Term
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Definition
| The continent was anchored in its northeastern corner by this. It is a zone undergirded by ancient rock, probably the first part of what became the North American landmass to have emerged above sea level. (Page 5). |
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Term
| Bering Land Bridge (Bering Isthmus) |
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Definition
| As the sea level dropped, it exposed a land bridge connecting Eurasia with North America in the area of the present day Bering Sea between Siberia and Alaska. Across that bridge, probably following migratory herds of game, ventured small bands of nomadic Asian hunters—the “immigrant” ancestors of the Native Americans. They continued to trek across this bridge for some 250 centuries, slowly peopling the American continents. (Page 6). |
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Definition
| Located in Peru. (Page 7). |
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Definition
| Located in Central America. (Page 7). |
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Definition
| Located in Mexico. They sought the favor of their gods by offering human sacrifice. No dense concentrations of population or complex nation-states comparable to them existed in North America Outside of Mexico at the time of the Europeans arrival. (Page 7-8). |
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Definition
| (Pueblo means village in Spanish). Throughout the continent to the north and east of the land of the Pueblos, social life was less elaborately developed—indeed “societies” in the modern sense of the world scarcely existed. (Page 8). |
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Definition
| These are peoples of the Ohio River valley. (Page 8). |
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Definition
| These are peoples of the Ohio River valley. (Page 8). |
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Term
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Definition
| Desert dwelling people of the Southwest. They built an elaborate pueblo of more than six hundred interconnected rooms at Chaco Canyon in modern-day New Mexico. (Page 8). |
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Definition
| Italian adventurer who returned to Europe in 1295 and began telling tales of his newly 20 year sojourn in China. (Page 11). |
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Term
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Definition
| Skilled Italian seafarer. (Page 14). |
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Term
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Definition
| Spain secured its claim to Columbus’s discovery in this the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), dividing with Portugal the “heathen lands” of the New World. This lions share went to Spain, but Portugal received compensating territory in Africa and Asia, as well as title to lands that would one day be Brazil. (Page 16). |
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Definition
| Spanish “conquerors” who fanned out across the Caribbean and eventually onto the mainland of the American continents in the service of God and in search of gold and glory. (Page 16). |
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Definition
| This man is hailed as the discoverer of the Pacific Ocean, waded into foaming waves off Panama in 1513 and boldly claimed for his king all the lands washed by that sea! (Page 16). |
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Term
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Definition
| This man started from Spain in 1519 with five tiny ships. After beating through the storm-lashed strait off the tip of South America that still bears his name, he was slain by inhabitants of the Philippines. His one remaining vessel creaked home in 1522, completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. (Page 17). |
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Definition
| In 1513 and 1521 this man explored Florida, which he at first thought was an island. Seeking gold—and probably not the mythical “fountain of youth”—he instead was met with death by an Indian arrow. (Page 17). |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1540-1542 this man, in quest of fabled golden cities that turned out to be adobe pueblos, wandered with a clanking cavalcade through Arizona and New Mexico, penetrating as far east as Kansas. En route his expedition discovered two awesome natural wonders—the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River and enormous herds of Buffalo (bison). (Page 17). |
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Definition
| This man, with his six hundred armor-plated men, undertook a fantastic gold-seeking expedition during 1539-1542. Floundering through marshes and pine barrens from Florida westward, he discovered and crossed the majestic Mississippi River just north of its junction with the Arkansas River, After brutally mistreating Indians with iron collars and fierce dogs, he at length died of fever and wounds. His troops secretly disposed of his remains at night in the Mississippi, lest the Indians exhume and abuse their abusers corpse. (Page 17). |
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Term
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Definition
| This conqueror crushed the Incas of Peru in 1532 and added a huge hoard of booty to Spanish coffers. By 1600 Spain was swimming in New World silver, mostly from the fabulously rich mines at Potosí in present-day Bolivia, as well as from Mexico. (Page 17). |
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Term
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Definition
| This allowed the government to “commend,” or give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them. (Page 17). |
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Definition
