Term
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Definition
Repubs:
-HH (not enthused abt him)
-platform: praise of Repub antidepression policies, repeal prohibition
-Dems
-FDR
-WINNER! |
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Term
FDR:
was born to a wealthy LOCATION family, graduated from ___, served as governor to __, and had been nominated for the POSITION. |
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Definition
| NY, Harvard, NY, Vice President |
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Term
| who was the "conscience of the new deal"? |
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Definition
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Term
| t/f: E. Roosevelt was the most active first lady in history |
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Definition
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Term
| "as a popular depression governor of New York, he sponsored ___ to relieve human suffering" |
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Definition
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Term
| FDR always expressed deep concern for WHAT metaphorical figure of the Depression? |
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Definition
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Term
| what prominent democrat did FDR have to beat in his first election? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-"small group of reform-minded intellectuals
-they were predominantly youngish college professors"
-"ghostwrote" many of FDR's speeches
-later wrote a lot of New Deal legislation |
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Term
| "one striking feature of the election was the beginning of..." |
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Definition
| "a distinct shift of blacks, the worst sufferers of the depression who traditionally supported the Republican party of Lincoln, over to the Democrats/Roosevelt. |
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Term
| What was the unemployment rate when FDR was elected? |
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Definition
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Term
| "It's not my baby" (significance?) |
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Definition
When FDR was elected, and HH's "lame duck period" began, the former invited FDR to help him come up with ways to fix the depression. But FDR uttered this phrase, meaning that he didn't want to help until he was officially in office.
Critics accused FDR of tring to worsen the depression so that he could come out as a better hero later
Hoover privately confessed that he wanted to "bind" FDR to an anti-inflationary policy that would have prohibited many New Deal programs |
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Term
| Most uberfamous line from FDR's inauguration speech? |
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Definition
"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"
(That was also in TKAM, YOU'D BETTER REMEMBER THAT!!) |
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Term
| Define: National Banking Holiday |
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Definition
-March 6-10 (ohh! 80th anniversary coming up. Zoinks!)
-FDR's idea was to inspect banks, and let banks that passed open back up, any banks that needed more money get it, and banks that failed altogether be shut down forever
-This, along with later acts that insured bank holdings, helped restore faith in the banks |
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Term
| Define: Hundred Days Congress |
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Definition
-hundred days near the start of FDR's presidency that comprised of an emergency session of congress to deal with the depression
-enacted a lot of New Deal legislation
-virtually no opposition on Congress's part; FDR just proposed the legislation and it would go through; his main oppponents sat in the supreme court
-Principal legislation:
--emergency banking relief act
--beer act
--unemployment relief act
--gold surrender
--abandonment of gold standard
--federal emergency relief act
--agricultural adjustment act
--Tennessee valley authority act
--gold-payment clause repeal
--Home Owner's Refinancing Act
--National Industrial Recovery Act
--Glass-Steagall Act |
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Term
| Short-range goals were __, long range goals were __ (in terms of the 3 r's). |
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Definition
relief and immediate recovery.
reform and long-term recovery. |
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Term
| FDR got a lot of his ideas from the BLAH movement, but it was stalled because of BLAH, even though many similar ideas had been enacted in BLAH, because America was allegedly a BLAH country |
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Definition
Progressive
WWI, old guard-ers of the 1920s
Europe
backward |
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Term
| Define: Emergency Banking Relief Act |
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Definition
allowed FDR to...
-regulate banking transactions
-regulate foreign exchange
-reopen solvent banks |
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Term
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Definition
-FDR's radio messages that it was now safer to keep money in the banks rather than under the mattress
-worked along with Emergency Banking Relief Act, Glass-Steagall, & Bank Holiday to restore trust |
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Term
| Define: Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act |
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Definition
-made Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
-insures individual deposits up to $5,000
-worked along with Emergency Banking Relief Act, fireside chats, & Bank Holiday to restore trust |
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Term
| How did FDR get the nation off the gold standard? What was Congress's response? |
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Definition
-surrender private holdings of gold to Treasury
-in exchange for paper currency
--
-Response:
-cancel the gold-payment clause in all contracts, authorize repayment in paper money |
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Term
| How did FDR's currency policy help the economy? |
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Definition
-drives inflation of gold (more money, it's worth less)
-People cashed in that gold for inflated prices
-ta-da! more currency, which is more manageable |
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Term
| How did FDR briefly his gold policies? |
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Definition
-FDR returned the U.S. to a limited gold standard to pay foreign debts
-later pledged to pay all foreign debts on gold standard |
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Term
| Define: Civilian Conservation Corps |
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Definition
-created by Unemployment Relief Act
-provided employment in fresh-air gov't camps for abt 3 mil. men
-prevented crime, apparently
-work included reforestation, firefighting, flood control, swamp drainage
-sent home most of their pay to their parents
- |
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Term
| Define: Federal Emergency Relief Administration |
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Definition
-Created Fed Emer Rel Administration
--headed by Hopkins
-admin granted $3 bil to states for direct dole payments, or preferably for wages on work projects |
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Term
| Define: Agricultural Adjustment Act |
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Definition
-made millions of $ available to farmers struggling to pay their mortgages
-overturned by Supreme Court |
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Term
| Define: Home Owner's Loan Corp. |
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Definition
-aim was to refinance mortgages on nonfarm homes
-helped abt 1 mil.
