Term
| The short- and long-term causes of the American Revolution |
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Definition
o Short: Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, British troops land in Boston
o Long: French and Indian war, British impose new taxes |
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Term
| Colonial assemblies as leaders against Great Britain. |
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Definition
o Loyal Nine- hung effigy of the province’s stamp distributor caused him to publicly promise not to do what he was supposed to
o Virginia Stamp Act Resolved
o Sons of Liberty
o Stamp Act Congress |
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Term
| The Revolution was fomented by changes in British colonial policy in the 1763-1776 period. |
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Definition
o Proclamation line of 1763
o Sugar act of 1764
o Currency Act 1764- colonial paper money was banned for trade
o Quartering Act 1765
o Stamp act 1765- affected almost every colonist |
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Term
| The Revolution was brought on by tight economic controls and loose political controls. |
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Definition
o The sugar Act
o Currency Act
o Stamp Act
o Virtual Representation Vs. Actual Representation |
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Term
| The ideas/ideals expressed in the Declaration of Independence. |
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Definition
| o Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness |
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Term
| Several different interpretations by historians on the causes of the American Revolution. |
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Definition
o French Indian war
o British taxes
o Quartering Act
o Stamp Act
o Sons of Liberty
o Townshend Acts imposed |
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Term
| Was the Treaty of Paris (1783) a victory for the U. S.? |
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Definition
| o Yes: Recognized as an independent nation; firm national boundary from the Mississippi to the Atlantic and from Canada to Florida |
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Term
| How had the 13 separate colonies become similar by the time of the Revolution? |
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Definition
| o Did not want the federal government to have too much control |
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Term
| The American Revolution as a democratic revolution turned into an aristocratic government by the Constitution. |
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Definition
o Americans after the war wanted a virtuous Republic
• Small, homogenous republic in which citizens are willing to sacrifice own interests for the whole
• Everyone followed their private interests
• Emphasized widening government so everyone could have a say |
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Term
| The American Revolution as a question of home rule and who should rule at home. |
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Definition
o Rendering of revolution excluded Indians
o Oppressed blacks
o Subordinate poor white farmers and outsiders |
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Term
| • The American Revolution as a revolutionary event --> consider the economic and social changes associated with the Revolution. |
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Definition
o No longer under British rule
o Elect their own leaders (democracy) |
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Term
| • Was the Revolution avoidable? |
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Definition
| o No. Americans were unhappy and the only way to change the British control was with a war. |
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Term
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Definition
| from crown, settle colonial boundaries at proclamation line (the Appellation mountains range) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1764 raised revenue in America colonies, lowered duty from6 to 3 pence per gallon on foreign molasses imported into the colonies and increased restrictions on colonial commerce |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that Parliamentary members represented the interests of the nation as a whole, not those of the particular district that elected them |
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Term
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Definition
| Law passed by Parliament in 1765 to raise revenue in America by requiring taxed, stamped paper for legal documents, publication and playing cards |
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Term
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Definition
| act of B. parliament require colonies legislatives to provide supplies and quarters for the B. troops in America |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of resolutions passed by the Virginia General Assembly in response to the Stamp Act of 1765..The resolves claimed that in accordance with long established British law, Virginia was subject to taxation only by a parliamentary assembly to which Virginians themselves elected representatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Held in New York; agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was removed |
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Term
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Definition
| secret organization in the colonies formed to oppose Stamp Act |
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Term
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Definition
| Search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; challenged by James Otis |
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Term
| • Declaratory Act (1766)- |
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Definition
| Accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act that stated that Parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever” |
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Term
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Definition
Acts imposing duties on colonial tea, lead, paint, paper and glass
• Sam Adams- founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence, signed declaration of independence |
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Term
| • Boston Massacre (1770)- |
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Definition
| March 5, 1770; British Army Soldiers killed 5 civilian men |
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Term
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Definition
| Led the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s; a founding father; “ Give me liberty or give me death” |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the Founding fathers; member of many congresses (Stamp Act Congress; Delaware Assembly; Constitution Convention) |
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Term
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Definition
formed in MA and other colonies in the pre-revolutionary; period to keep Americans informed about British measures affect the colonies