| People of (Latin America’s) European and Indian races. (Page 19). |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1519 this man set sail from Cuba with 16 fresh horses and several hundred men aboard 11 ships, bout for Mexico and destiny. Along the way he picked up a female Indian slave named Malinche, who knew both Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the power Aztec rulers of the great empire in the highlands of central Mexico. She eventually learned Spanish and was baptized with the Spanish name Doña Marina. Gathering a force of allies this man marched toward Tenochtitlán (Aztec’s capital). (Pages 20-23). |
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Term
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Definition
| The Aztec’s capital. With 300,000 inhabitants spread over ten square miles, it rivaled in size and pomp and city in contemporary Europe. The Aztec metropolis rose from an island in the center of a lake, surrounded by floating gardens of extraordinary beauty. It was connected to the mainland by a series of causeways and supplied with fresh water by an artfully designed aqueduct. (Pages 20-21). |
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Term
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Definition
| The Aztec chieftain. (Page 20). |
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Definition
| An unfavorable image of Spain and Spaniards, accusing them of cruelty and intolerance, formerly prevalent in the works of many non-Spanish, and especially Protestant, historians. (Page 23). |
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Definition
| This man is credited with introducing both tobacco and the potato into England. A dashing courtier, he launched important colonizing failures in the New World. (He organized an expedition that first landed in 1585 on North Carolina’s Roanoke Island, off the coast of Virginia—named in honor of Elizabeth the “Virgin Queen.” After several false starts, it mysteriously disappeared). After seducing (and marrying) one of Queen Elizabeth’s maids of honor, he fell out of favor and was ultimately beheaded for treason. (Page 25). |
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Term
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Definition
| “The Virgin Queen.” After the protestant Elizabeth ascended to the English throne in 1558, Protestantism became dominant in England and rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified. She was accused of being vain, fickle, prejudiced, and miserly, but proved to be an unusually successful ruler. (Page 26). |
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Definition
| Hardy English buccaneers encouraged by Queen Elizabeth who sought to promote the twin goals of Protestantism and plunder by seizing Spanish treasure ships and raiding Spanish settlements, even though England and Spain were technically at peace. (Page 26). |
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Term
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Definition
| This man was the most famous of the “sea dogs.” He plundered his way around the planet, returning in 1580 with his ship heavily ballasted with Spanish booty. The venture netted profits of about 4, 600% to his financial backers, among whom, in secret, was Queen Elizabeth. Defying Spanish protest she knighted Drake on the deck of his ship. (Page 26). |
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Term
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Definition
| The scene of the first English attempt at colonization. It failed when its promoter Sir. Humphrey Gilbert lost his life at sea in 1583. (His half brother was Sir. Walter Raleigh). |
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Term
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Definition
| self-anointed for of the Protestant Reformation, used part of his imperial gains to amass an “Invincible Armada” of ships for an invasion of England. (Page 26). |
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Term
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Definition
| This occurred in 1588 when the Spanish flotilla, 130 strong, hove into the English Channel. The English sea dogs fought back. Using craft that were more ably manned, they inflicted heavy damage on the Spanish ships. Then a devastating storm arose (the “Protestant Wind”), scattering the crippled Spanish fleet. The rout of the Spanish Armada marked the beginning of the end of Spanish imperial dreams, through Spain’s New World Empire would not fully collapse for three more centuries. This also dampened Spain’s fighting spirit and helped ensure England’s naval dominance in the North Atlantic. (Page 26). |
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Term
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Definition
| In the ever-green English countryside, landlords were “enclosing” croplands for sheep grazing, forcing many small farmers into precarious tenancy or off the land altogether. (Page 27). |
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Term
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Definition
| The laws of primogeniture decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates. Landholders’ ambitious younger sons were forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere. (Page 28). |
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Term
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Definition
| By the early 1600s, the joint-stock company, forerunner of the modern corporation, was perfected. It enabled a considerable number of investors, called “adventurers,” to pool their capitals. (Page 28). |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a significant document in American history. (It was from King James I of England for a settlement in the New World. The main attraction was the promise of gold, combined with a strong desire to find a passage through America to the Indies). It guaranteed to the overseas settlers the same rights of Englishmen that they would have enjoyed if they had stayed at home. This was gradually extended to subsequent English colonies. (Pages 28-29). |
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Term
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Definition