-especially helped support the Democratic Party |
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Term
| Define: Civil Works Administration |
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Definition
-Branch of FERA
-directed by Hopkins
-provided temporary jobs during winter emergency
-work was termed "boondoggling" |
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Term
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Definition
-Catholic Priest in Michigan
-anti New Deal and Semitic
-Pope threatened to excommunicate him |
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Term
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Definition
-KINGFISH!!
-Governor, later senator, of LA
-Promised to make "Every Man A King"
-Pushed "Share Our Wealth" program
--would give $5,000 to every family, at the expense of the rich
-called "One of the two mostd angerous men in America" by FDR (General MacArthur was the other)
-Amazing speaker
-most prominent threat to FDR as a presidential candidate in 1936 election
-assassinated in 1935 |
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Term
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Definition
-Retired Californian physician (not that important)
-plan was to give $200 to everyone over 60
-drive old people out of work force, let youngsters have a turn
-let old people retire
-stimulate economy
-get $ from taxes, presumably
-low on specifics
-no need for the plan after Social Security was enacted |
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Term
| Define: Works Progress Administration |
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Definition
-provide employment on useful projects
-supervised by Hopkins
-spent $11 bil on making/fixing public buildings, bridges, and roads
-found part-time employment for needy high school and college students, AND for actors, musicians, and writers. |
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Term
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Definition
-Secretary of Labor
-first woman cabinet member |
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Term
| Define: Mary McLeod Bethume |
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Definition
-director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration
-highest ranking African American in the Roosevelt admin |
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Term
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Definition
-anthropologist
-mentored by Franz Boas
-both people developed "culture and personality movement"
-Benedict's magnum opus was "Patterns of Culture"
--established the study of cultures as collective personalities
-taught Margaret Mead |
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Term
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Definition
-studied adolescence among Pacific island peoples
-used this research to advance bold new ideas about sexuality, gender roles, and intergenerational relationships
-helped popularize cultural anthropology |
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Term
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Definition
-introduced American readers to Chinese peasant society
-raised in China
-magnum opus = The Good Earth (Novel Prize winner)
-humanitarian |
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Term
| Define: National Recovery Administation |
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Definition
-individual industries work out codes of "Fair competition"
--labor is reduced so that employment can be spread out over more people
-maximum working hours established
-minimum wage established
-workers guaranteed right to organize, negotiate w/ employers w/ reps of own choosing
-yellow-dog contracts forbidden
-restricted child labor
-required "self-denial by management and labor" to work
-support aroused by meeting/parade-generated patriotism
-mascot=eagle
-motto="we do our part"
-people secretly violated the codes
-struck down by Supreme Court |
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Term
| Define: Supreme Court Rulings on New Deal (minus quarrel) |
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Definition
-Schecter Case ("sick chicken" decision)
--struck down National Recovery Admin
--gov't can't delegate legislative powers to an executive
--congressional control of interstate commerce did not apply to Schecter brothers, who ran a fowling biz in Brooklyn
-Struck down AAA
--declared its regulatory taxation provisions unconstitutional
-Struck down Frazier-Lemke Act |
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Term
| Define: Public Works Administration |
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Definition
-intended for industrial recovery and unemployment relief
-headed by Harold Ickes, former bull mooser
-spent $4 bil to repair, expand infrastructure
-irrigated millions of acres of farmland
--helped decrease surpluses
-resulted in building the Grand Coulee Dam
--created more electric power than TVA |
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Term
| How did alcohol play a role in helping recovery from The Depression? |
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Definition
-repeal of prohibition allowed the gov't to once again tax alcohol
--began w/ taxing light wine & beer before totally repealing prohibition |
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Term
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Definition
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
-100 day legislation
-established "parity prices" through "artificial scarcity," so that the price of crops was the same as it had been 1909-1914
-pay farmers to decrease their property sizes to decrease surplus
--paid for by taxing processors of farm products, and this would be passed on to consumers
-helped farmer income
-increased unemployment
-struck down by Supreme Court |
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Term
| Soil Conservation & Domestic Allotment Act |
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Definition
-paid farmer to plant crops like soybeans, which preserved the soil, OR they paid them to not farm at all
-Supreme Court OK'd it, because the emphasis was on conservation |
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Term
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Definition
-more comprehensive substitute for 1st AAA
-continued conservation payments
-made farmers eligible for parity payments if they observed acreage restrictions on specified commodities |
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Term
| What were the causes of the Dust Bowl? |
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Definition
-drought
-wind
-high grain prices during WWI drove farmers to plant on marginal land
-dry-farming techniques
-mechanization (steam tractor, disk plow)
-caused topsoil to erode |
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Term
| Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act |
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Definition
-made possible a suspension of mortgage foreclosures for five years
-shortened to three years after Supreme Court struck it down |
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Term
| Resettlement Administration |
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Definition
-aimed to relocate farmers to better land
- |
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Term
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Definition
| Commissioner of Indian Affairs |
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Term
| Define: Indian Reorganization Act |
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Definition
-"Indian New Deal"
-promoted by John Collier