• Boston Tea Party (1773)- Incident that occurred on December 16th 1773, Bostoniansdisguised as Indians, destroyed 10,000 dollars’ worth of tea belonging to the East India Company in order to prevent the payment of the duty on it |
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Term
| • Intolerable [Coercive] Acts (1774)- |
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Definition
| 1774, Included the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Gov. Act, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act of 1774 |
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Term
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Definition
| Law passed by Parliament in 1774 that provided an appointed government for Canada, enlarged the boundaries of Quebec and confirmed the privileges of the Catholic Church |
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Term
| • First Continental Congress (1774 |
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Definition
| Convention of delegates from the colonies that first met to organize resistance to the Intolerable Acts. |
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Term
| • Articles of Confederation- |
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Definition
| Written document setting up the loose confereration of states that compromised the first national government of the United States. |
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Term
| • Second Continental Congress (1775)- |
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Definition
| The Second Continental Congress started on May 10, 1775. The delegates of the 13 colonies gathered in Philadelphia to discuss their next steps. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thomas Paine, called for a democratic republic |
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Term
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Definition
| initiated the revolutionary war between Colonists and British. Thomas Gage sent tropes to Concord to stop colonists who were loading arms, British retreat to Boston. April 19, 1775 |
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Term
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Definition
| politely demanded from the kind of England a cease fire in Boston, repeal of coercive Acts, guarantee American rights |
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Term
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Definition
| American General Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne (led by Franco- American alliance) |
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Term
| • French Alliance of 1778 |
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Definition
| The United States had a treaty with France that would take effect if wore broke out. |
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Term
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Definition
| A derisive term applied to Loyalists in America who supported the king and parliament just before and during the Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Last Major battle, surrender of Cornwallis, led by King George III to officially make peace with the colonies |
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Term
| • Treaty of Paris (1783)- |
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Definition
| The formal end to British hostilities against France and Spain in February 1763 |
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Term
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Definition
| Massachusetts (1786-1787), armed movements of debt ridden farmers, created crisis atmosphere, spread to New Hampshire, Vermont, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia |
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Term
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Definition
1786, Annapolis Maryland
o 12 delegates called for a constitutional convention
o Only 5 states (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia |
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Term
| • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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Definition
| Legislation that prohibited the Northwest Territories and provided the model for the incorperation of future territories into the union as co-equal states. |
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Term
| • Enlightenment concepts and the Constitution. |
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Definition
| Fraternity, liberty, freedom of religion, universal sufferage, pursuit of happiness. no taxation without representation, universal education, public health, separate judicial, executive and legislative are all enlightenment ideas expressed in the constitution. |
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Term
| • How critical was the “Critical Period”? |
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Definition
| The "Critical Period" refers to the period of time following the end of the American Revolutionary War. While the 1780s were a time of dispute and change, they were also a time of economic growth and political maturation. |
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Term
| • Compare and contrast the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. |
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Definition
| The Articles were designed more like a treaty between 13 different nations. All had to agree to any laws. The government lacked the power to tax the people directly. Each member state got one vote no matter how large. By contrast, the Constitution is set up much more to manage the country as a single nation. Laws are largely created by majority vote, goverment has more power directly over the people. Larger states got more voting power. |
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Term
| • Philadelphia Convention (1787)- |
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Definition
| Also known as the Constitutional Convention, they drafted the Constitution. Every state except Rhode Island sent a representative. The Articles of Confederation were thrown out. |
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Term
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Definition
| -“Father of the Constitution;” he came up with the plan that the convention adopted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delegate to the first Constitutional Convention and the leader of the Federalist Party; first secretary of the treasury. |
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Term
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Definition
| Called for a national legislature in which the states would be represented according to population |
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Term
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Definition
| Wanted a strengthened national government in which all states would have an equal representation in a unicameral legislature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the South, every 5 slaves counted for 3 free white people |
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Term
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Definition
| In favor of the ratification of the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposed the ratification of the Constitution |
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Term
| • Strict constructionist- |
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Definition