| The early years of this settlement proved a nightmare for all concerned—except the buzzards. Forty would-be colonists perished during the initial voyage in 1606-1607. Another expedition in 1609 lost its leaders and many important supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda. Once ashore settlers died by the dozens from disease, malnutrition, and starvation. Many “gentlemen” wasted time looking for gold, when they should have been gathering provisions. (Page 29). |
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Term
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Definition
| Virginia was saved from utter collapse at the start largely by the leadership and resourcefulness of this intrepid young adventurer. He whipped the gold-hungry colonists into line with rule. In December 1607 he had been kidnapped and subject to a mock execution by the Indian chieftain Powhatan, whose daughter Pocahontas “saved” Smith by interposing her head between his and the war clubs of his captors. The symbolism of this ritual was apparently intended to impress Smith with Powhatan’s power and with the Indians’ desire for peaceful relations with the settlers. Pocahontas was taken to England then by her husband and was received as a princess. She died when preparing to return, but her infant son reached Virginia where hundreds of descendants have lived. (Page 29). |
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Term
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Definition
| Of the four hundred settlers who managed to make it to Virginia by 1609, only sixty survived the “starving time” winter of 1609-1610. (Page 29). |
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Term
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Definition
| When the English landed in 1607, the chieftain Powhatan dominated the native peoples living in the James River area. He had asserted supremacy over a few dozen small tribes, loosely affiliated in what somewhat gradually came to be called Powhatan’s confederacy. (Page 30). |
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Term
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Definition
| The relations between the Indians and the settlers grew even tenser after Lord De La Warr arrived in 1610. He carried the orders from the Virginia Company that amounted to a declaration of war against the Indians in the Jamestown region. He announced “Irish tactics” against the Indians. His troops raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. A peace settlement ended this first war in 1614 sealed by the marriage of the colonist John Rolfe to Pocahontas. This was the first interracial union in Virginia. (Page 30). |
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Term
| Second Anglo-Powhatan War |
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Definition
| In this second war in 1644 the Indians made one last effort to dislodge the Virginians. They were again defeated. The Peace Treaty of 1646 repudiated any hope of assimilating the native peoples into Virginian society or of peacefully coexisting with them. Instead it effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands and formally separated Indian from white areas of settlement—the origins of the later reservation system. By 1685 the English considered the Powhatan peoples extinct. (Page 31). |
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Term
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Definition
| This man, the husband of Pocahontas, became the father of the tobacco industry and an economic savior of the Virginia colony. By 1612 he had perfected methods of raising and curing the pungent weed, eliminating much of the bitter tang. Soon, European demand for tobacco was nearly insatiable. (Page 32). |
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Term
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Definition
| Representative self-government was born in Virginia in 1619. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon this assembly. A momentous precedent was thus feebly established, for this assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to flourish in the soil of America. (Page 33). |
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Term
| Maryland and Lord Baltimore |
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Definition
| Maryland, the second plantation colony but the fourth English colony to be planted, was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, of a prominent English Catholic family. He embarked upon the venture partly to read financial profits and partly to create a refuge for his fellow Catholics. Like Virginia it blossomed forth in acres of tobacco. (Page 34). |
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Term
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Definition
| Also like Virginia, Maryland depended for labor in its early years mainly on white —penniless persons who bound themselves to work for a number of years to pay their passage. In both colonies it was only in the later years of the seventeenth century that black slaves began to be imported in large numbers. (Page 34). |
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Term
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Definition
| Lord Baltimore permitted unusual freedom of worship at the outset. He hoped that he would thus purchase toleration for his own fellow worshippers. But the heavy tide of Protestants threatened to submerge Catholics and place severe restrictions on them, as in England. Faced with disaster, the Catholics of Maryland threw their support behind this act, which was passed in 1649 by the local representative assembly. (Page 34). |
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Term
| Barbados Slave Code of 1661 |
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Definition
| This notorious code denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters virtually complete control over their laborers, including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions. (Page 36). |
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Term
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Definition
