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| movement dedicated to the abolition of slavery that existed primarily in the North in years leading up to the Civil War; had both black and white members |
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| term first used to describe America's consumer culture of the 1920s, when advertising began to influence the choices of purchasers |
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| Policies that began in the 1970s to make up for past discrimination and give minorities and women advantages in applying for certain jobs and in applying for admission to certain universities |
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| term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs |
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| Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) |
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| established by the Agricultural Act of 1932, a New Deal bureau designed to restore economic position of farmers by paying them not to farm goods that were being overproduced |
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| Agricultural Marketing Act |
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| 1929 act championed by Herbert Hoover that authorized the lending of federal money to farmer's cooperatives to buy crops to keep them from the oversaturated market; program hampered by lack of adequate federal financial support |
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| 1754 meeting of representatives of seven colonies to coordinate their efforts against French and Native American threats in the Western frontier regions |
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| proposed and supported by John Adams, gave the president the power to expel aliens deemed "dangerous to the country's well-being" and outlawed publication and public pronouncement of "false, scandalous, and malicious" statements about the government |
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| opposed Germany, Italy, and Japan in World War II; led by England, USSR, and USA. World War I:consisted of France, Russia, and Great Britain and opposed Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) |
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| Isolationist group in America that insisted that America stay out of World War II; held rallies from 1939-1941; argued affaris in Europe should be settled by Europeans and not Americans and stated that the Soviet Union was a greater eventual threat than Germany |
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| American Colonization Society |
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| formed in 1817; stated best way to end slavery in United States was for blacks to emigrate to Africa; by 1822 a few American blacks emigrated to Liberia. Organization's views were later rejected by most abolitionists |
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| American Expeditionary Force |
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| Official title of American army sent to Europe to aid England and France after USA entered World War I; army commanded by General John J. Pershing |
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| American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
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| National labor union founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886; original goal was to organize skilled workers by craft. Merged with Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1955 |
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| American Indian Movement (AIM) |
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| Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973 organized armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota |
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| Formed in 1934 by anti-New deal politicians and business leaders to oppose policies of Franklin Roosevelt; stated that New Deal policies brought America closer to fascism |
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| Economic plan promoted by Speaker of the House Henry Clay in years following the War of 1812; promoted vigorous growth of the American economy and the use of protective tariffs to encourage Americans to buy more domestic goods |
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| large mining syndicate typical of many companies involved in mining in the western US in the 1860s and 1870s; used heavy machinery and professional engineers. Many prospectors who found gold, silver, or copper sold their claims to companies such as this |
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| critical component of initial Union plans to win the Civil War; called for capture of critical Southern ports and eventual control of the Mississippi River, which would created major economic and strategic difficulties for the Confederacy |
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| Group that opposed the ratification of the proposed Constitution of the US in 1787; many feared that strong central government would remove the processes of government "from the people" and replicated the excesses of the British monarchy |
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| organization formed in 1898 to oppose American annexation of the Philippines and American in general; focused the public on the potential financial, military, and especially moral costs of imperialism |
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| organization founded in 1893 that increased public awareness of the social effects of alcohol on society; supported politicians who favored prohibition and promoted statewide referendums in Western and Southern states to ban alcohol |
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| in the courthuose of this Virginia city Robert E. Lee surrendered his Confederate army to Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865 |
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| 1954 televised hearings on charges that Senator Joseph McCarthy was unfairly tarnishing the US Army with charges of communist infiltration into the armed forces; hearings were the beginning of the end for McCarthy, whose bullying tactics were repeatedly demonstrated |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| Ratified in 1781, established first official government of the US; allowed much power to remain in the states, with the federal government possessing only limited powers. Articles replaced by Constitution in 1788 |
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| Instrument that enabled navigators to calculate their latitude using the sun and the stars; allowed more accuracy in plotting routes during the Age of Discovery |
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| spring 1941 with sinking of an American merchant vessel by German sub. Armed conflict between warships took place in September of 1941; American merchant vessels were armed by 1942 |
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| Fall 1941 agreement between FDR and Winston Churchill stating America and Great Britain would support a postwar world based on self-determination and would endorse a world body to ensure "general security"; US agreement to convoy merchant ships across part of Atlantic inevitably drew US closer to conflict with Germany |
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| advanced Indian society located in central Mexico; conquered by Spanish conquistador Cortes. defeat of Aztecs hastened by smallpox brought to Mexico by Spanish |
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| large increase in birthrate in US that began in 1945 and lasted until 1962; new and larger families fueled move to suburbua that occurred in 1950s and produced the "youth culture" that would become crucial in the 1960s |
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| crisis that occurred when Taft was president, further distancing him from Progressive supporters of Theodore Roosevelt. Richard Ballinger (Taft's Secretary of the Interior) allowed private businessmen to purchase large amounts of public land in Alaska; Forest Service head Gifford Pinchot (Roosevelt supporter) protested to Congress and was fired by Taft |
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| political battles surrounding attempt by President Andrew Jackson to greatly reduce the power of the Second B.U.S.; Jackson claimed the bank was designed to serve special interests in America and not the common people |
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| Forced march of nearly 75,000 American and Filipino soldiers captured by the Japanese from the Bataan Peninsula in early May 1942; over 10,000 soldiers died during the one week ordeal |
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| failed 1961 invasion of Cuba by US-supported anti-Castro refugees designed to topple Castro from power; prestige of the US and JFK was damaged by this failed coup attempt |