| Limits or restricts judicial interpretation/anything not directly stated by the Constitution was illegal. |
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Term
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Definition
Anything that the Constitution doesn't explicitly prohibit is legal
• Federalist Papers (esp. #10)- Series of essays defending the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Created the Judicial Branch and established basics like the idea that the Supreme Court can review all cases and their decisions are final |
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Term
| • Report on Public Credit (1790)- |
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Definition
| Analyzed the financial standings of America and made recommendations for the retirement of the national debt. |
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Term
| • Report on Manufactures (1791)- |
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Definition
| Hamilton's ideas for industrializing the US; wanted protective tariffs and to ban all foreign imports that would compete with domestic goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| French diplomat who tried to draw the United States into the US/France War |
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Term
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Definition
| Between the US and Britain where limited trade relations were established. England agreed to give up its forts in the northwestern frontier and a joint commission was set up to settle border disputes. |
|
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Term
| • Whiskey Rebellion (1794)- |
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Definition
| Settlers in Pennsylvania revolted against a federal tax on whiskey which was suppressed by the militia, establishing the strength of the government. |
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Term
| Washington’s “Farewell Address” (1796)- |
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Definition
| Advised the nation to steer clear of permanent allies/political parties |
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Term
| • Democratic-Republican Party |
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Definition
| Jefferson's political party; limited government, focused on agriculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diplomatic incident that occurred between the US and France, leading to the undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. |
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Term
| • Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)- |
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Definition
| John Adams said you could not say or write anything bad about him or the Government and increased the amount of time needed to become a citizen |
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Term
| • KY & VA Resolutions (1799)- |
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Definition
| Passed to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts by declaring that it should be up to the states to decide the constitutionality of federal laws. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as the presidential election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson beat out John Adams and put an end to the reign of the Federalists in favor of his own party, the Democratic-Republicans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Purchased from Napoleon (France), it doubled the size of the US overnight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Explored the Louisiana Territory |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created 16 new federal judgeships, ensuring a federalist hold on the judiciary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal judges appointed by John Adams during his last days of presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act. The 16 judges added by the act got this nickname because Adams signed their appointments late at night. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established in the Marbury vs. Madison case where the Supreme court can review any previous rulings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. |
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Term
| • Marbury v. Madison (1803)- |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court establishes the right of judicial review over federal laws after finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional. The court strikes down the Judiciary Act of 1789. |
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Term
| • Fletcher v. Peck (1810)- |
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Definition
| Marshall held that a land grant was a valid contract and could not be repealed even if corruption was involved. |
|
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Term
| • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)- |
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Definition
Federal government supreme over states; Bank is constitutional
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)- The court ruled for Dartmouth, proclaiming that corporation charters were contracts and thus inviolable. The decision placed important restrictions on state governments and their ability to control corporations.
• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)- US Supreme court can take state cases if they pertain to the Constitution. |
|
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Term
| • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)- |
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Definition
| Marshall claimed that the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce was “complete in itself” and might be “exercised to its utmost extent.” Ogden's state-granted monopoly was void. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vice President under Thomas Jefferson; best remembered for his duel with Alexander Hamilton in which he killed Hamilton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cut off foreign trade with all nations; forbade American ships from leaving the US. Meant to force England and France to change their policies toward America by depriving them of American trade, but failed due to lack of support and enforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
The US will not trade with a country that tells us to trade only with them. Attempt to stop France and England from capturing American ships during war
• War Hawks- Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monroe's Secretary of War; From South Carolina and was a leading supporter of slavery |
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Term
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Definition
| Came up with the American System: a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network |
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Term
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Definition
| Fought between England and the US over issues of trade and impressment; demonstrated America's power and earned respect from other nations |
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Term
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Definition
| Act of forcibly drafting an individual into the military, employed by GB navy against American seamen in time of war against France. Continual source of conflict between GB and US in the early national period. |
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Term