| The English Restoration began in 1660 with the restoration of the Stuart Monarch Charles II to the English throne, after the Interregnum period dominated by Oliver Cromwell. This period is referred to as a new age because it was totally opposite of the rule of Cromwell, who shut down theatres and anything that was considered immoral. Charles II's reign is marked by looseness and immorality as well as progressive ideas, landmarks in science and poetry, which were supported by Charles with such institutions as the Royal Society. (Page 36). |
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Definition
| In 1707 the Savannah Indians decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians and to migrate to the backcountry of Maryland and Pennsylvania where a new colony founded by Quakers under this man promised better relations between whites and Indians. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ablest of the founders of Georgia was this dynamic soldier-statesman, who became keenly interested in prison reform after one of his friends died in debtors’ jail. As an able military leader, Oglethorpe repelled Spanish attacks. As an imperialist and a philanthropist, he saved “the Charity Colony” by his energetic leadership and be heavily mortgaging his own personal fortune. (Page 39). |
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Term
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Definition
| This is excessive tobacco growing which drove settlers westward, and the long lazy rivers invited penetration of the continent—and continuing confrontation with Native Americans. (Page 39). |
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Term
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Definition
| This somber and severe religious leader elaborated Martin Luther’s ideas in ways that profoundly affected the thought and character of generations of Americans yet unborn. Calvinism became the dominant theological credo not only of the New England Puritans but of other American settlers as well. Calvin spelled out his basic doctrine in a learned Latin tome of 1536 called, Institutes of the Christian Religion. Calvin said God was all powerful and all-good. Humans because of the corrupting effect of original sin were weak and wicked. God was also all-knowing. (Pages 43-44). |
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Term
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Definition
| In Calvinism since the first moment of creation, some souls had been destined for eternal bliss and others eternal torment. Good works could not save those whom “predestination” had marked for infernal fires. (Page 44). |
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Term
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Definition
| Many Puritans came from the commercial depressed woolen districts. Calvinism, with its message of stark but reassuring order in the divine plan, fed on this social unrest and provided spiritual comfort to the economically disadvantaged. As time went on Puritans grew increasingly unhappy over the snail-like process of the protestant reformation in England. They burned with pious zeal to see the Church of England wholly de-catholicized. (Page 44). |
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Term
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Definition
| The most devout Puritans, including those who eventually settled in New England, believed that only “visible saints”—persons who felt the stirrings of grace in their souls and could demonstrate its presence to their fellow Puritans—should be admitted to church membership. But the Church of England enrolled all of the King’s subjects so the “saints” had to share pews with the “damned.” Appalled by this, a tiny group of dedicated Puritans called Separatists, vowed to break away entirely from the Church of England. (Page 44). |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of separatists in Holland, after negotiating with the Virginia Company went on the Mayflower. It was 65 days at sea. Fewer than half of the entire party was separatists. When they first arrived they undertook a number of preliminary surveys. (Page 44). |
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Term
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Definition
| Before disembarking, the pilgrim leaders drew up and signed the brief Mayflower Compact. Although setting an invaluable precedent for later written constitutions, this document was not a constitution at all. It was a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon. This was signed by 41 adult males. The pact was a promising step toward genuine self-government, for soon the adult male settlers were assembling to make their own laws in open-discussion meetings. (Page 45). |
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Term
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Definition
| This man was a self-taught scholar who read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch. HE was chosen governor 30 times in the annual elections. Among his major worries was his fear that independent non-Puritan settlers on their particular might corrupt his godly experiment in the wilderness. (Pages 45-46). |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1629 an energetic group of non-Separatist Puritans, fearing for their faith and England’s future secured a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company. They proposed to establish a sizeable settlement in the infertile Massachusetts area, with Boston soon becoming its hub. The blessed and well equipped expedition of 1630, with 11 vessels carrying nearly 1,000 immigrants started a colony off on a larger scale than any of the other English settlements. (Page 46). |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuing turmoil in England tossed up additional enriching waves of Puritans on the shores of Massachusetts in the following decade. During the “Great Migration” of the 1630s, about 70,000 refugees left England. Not all of the people were Puritans, and only about 20,000 of them came to Massachusetts. (Page 46). |
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Term