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| declaring independence from Mexican control, this republic was declared in 1846 by American settlers living in California; political act was part of the larger American political and military strategy to wrest Texas and California from Mexico |
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| Literary movement of the 1950s that criticized the conformity of American society and the ever-present threat of atomic warfare; On the Road by Jack Kerouac, Howl by Allen Ginsberg, Naked Lunch by William Burroughs were key works |
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| American and British pilots flew in food and fuel to W. Berlin during late 1948 and early 1949 because USSR and E. Germany blockaded other access. Stalin ended blockade in May 1949 |
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| concrete structure built in 1961 by Soviets and East Germany physically dividing East and West Berlin; communist repression; torn down in 1989 |
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| first produced in 1856 in converter (furnace)invented by Henry Bessemer; was much more durable and harder than iron. critical commodity in the Second Industrial Revolution |
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| legislative structure consisting of two houses, adopted by authors of US Constitution; membership in House Of Rep. based on pop.; membership in Senate is equal |
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| added to the Constitution in 1791 |
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| epic movie released in 1915 by director D.W. Griffith; portrayed Reconstruction as a period when Southern blacks threatened basic American values, which the KKK tried to protect; film lauded by many (including President Wilson) |
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| laws adopted by Southern states in Reconstruction era that greatly limited the freedom of Southern blacks; ex.)could not move, own land, or do anything but farm |
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| prevented persons accused of being communists from getting work in entertainment and other industries during the period of anticommunist fervor of the late 1940s and early 1950s |
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| Spurred by Malcolm X and other black leaders, a call for black pride and advancement without the help of whites; appeared to be a repudiation of the calls for peaceful integration urged by MLK. Race riots in Northern cities in mid-1960s were at least partially fueled by supporters of black nationalism |
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| group originally founded in Oakland, California, to protect blacks from police harassment; promoted militant black power; also ran social programs in several California cities (founded by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton) |
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| movement of black Americans in mid-1960s that emphasized pride in racial heritage and black economic and political self-reliance (term coined by Stokely Carmichael) |
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| result of Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854; residents of Kansas territory could decide if territory would allow slavery or not; pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups flooded settlers into Kansas territory and much violence followed very disputed election in 1855 |
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| large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; large amounts of machinery used, workers were hired laborers performing specific tasks |
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| group of nearly 17,000 veterans marched on Washington in May 1932 for the military bonuses that had been promised; driven out by US Army |
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| March 5, 1770; conflict between British and colonists |
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| in response to Tea Act; Boston radicals disguised as Native Americans threw chests of tea in Boston harbor in 1773 |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| 1954 Supreme Court decision that threw out 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson;schools began to be desegregated |
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| Treaty between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Jimmy Carter in 1979 |
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| speech made by Nixon on television in 1952 defending himself against charges that rich supporters had set up a special expense account for his use; saved his political career |
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| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia |
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| 1831 Supreme Court case in which Cherokee tribe claimed Georgia had no right to enforce laws in Cherokee territory, since Cherokees were a sovereign nation; ruling by John Marshall stated Cherokees were a "domestic dependent nation" and no right to appeal in federal court |
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| act that struck down Black Codes and defined the rights of all citizens; federal government could act when civil rights were violated at the state level (passed by Congress over veto of Andrew Johnson) |
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| made discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin illegal; segregation in public places also illegal |
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| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) |
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| New Deal program that began in 1933, putting nearly 3 million men to work. worked on conservation projects |
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| 1914 act designed to strengthen Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes declared illegal |
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| (1945-1991) of continuous struggle between USA and USSR |
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| House of Burgesses in Viginia=first. members were usually members of upper class |
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| Committee of Public Information |
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| created by Woodrow Wilson during WWI to mobilize public opinion for the war, most intensive use of propaganda |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| first in Massachusetts and eventually in all colonies; circulated list of grievances against British to all towns of colony |
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| written in 1776 by Thomas Paine; repudiated concept of government by monarchy. document turned public sentiment toward a desire for independence |
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| Fugitive Slave Act strengthened and California entered Union as a free state |
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| political arrangement that ended contested presidential election of 1876; Republican Hayes made president and Union army left the south, ending Reconstruction |
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| Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) |
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| group of unions organized against automobile and rubber industries; joined AFL in 1955 |
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| obsession with buying in 1950s |
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| formulated by George Kennan; US stop communism from spreading |
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| protect American ships carrying materials to Great Britain in 1940 and 1941; protected by American warships |
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| Democrats in Congress who opposed Lincoln and the North's attack on the South, claiming war would result in disruption of Northern economy |
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| supporters of Ohio Populist Jacob Coxey who in 1894 marched on Washington, demanded govt. create jobs for unemployed. demonstrated impact of Panic of 1893 |
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| Europeans acquired appreciation of benefits of overseas expansion and benefits of slavery |
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| 1887 act designed to break up Native American tribes; granted land to N.A. families |
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| Declaration of Neutrality |
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| issued by President Wilson after outbreak of World War I |
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