| • Hartford Convention (1814)- |
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Definition
| Federalist convention from 5 NE states that opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and western interests in Congress and in the White House |
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Term
| • Treaty of Ghent (1814)- |
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Definition
| Ended the War of 1812 by restoring prewar borders, but did not address any of the issues that brought America into battle in the first place |
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Term
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Definition
| American forces defeat the British; inspires national pride |
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Term
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Definition
| Period of just one political party, the Democratic-Republicans during Monroe's presidency. Surge in national pride and the growing United States |
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Term
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Definition
| First protective tariff created to finance the war and to protect American manufacturers from English manufacturers |
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Term
| • Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)- |
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Definition
| Between the US and GB to agree to keep the Great Lakes region demilitarized |
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Term
| • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)- |
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Definition
| Between Spain and United States. Established boundary line between territories, and gave the US Florida |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic crisis that followed a high demand for American farm goods and exponentially high prices for American farmers |
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Term
| • Missouri Compromise of 1820- |
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Definition
| All land of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36-30 North latitude would prohibit slavery; Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state |
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Term
| • Monroe Doctrine (1823)- |
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Definition
| The American continents were no longer subject to colonization. The US would consider any foreign challenge to the sovereignty as an unfriendly act. In return, America would not interfere with Europe's internal affairs |
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Term
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Definition
| 363 miles long from Albany to Buffalo. First major transportation system |
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Term
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Definition
| Invented the first steamboat, the Clermont |
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Term
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Definition
| Created the Cotton Gin to clean cotton more efficiently |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of the Factory System” in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread |
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Term
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Definition
| Opportunity for women to work in a safe and controlled environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the US, but word of the plan leaked to authorities and Vessey was tried, convicted and killed |
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Term
| • What caused Jacksonian Democracy to develop? |
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Definition
| • Immediate and long range consequences of the split between Jackson and Calhoun. |
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Term
| • Transcendentalism: why, what was it, leaders. |
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Definition
o IT was a movement that said that there was an ideal reality transcending ordinary life and it was mostly found in Nature• Leaders were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
• Reform characterized by perfectionism, distrust of established institutions, and uncompromising impatience.
• Hudson River School of Painting and a unique American culture [art, literature, education] |
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Term
| • Compare the First and Second Great Awakenings. |
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Definition
o The first Great Awakening introduced many African Americans to Christianity and they began to go to church even sometimes with whites
o In the second one they began to form their own churches and gained the right to maintain higher authority in churches |
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Term
| • Strengths and weaknesses of democracy as illustrated by abolitionism and the women’s movement. |
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Definition
o Strengths: it allows for women and other citizens to fight for their and others’ rights
o Weaknesses: It allowed for freedom of speech which showed opposing ideas and led to disagreements between those in the country, splitting some parties and beginning the split of the country that caused the Civil War |
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Term
| • Second Great Awakening-(1790s) |
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Definition
Religious revival among black and white Southerners
o African Americans form own churches (Baptist, Methodist, African Methodist Episcopal) |
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Term
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Definition
| utopian religion with extraordinary unity; exclusive religion with economic success |
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Term
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Definition
| Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in 1830; based on the teachings of the Book of Mormon which he claimed to have received from an angel in a visionIn 1846 moved Mormon community to the Great Salt Lake in Utah |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1846 moved Mormon community to the Great Salt Lake in Utah |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory, practice, and style of the romantic art, music, and literature of the late 18th and early 19th centuries |
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Term
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Definition
| a romantic philosophical theory claiming that there is an ideal intuitive reality transcending ordinary life; best place to achieve individual intuition is in Nature |
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Term
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Definition
| American writer; The spokesman of transcendentalism; wrote transcendentalist pieces (“Nature”- 1836) |
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Term
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Definition
determined to live the transcendental ideal of association with nature
o Wrote “Walden” (1854) after living in solitude for two years in a cabin in the woods |
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Term