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Definition
| Many fairly prosperous, educated persons immigrated to the Bay Colony, including this man, a well-to-do pillar of English society, who became the colony’s first governor. A successful attorney and manor lord in England, he eagerly accepted the offer to become governor of the M.B.C., believing that he had a “calling from God” to lead the new religious experiment. The M.B.C. shot to the fore as both the biggest and most influential of the New England outposts. (Page 46). |
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Term
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Definition
| were adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations, which in time came to be called collectively the Congregational church. (Page 47). |
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Term
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Definition
| Prominent among the early clergy was this fiery man. He was educated at England’s Cambridge University, a Puritan citadel he emigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution for his criticism of the Church of England. In the M.B.C. he devoted his considerable learning to defending the government’s duty to enforce religious rules. Profoundly pious, he sometimes preached and prayed up to six hours in a single day. (Page 47). |
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Term
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Definition
| Puritans shared in this which involved serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly pursuits. (Page 47). |
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Definition
| A sharp challenge to Puritan orthodoxy came from this woman. She was very smart, strong-willed, and talkative as well as the mother to 14 children. She claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. This assertion known as antinomianism (from the Greek, “against the law”) was high heresy. She was banished. (Page 48). |
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Term
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Definition
| More threatening to the Puritan leaders was this personable and popular Salem minister. He was an extreme Separatist; he hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean break with the corrupt Church of England. He also challenged the legality of the M.B.C. charter, which he condemned for expropriating the land from the Indians without fair compensation. He also denied the authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior. He was banished. Fled to Rhode Island and established Baptist church. (Page 48). |
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Term
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Definition
| Three years later in 1639 he settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted a trailblazing document known as this. It was in effect a modern constitution, which established a regime democratically controlled by the “substantial” citizens. (Page 49). |
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Definition
| In no position to resist the English incursion the local Wampanoag Indians at first befriended the settlers. Cultural accommodation was facilitated by this man, a Wampanoag who had learned English from a ship’s captain who had kidnapped him some years earlier. (Page 52). |
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Term
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Definition
| King Philip’s War slowed the westward march of English settlement in New England for sever decades. But the war inflicted a lasting defeat on New England’s Indians. Drastically reduced in numbers, dispirited, and disbanded, they thereafter posed only sporadic threats to the New England colonists. (Page 53). |
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Term
| New England Confederation |
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Definition
| A path-breaking experiment in union was launched in 1643, when 4 colonies banded together to form the New England Confederation. The primary purpose was defense against foes/potential foes, notably the Indians, French and Dutch. Purely inter-colonial problems, such as runaway servants and criminals who had fled from one colony to another also came within the jurisdiction of the confederation. Exclusive Puritan club. (Page 53). |
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Term
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Definition
| Created by royal authority in 1686. It was imposed from London. It expanded to include New York and East and West Jersey. It aimed at bolstering colonial defense in the event of war with the Indians and hence, from the imperial viewpoint of Parliament was a statesmen like move. It was also designed to promote urgently needed efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws. (Page 55). |
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Term
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Definition
| These laws reflected the intensifying colonial rivalries of the seventeenth century. They sought to stitch England’s overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by throttling American trade with countries not ruled by the English crown. (Page 55). |
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Term
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Definition
| The head of the new dominion. He ruthlessly curbed the cherished town meetings; laid heavy restrictions on the courts, the press, and the schools and revoked all land titles. He taxed the people without the consent of their duly elected representatives. He also strove to enforce the unpopular Navigation Laws and suppress smuggling. (Page 55). |
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Term
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Definition