-sought to reverse forced-assimilation policies of Dawes Act of 1880s
-encouraged tribes to establish local self-governments
-encouraged them to preserve their native traditions
-helped stop loss of Indian lands
-revived tribes' interest in their identity and culture
-critics said it made museum pieces out of Native Americans |
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Term
| Define: Truth in Securities Act |
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Definition
| -required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds |
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Term
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Definition
Securities and Exchange Commission
-designed as a watchdog administrative agency
-stock markets were less of a gamble |
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Term
| Define: Public Utility Holding Company Act |
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Definition
-ended to type of bloated growth of public utility holding companies, except where economically necessary
--e.g. Samuel Insull's multibillion-dollar financial empire collapse |
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Term
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Definition
Tennessee Valley Authority
-100 days legislation
-promoted by George Norris (NE)
-Government used land it already owned at Muscle Shoals to develop hydroelectric potential of the surrounding area
-gave people jobs
-aimed to set up a "yardstick" to measure the fairness of rates charged by public companies
--power companies complained that the low cost of TVA power came from dishonest bookkeeping, and the absence of taxes
-brought cheap housing and electric
-restored soil, forests
-improved navigation
-improved flood control
-people wanted these types of programs to expand to other possible dam sites, but it took a while, since conservatives constantly branded them as "socialist" |
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Term
| Define: electric power industry problem |
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Definition
-electric was a public utility
-paid for by the government (taxes), so the companies would charge excessive rates
-especially bad since they secured power sites from public domain |
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Term
| Define: Farm Security Administration |
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Definition
| Set up government camps to house "Okies" |
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Term
| Define: Federal Housing Administration |
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Definition
-Stimulate building industry with small loans to homeowners
--improve homes, build new ones |
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Term
| Define: United States Housing Authority |
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Definition
-lent money to states of communities for low-cost construction
-under-funded, but New Deal opposition prohibited additional funds |
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Term
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Definition
-specified categories of workers received regular payments from Washington
-provided security for old age
-financed by federal payroll tax
-retirement age=65 (not many lived very long after that)
-made way for young laborers to enter work force
-Americans had to be employed to be covered, whereas in Europe, benefits were universal |
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Term
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Definition
AKA National Labor Relations Act
-NLR Board was given administrative purposes and reasserted right of labor to organize, rep by own choice |
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Term
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Definition
-Boss of United Mine Workers
-made Committee (later Congress) of Industrial Organization, a branch of the AF of L
--helped blacks
--protests in auto industry
--engaged in sit-down strike
----prevented strikebreakers
--recognized by General Motors as sole bargaining agency for its employees
--negotiated with United States Steel Company
--less luck with smaller steel companies |
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Term
| Define: Fair Labor Standards Act |
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Definition
AKA Wages and Hours Bill
-industries involved in interstate commerce had to set up minimum wage and maximum hour levels
-forbade labor of children under 16 (18 if the occupation was dangerous)
-excluded agricultural and service workers, and thusly blacks, Mexican Americans, and women from benefits (they were concentrated in those fields) |
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Term
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Definition
Biggest landslide at the time - 523 8 electorally
Repubs
-Landon
-accepted some New Deal Reforms
-criticized Social Security Act
-backed by Hoover
Dems
-FDR (winner!)
-attracted support of New Immigrants (esp. Catholics and Jews - TAKE THAT!) |
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Term
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Definition
| -president is to be inaugurated on January 20th, not March 4th |
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Term
| What was FDR's super duper biggest blunder? |
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Definition
His idea to "pack" the Supreme Court
-premise was that, for every member over 70 who didn't retire, he could appoint a new one, up to 15
-because they kept striking down his New Deal legislation, and many were conservative old guard-ers |
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Term
| How did the Supreme Court eventually come around to some New Deal legislation? |
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Definition
-Owen J. Roberts began to vote to the left
-upheld state minimum wage for women
-upheld Wagner, Social Security Act
-Congress voted full pay for justices under 70 who retired
--paved way for one to retire, replaced by New Dealer Hugo Black |
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Term
| What was the unemployment rate at the end of FDR's term? |
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Definition
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Term
When was the "Roosevelt Recession"?
Why was it? |
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Definition
1937
Social Security taxes, gov't cut back on spending to balance budget |
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Term
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Definition
| economist who wanted to stimulate the economy by planned deficit spending |
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Term
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Definition
barred federal administrative officials, except highest policy-making officers, from active political campaigning and soliciting
-forbade use of gov't funds for political purposes
-forbade campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments
-in 1940, expanded to limit campaign contributions, but loopholes made it ineffective |
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Term
| What was significant about the 1938 congressional elections? |
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Definition
| Republicans, for the first time, cut heavily into the New Deal majorities in Congress |
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Term
| V/F: Reciprocal Trade Act was New Deal legislation |
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Definition
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