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Definition
| an experimental communist community established by writers and scholars in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, from 1841 to 1847 |
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Term
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Definition
founded by “Mother” Ann Lee; the oldest utopian group
o Had a radical social philosophy that called for the abolishment of the traditional family in favor of one with brothers and sisters joined in equal fellowship; insisted on celibacy |
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Term
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Definition
| utopian community known for its sexual freedom; complex marriage system of highly regulated group sexual activity and only spiritually advanced males could father children who were communally raised |
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Term
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Definition
| founded the Oneida Community in 1848; one of only members allowed to father children |
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Term
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Definition
| Englishman who came to America in 1818; painted landscape American scenes; founded Hudson River School of American painting |
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Term
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Definition
American landscape painter; central figure in Hudson River School
• Hudson River School- An art school for American painting founded by Thomas Cole |
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Term
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Definition
| American writer who published The Sketch Book (Rip Van Winkle and Headless Horseman) in 1819 |
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Term
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Definition
American writer Leather stocking novels (Last of the Mohicans 1826)
• Nathanial Hawthorne- American writer (the Scarlet Letter 1850; The House of the Seven Gables 1851) |
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Term
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Definition
1820s) Reform movement that sought to eliminate the consumption of alcohol
o Pushed by women |
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Term
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Definition
Female evangelist; asylum movement
o Efforts led to the establishment of a state asylum in MA |
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Term
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Definition
| pioneered public education; insisted that to learn well children needed schools with a pleasant and friendly environment- grouping children by age |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of graded primers that were widely used as textbooks in American schools from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century |
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Term
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Definition
| Sarah and Angelina Grimke rejected slavery out of religious conviction; the first female public speakers in America |
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Term
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Definition
| A Quaker woman reformer; Mott and Stanton had idea for the Women’s Rights convention )1848) |
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Term
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Definition
| Women’s rights reformer; devoted life to women’s rights; lobbied for a constitutional amendment outlawing slavery |
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Term
| • Seneca Falls Convention (1848)- |
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Definition
| Women’s rights convention; focused on the Declaration of Sentiments |
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Term
|
Definition
Women’s rights reformer; also antislavery reformer
• William Lloyd Garrison-Antislavery reformer; published the Liberator; demanded immediate abolishment of slavery; refused to compromise; formed the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the Antislavery paper published by William Lloyd Garrison |
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Term
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Definition
| African American abolitionist; gave public speeches in the North |
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Term
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Definition
| African American abolitionist; famous for action taken to bring slaves to the North through Underground railroad |
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Term
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Definition
| Antislavery public speaker in the North (African American) |
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Term
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Definition
| A free African American who wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829) that encouraged slave rebellion |
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Term
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Definition
| an American women's rights and temperance advocate |
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Term
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Definition
| political party during the second American party system with democrats. More focused on nation. Supported henry clays America plan. Spilt and disappeared at Wilmot proviso |
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Term
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Definition
| 1845 beginning, expansion of white men across the continent was inevitable and ordained by god. |
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Term
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Definition
| real estate officer in Texas Mexico for Americans, Gave plots land to Americas in turn that they would become Mexican citizen and catholic |
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Term
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Definition
| general of Texas troop rebelling for independent |
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Term
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Definition
| general Santa Ana. President of independent Mexico |
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Term
| • Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)- |
|
Definition
treaty US and British 49th parallel in Oregon
• Gold Rush- first found in 1848 Cali easy way to get rich quick. Inflation was terrible. No shopkeepers, only miners. If not rich were unemployed and barely surviving |
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Term
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Definition
| invented Morse code, used in telegraphs |
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Term
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Definition
| Plan to let Cali in as free state. Four parts; California comes in as a Free State, Utah & NM, fugitive slave law, end slave trade in D.C. |
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Term
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Definition
South made pass part of compromise 1850. North had to help recapture and return runaway slaves to owner. North Hated with passion.