| This maintained an enormous and profitable empire for over 300 years. It was virtually a state within a state and at one time supported an army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships, 40 of them men-of-war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeking greater riches, this enterprising company employed this English explorer. Disregarding orders to sail NE he ventured into Delaware Bay and New York Bay in 1609 and then ascended the Hudson River, hoping that at last he had chanced upon the coveted shortcut through the continent. But, as the event proved, he merely filed a Dutch claim to a magnificently wooded and watered area. (Page 56). |
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Term
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Definition
| Displaced farmers desperate for employment. Many of them as indentured servants voluntarily mortgaged the sweat of their bodies for several years to Chesapeake masters. In exchange they received transatlantic passage and eventual “freedom dues,” including a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes and perhaps a small parcel of land. (Page 67). |
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Term
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Definition
| Both Virginia and Maryland employed this system to encourage the importation of servant workers. Under its terms, whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire fifty acres of land. Masters—not the servants themselves—thus reaped the benefits of landownership from this system. Some masters, men who already had at least modest financial means, soon parlayed their investments in servants into vast holdings in real estate. (Page 68). |
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Term
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Definition
| This man was Virginia’s governor. His misery increased. About 1,000 Virginians broke out of control in 1676, led by a 29 year old planter, Nathaniel Bacon. Many of the rebels were frontiersmen who had been forced into the untamed backcountry in search of arable land. They fiercely resented Berkeley’s friendly policies toward the Indians, whose thriving fur trade the governor monopolized. When Berkeley didn’t retaliate for a series of Indian attacks on frontier settlements, Bacon and his followers took it into their own hands. (Page 68). |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually branded and bound, the captives were herded aboard sweltering ships for the gruesome “middle passage,” on which death rates ran as high as 20 percent. Terrified survivors were eventually shoved onto auction blocks in New World ports where a giant slave marked traded in human misery for more than a century. (Pages 71-72). |
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Term
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Definition
| The earliest of these made Blacks and their children property for life of their white masters. Some colonies made it a crime to teach slaves to read and write. Not even conversion to Christianity could qualify a slave for freedom. (Page 72). |
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Term
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Definition
| On the sea islands off South Carolina’s coast, blacks evolved this unique language that blended English with several African languages including Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa. (Page 73). |
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Term
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Definition
| New towns were legally chartered by the colonial authorities, and the distribution of land was entrusted to these sober-minded town fathers. (Page 79). |
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Term
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Definition
| As early as 1636, just eight years after the colony’s founding, the Massachusetts Puritans established this college, today the oldest corporation in America, to train local boys for the ministry. (Page 79). |
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Term
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Definition
| The town meeting, in which adult males met together and each man voted, was a showcase and a classroom for democracy. (Page 79). |
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Term
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Definition
| About the middle of the seventeenth century this new form of sermon began to be heard from Puritan pulpits. Taking their cue from the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah, earnest preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety. (Page 80). |
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Term
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Definition
| This new arrangement modified the “covenant,” or the agreement between the church and its adherents to admit to baptism but not full communion—the unconverted children of existing members. This weakened the distinction between the elect and others, further diluting the spiritual purity of the original settlers’ godly community. (Page 80). |
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Term
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Definition
| This was infamously profitable, though small in relation to total colonial commerce. (Page 92). |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1773, bowing to pressure from influential British West Indian planters, Parliament passed this act, aimed at squelching North American trade with the French West Indies. (Page 93). |
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Term
| Anglican Church/Church of England |
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Definition
| The Church of England, whose members were commonly called Anglicans, became the official faith in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and a part of New York. Established also in England, it served in America as a major prop of kingly authority. In America this church fell distressingly short of its promise. It clung to a faith that was less fierce and worldlier of that then Puritans. (Pages 94-95). |
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Term
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Definition
| This had grown out of the Puritan Church and was formally established in all New England colonies except Rhode Island. (Page 95). |
