americans in positions of servitude, 1865, segregation/ discrimination |
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| emigrants from the North trying to profit from the South |
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| former Whig planters or merchants, natives of South also trying to profit from the South |
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| landlords rented out land to farmers in return for a share of the crops |
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| blacks (the tenants) worked a piece of land for a share of the crops, often left the blacks indebted to the owner of the farm |
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| 1868-1872, believed in white supremacy, threat to southern republicans, interfered with southern voting |
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| To ensure the 1876 election of Republican Hayes over Tilden, Hayes became President but southern blacks were abandoned to their own fates, White democrats were allowed to take over in the South |
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| signing of the declaration of independence |
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| us constitution was ratified |
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| Jefferson defeats Burr for the Presidency, after the House of Representatives votes |
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| The Louisiana purchase is made from France, (James Monroe negotiated it) |
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| The War of 1812 with Britain takes places, most of the battles take place between the Navies |
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| In disputed election, John Quincy Adams (John Adams’ son) is elected President, defeating populist Andrew Jackson. |
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| Compromise of 1850 admits California as free state but Fugitive Slave Law enacted. Millard Fillmore elected President |
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| Nov. 6 - Lincoln elected President Dec. 20 - South Carolina Secedes |
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| Lee surrenders the confederate army |
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| In another disputed election, Hayes is elected as President |
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