• Underground Railroad- different routes slaves used to get to north. Not very effective found more help in N black communities |
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Term
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Definition
Uncle Tom’s Cabin vivid stories of slavery 1851, best seller in nation
• Hinton R. Helper- wrote The Impending Crisis, attack on slavery showed increasing difference between rich and poor |
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Term
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Definition
| 1854, southern that said that slaves in S. happier because taken care of all life, in N. only employed in prime age life and therefore are “wage slaves” |
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Term
| • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)- |
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Definition
| - use popular sovereignty to decide issue of slavery in territories. People voted slavery legal or illegal, plan by Steven Douglas to get Rail road through Illinois. Made compromise 1850 void |
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Term
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Definition
| - anti-immigrant party, from Whig party and disaffected N democrats in 1854. No mention to slavery |
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Term
| • Commodore Matthew Perry (1853)- |
|
Definition
| signed commercial treaty with japan. Fruit of manifest destiny |
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Term
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Definition
| Saying to set boarders in Oregon with the British, if not at 54 would start war w/ British, British comprise on 488 degrees parallel |
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Term
| • Mexican War (1846-1848)- |
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Definition
| Polk’s war, America wanted land (Cali, AZ, nm Texas), manifest destiny. |
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Term
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Definition
| Explored west in 1800’s explored organ trail, got rich in California later ran for president and became general |
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Term
| • Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo |
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Definition
| treaty of Mexican America war. Gave America the Mexican cession |
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Term
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Definition
| introduced by Democrat David Wilmot, banned slavery in all land gained from Mexican cession 1846 |
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Term
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Definition
| New party that pops up after Proviso, allows slaves to remain in states but doesn’t want to spread west. Some said solution not to let black move west. Keep contained in east. |
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Term
| • Gadsden Purchase (1853)- |
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Definition
| ast purchase of land in 48 states, from Mexico. Bought for railroad land, (bottom of AZ) |
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Term
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Definition
People in the territory vote to decide if free or slave territory
• “Bleeding Kansas”- anti-slave and proslavery killed each other in Kansas over popular sovereignty |
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Term
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Definition
| Radical white against slavery, went to Kansas with popular sovereignty kill a few pro slaves, then went to Virginia to try and free slaves by raiding armory. Instead he is injured and killed for treason. |
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Term
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Definition
| John Brown and 21 white/black men try to invade federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA to provide arms for slaves to rebel. They all fail 8 died, rest arrested, brown tried and hang for treason quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Senator Charles Sumner (MASS) beaten with cane by Congress Preston Brooks (SC) for insulting antislavery speech |
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Term
| • Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)- |
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Definition
| Dred scoot live in free territory with wife and daughter with master. Came back sued for freedom because were citizens in free territories. Taney, supreme judge, dismissed case because no black free or no was free and therefore couldn’t sue. |
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Term
| • Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)- |
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Definition
| debates between two for senate seat for Illinois. hundreds came to watch, crowd debate interacted |
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Term
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Definition
| Lincoln speech at Lincoln-Douglas debates for senate seat. First speech with image of slavery splitting and how thing is bad. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stephen A. Douglas, slavery was still popular sovereignty. Lincoln used to make Douglas look Hypocrite with KA-NEB act and Dred Scott Decision |
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Term
| • Crittenden Compromise (1860)- |
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Definition
| constitutional amendments reenact Missouri Compromise. And extend to western territories, popular sovereignty in the territories, and protect slavery in D.C. |
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Term
| • The issue of slavery in the territories. |
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Definition
o Most in South wanted to continue slavery (their way of life because of cotton)
o Some in North feared the “slave powered” |
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Term
| • Slavery as a threat to white Northern labor. |
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Definition
| o The North’s economic opportunity to the common man that ensured his democratic rights was given by a free labor ideology and was essential to national growth |
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Term
| • Compare the black struggle to achieve freedom with the abolitionist struggle to free slaves. |
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Definition
o Abolitionists struggled not only to make a change but also to not split the Union apart
o Slaves struggled because they were not able to be educated and groups such as the Ku Klux Klan killed those who were educated and tried to fight for the freedom of all blacks |
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Term
| • Blacks in the North: 1790-1860. |
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Definition
o Portrayed as monkeys in some political cartoons and Irish blackface minstrel shows depicted them as dim-witted
o By 1860 more than half of African American population was in the North
• Faced racial segregation, pervasive job discrimination, segregated public schools and several limitations on their civil rights
• Philadelphia had many anti-black riots between 1830-1859 |
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Term