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Term
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Definition
| Even more threatening to the Calvinist doctrine of predestination were the doctrines of the Arminians, followers of this Dutch theologian who preached that individual free will, not divine decree, determined a person’s eternal fate. (Page 96). |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressured by these “heresies,” a few churches grudgingly conceded that spiritual conversion was not necessary for church membership. Together, these twin trends toward clerical intellectualism and lay liberalism were sapping the spiritual vitality from many denominations. The stage was set for a rousing religions revival. Known as the Great Awakening it exploded in the 1730s and 1740s a swept through the colonies. It was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American peoples. (Pages 96-97). |
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Term
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Definition
| The awakening was first ignited in Northampton, Massachusetts by this pastor. Perhaps the deepest theological mind ever nurtured in America, Edwards proclaimed with burning righteousness the folly of believing in salvation through good works and admired the need to complete dependence on God’s grace. Sinners in the hands of an angry god was the title of one of his most famous sermons. He believed that hell was paved with the skulls of unbaptized children. (Page 96). |
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Term
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Definition
| This itinerant English parson loosed a different style of evangelical preaching on America and touched off a conflagration of religious ardor that revolutionized the spiritual life of the colonies. He trumpeted his message of human helplessness and divine omnipotence. (Page 97). |
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Term
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Definition
| Orthodox clergymen known as old lights, were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the theatrical antics of the revivalists. New light ministers on the other hand, defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion. (Page 97). |
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Term
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| An intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership fairly earned him the title “Father of New France.” This man entered into friendly relations—a fateful friendship—with the nearby Huron Indian tribes. At their request, he joined them in battle against their foes, the federated Iroquois tribes of the upper New York area. (Page 107). |
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| To adorn the heads of Europeans, French fur-trappers ranged over the woods and waterways of North America in pursuit of beaver. These “runners of the woods” were also runners of risks—two-fisted drinkers, free spenders, free livers and lovers. (Page 108). |
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| French Catholic missionaries, notably the Jesuits, labored zealously to save the Indians for Christ an form the fur-trappers. Some of these missionaries, whose efforts were scorned, suffered unspeakable tortures at the hands of the Indians. But though they made few permanent converts, the Jesuits played a vital role as explorers and geographers. (Page 109). |
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| To thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley, this man founded Detroit, “The City of Straits,” in 1701. (Page 109). |
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| To check Spanish penetration into the region of the Gulf of Mexico, this man floated down the Mississippi in 1682 to point where it mingles with the Gulf. He named the great interior Louisiana in honor of his sovereign, Louis XIV. Dreaming of empire, he returned to the Gulf three years later with a colonizing expedition of four ships. But he failed to find the Mississippi delta, landed in Spanish Texas and in 1687 was murdered by his mutinous men. (Page 109). |
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| King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War |
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| The earliest contest among the European powers for control of North America known to the British colonists is King William’s War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713), mostly pitted British colonists against the French coureurs de bois, with both sides recruiting whatever Indian allies they could. (Page 110). |
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| Peace terms, signed at Utrecht revealed how badly France and its Spanish ally Spain had been beaten. Britain was rewarded with French populated Arcadia and the wintry wastes of Newfoundland and Hudson Bay. The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America. (Page 110). |
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| This war broke out in 1739 between the British and the Spaniards. It was confined to the Caribbean Sea and to the much-buffeted buffer colony of Georgia, where philanthropist-soldier James Oglethorpe fought his Spanish foe to a standstill. This small-scale scuffle with Spain in America soon merged with the large-scale war of Austrian Succession in Europe and came to be called King George’s War in America. (Page 111). |
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| Once again, France allied with Spain. And once again, a rustic force of New Englanders invaded New France. With help from a British fleet and with a great deal of food luck, the raw and sometimes drunken recruits captured the reputedly impregnable French fortress of Louisbourg, which was on Cape Breton Island and commanded the approaches to the St. Lawrence River. (Pages 111-112). |
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| This peace treaty hanged Louisbourg back to their French foe, the victories New Englanders were outraged. (Page 112). |
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