| • William Lloyd Garrison-->hero or villain of the antislavery movement. |
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Definition
o Mostly a hero because he demanded full social equality for African Americans
o Actions electrified the antislavery movement
o Not an effective leader because he refused to compromise |
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Term
| • The Civil War began with the Mexican War |
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Definition
| o The land acquired by the Mexican War was cause for much dispute; it brought up the question of whether or not slavery would be expanded and brought out the contrast between the North and South |
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Term
| • Northerners objected not to slaves but to the political and economic power and influence slavery gave the slaveholder in the national government. |
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Definition
o Saw actions such as gag rule as the South slowly taking away Constitutional rights and feared it might spread to the loss of their own rights
o Also became fearful of the slave power, which was a group of the South’s elites that aimed to take control of the government |
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Term
| • Event, person, or place as a symbol of North-South division, such as Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, or the Crittenden Compromise. |
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Definition
o Fugitive Slave Law- Made clear that the North did not agree with the South on accounts of slaves as property
o Bleeding Kansas- proslavery versus anti-slavery forces fought in Kansas |
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Term
| • Southern grievances against the North. |
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Definition
| o They had bombarded them with unwanted literature, abused the right of petition to Congress, incited slaves to rebellion, and actively helped slaves to escape |
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Term
| • North-South economic differences before the Civil War that continued unresolved after it. |
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Definition
o North was industrializing and could rely on the trade of many goods
o South had to rely on cotton and was subject to the demand of it |
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Term
| • The 1850s-->a decade of political sectionalism and economic nationalism. |
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Definition
o Fugitive Slave Law- divided pro and anti-slavery forces
o Northern and Southern Whigs split and never fielded another presidential campaign after death of Henry Clay and appointment of William Seward
o People became loyal to their states not particular parties
o Panic of 1857- the failure of an Ohio investment house led to panic in the North, but was less harmful to the South |
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Term
| • Role of the Supreme Court in the Civil War and Reconstruction. |
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Definition
o The North used the war to pass various acts (Homestead Act, Legal Tender Act, National Bank Act, Morrill Tariff Act, Morrill Land Grant Act) that South would not have allowed
o Had to rule various Acts as unconstitutional (Civil Rights Act) during Reconstruction |
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Term
| • Breakdown of both the Whig and Democratic parties in the 1850s and rise of the third party system. |
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Definition
| o Breakdown partially because of Wilmot Proviso |
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Term
| • Struggle between the president and Congress for dominant political power within the federal government, 1850-1868. |
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Definition
o Lincoln suspended habeas corpus- led to new powers for the President
o In March 1867 Congress passed the first Reconstruction Act over Johnson’s veto |
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Term
| • When did the Civil War become inevitable and why? |
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Definition
| o After the Mississippi Compromise it became inevitable because at that point there was an abundance of new land that the North wanted for expansion of industrialization but the south wanted for expansion of slavery and King cotton |
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Term
| • What causes of the Civil War were resolved by the Civil War and Reconstruction? |
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Definition
| o Question of whether slavery was to expand was decided, slavery would not only not be expanded but it would be abolished all together |
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Term
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Definition
| a major military installation in Charleston, South Carolina. First battle; Confederates prevail (1861) |
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Term
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Definition
| Confederate president; from Mississippi. A slave owner and general from Mexican- American War |
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Term
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Definition
Manassas Creek, Virginia (1861); untrained northerners fled to Washington
Lee crushed the peninsular campaign (objective of capturing Richmond) |
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Term
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Definition
| Northern plan to slowly squeeze the South with a blockade at sea and on the Mississippi River |
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Term
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Definition
| Led peninsular campaign, very cautious in battle and led to defeat at Second Battle of Bull Run |
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Term
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Definition
1862) McClellan forced Lee to retreat to Virginia; bloodiest battle of the war
• Merrimac & Monitor –Merrimac (South refitted a Union vessel) battled the Monitor ( first Union experimental iron clad vessel) (1862) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lee sent 15,00 men, commanded by George Pickett, to attack the heavily defended Union Center. But they had to retreat, leaving one third of their army behind. IT was a slaughter (28,000 men killed, wounded or missing; Lee’s last major offensive |
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Term
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Definition
| Merrimac (South refitted a Union vessel) battled the Monitor ( first Union experimental iron clad vessel) (1862) |
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Term
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Definition
| set free all slaves in the United States |
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Term
| • Emancipation Proclamation (1863) |
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Definition
| – Lincoln claimed the slaves of all states in rebellion to be “forever free” |
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Term
| • Sherman’s “March to the Sea” |
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Definition
General Sherman marched from the captured Atlanta on a path of total war to Savannah. Marched 285 miles through Georgia destroying everything in his path.
• Appomattox- (1865) Grant makes Lee’s army retreat and surrender at the Appomattox Court House. Grant paroled the Confederate troops so they could not be tried for treason. Ended war |
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Term
| • ex parte Merriman- (1861 |
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Definition
| court case that challenged Lincoln’s right to suspend habeas corpus |
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Term
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Definition
| Republican term for northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the Confederate cause during the Civil War |
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Term
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Definition
| common term for paper money because of its color |
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Term
| • Morrill Tariff Act (1861) |
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Definition
| raised tariffs to more than double their prewar rate |
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Term
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Definition
| provided homesteads with 160 acres of free land in exchange for improving land within five years of the grant |
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Term
| • Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) |
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Definition
| Awarded proceeds from the salve of public lands to the states for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical colleges |
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Term
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Definition
| case that ruled that application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional |
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Term
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Definition
| When the number of any Confederate state’s voters who took the oath of allegiance reached 10% of the number who had voted in the election of 1860, they could establish a state government that Lincoln would recognize as legitimate |
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Term
| • Presidential Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Andrew Johnson; the province of the executive; not legislative branch. Planned to restore the union as quickly as possible and blamed planter elite for war. Extended pardons and restored property rights to Southerners who swore to an oath of allegiance, and had nothing to say about the voting and civil rights of former slaves |
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Term
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Definition
| (opposed 10% plan) Required 50% of a seceding state’s white male citizens to take a loyalty oath before elections could be held for a convention to rewrite the state’s constitution |
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Term
| • Sherman’s Field Order #15 |
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Definition
| (1865) order by General William T. Sherman to set aside abandoned land along with the southern Atlantic coast for forty acre grant to freed men; rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year |
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Term
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Definition
| agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services, advice and protection to former slaves and destitute whites; lasted seven years |
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Term
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Definition
| laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free black people before the Civil War |
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Term
| • Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction |
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Definition
| through reconstruction the South needs to gain free labor, universal education and equal rights |
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Term
| • Civil Rights Act (1866) |
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Definition
– (1866) gave full citizenship to African Americans
• 14th Amendment- Defined national citizenship to include former slaves- all persons born or naturalized in the US- and prohibited states from violating the privileges of citizens without due process of the law |
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Term
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Definition
| amendment that said that no person could be denied the right to vote based on skin color, race, ethnicity or previous status of servitude |
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Term
| • Tenure of Office Act (1867) |
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Definition
| any officeholder appointed by the president with the Senates advice and consent cannot be removed until the Senate approves another successor |
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Term
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Definition
Southern whites, mainly small land owning famers and well- off merchants and planters who supported the Southern Republican Party during Reconstruction
• Settled Maryland |
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Term
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Definition
| Northern transplants to the South, many of whom were Union soldiers who stayed behind in the South after the war |
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Term
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Definition
| Local merchants and planters advance loads and supplies to small owners, tenant farmers, and share croppers in exchange for a lien (claim on the year’s cotton crop); the South’s main form of agricultural credit force |
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Term
| • “Waving the Bloody Shirt |
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Definition
| politicians referenced the blood of martyrs or heroes to get votes (1872 electi |
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Term
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Definition
| an inner circle of Union Pacific stock holders created the dummy Credit Mobilier construction company to divert funds for the building of the Union Pacific; scandal let to the censure of two congressmen |
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Term
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Definition
collapse of economy resulting from commercial overexpansion (railroad system); caused New York Stock Exchange to suspend operations
• Redeemers- the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic Party, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags |
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Term
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Definition
| Ku Klux Klan, the most prominent anti-black group that terrorized many African Americans in the South |
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Term
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Definition
| the congressional settling of the 1876 election that installed Republican Rutherford B Hayes in the White House and gave Democrats control of all state governments in the South |
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