Term
As the last days of 1916 slipped through the hourglass,
WW made one final, futile attempt
to mediate between the embattled belligerents. What was this? (NOT fourteen points) |
|
Definition
-1917
-address restating America’s commitment to neutral rights and declaring that only a negotiated “peace without victory” would prove durable. |
|
|
Term
In response to WW's "peace w/o victory speech"
On January 31, 1917, GN announced to
an astonished world ____. |
|
Definition
On January 31, 1917, they announced to
an astonished world their decision to wage unrestricted
submarine warfare, sinking all ships,
including America’s, in the war zone. |
|
|
Term
| Why did Germany commence w/ unrestricted sub warfare? What was the effect of this? |
|
Definition
-after three ghastly years in the trenches, Germany’s leaders decided the distinction between combatants and noncombatants was a luxury they could no longer afford.
-Thus they jerked on the string they had attached to their Sussex
pledge in 1916, desperately hoping to bring England to its knees before the United States entered the war.
-Wilson, his bluff called, broke diplomatic relations with Germany but refused to move closer to war unless the Germans undertook “overt” acts
against American lives. |
|
|
Term
| To defend American interests short of war, the president did what? |
|
Definition
To defend American interests short of war, the president
asked Congress for authority to arm American
merchant ships. |
|
|
Term
| When WW tried to arm merchant ships, what happened? So what? |
|
Definition
When a band of midwestern senators
launched a filibuster to block the measure, Wilson denounced them. But their obstruction was a powerful reminder of the continuing strength of
American isolationism. |
|
|
Term
| Meanwhile, the sensational ____ was intercepted and published on March 1, YEAR, infuriating Americans, especially WHO. What was intended to happen? Also give job title |
|
Definition
Meanwhile, the sensational Zimmermann note
was intercepted and published on March 1, 1917,
infuriating Americans, especially westerners. German
foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann had
secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance,
tempting anti-Yankee Mexico with veiled promises
of recovering Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. |
|
|
Term
| Shortly after the Zmn note came the long dreaded “overt” acts in the Atlantic, where German U-boats sank # unarmed American merchant vessels in the first two weeks of ___. |
|
Definition
Shortly after the Zmn note came the long dreaded “overt” acts in the Atlantic, where German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant
vessels in the first two weeks of March |
|
|
Term
| With March came the rousing news that ___, with the effects that __. |
|
Definition
that a revolution in Russia had toppled the cruel regime of the tsars.
--
America could now fight foursquare for democracy on the side of the Allies,
without the black sheep of Russian despotism in the Allied fold. |
|
|
Term
Wilson at last stood before a hushed joint session of Congress WHEN, and asked for a ___.
He had lost his gamble that ___. |
|
Definition
April 1917,
declaration of war
America could pursue the profits of neutral trade without being sucked into the war. |
|
|
Term
| A myth developed in later years that America was dragged unwittingly into war by ____. Yet ______. |
|
Definition
A myth developed
in later years that America was dragged unwittingly
into war by munitions makers and Wall Street
bankers, desperate to protect their profits and
loans. Yet the weapons merchants and financiers
were already thriving, unhampered by wartime government
restrictions and heavy taxation. Neutrality was good for them. |
|
|
Term
| Why were Americans so isolationist? |
|
Definition
-For more than a century, they had prided themselves on their isolationism from the periodic outbursts of militarized violence that afflicted the Old World.
-Since 1914 their pride had been reinforced by the bountiful profits gained through neutrality.
-no support in landlocked Midwest for fighting to make the world safe from the submarine. |
|
|
Term
| WW declared the the twin goals of |
|
Definition
-“a war to end war”
-“to make the world safe for democracy.” |
|
|
Term
| How did WW try to dim the impression of getting ourselves wrapped up in foreign entanglements? |
|
Definition
He contrasted the selfish war aims of the other belligerents, Allied and enemy alike, with America’s shining
altruism. America, he preached, did not fight for the sake of riches or territorial conquest. The Republic sought only to shape an international order in which democracy could flourish without fear of power-crazed autocrats and militarists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
--1918
--wanted to keep Russia in, but inspired Allies
-(1) abolish secret treaties
--pleased liberals of all countries
-(2) Freedom of the seas
--appealed to the Germans
--Americans who distrusted British sea power
-(3) A removal of economic barriers among nations
--comforting
to Germany, which feared postwar vengeance
-(4) Reduction of armament burdens
--gratifying
to taxpayers everywhere.
-(5) An adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of both native peoples and the colonizers
--anti-imperialists liked it.
-They held out the hope of independence
(“self-determination”) to oppressed
minority groups, such as the Poles, millions of whom lay under the heel of Germany and Austria-Hungary.
-number fourteen, the League of Nations—an international organization that Wilson dreamed would provide a system of collective security
--Wilson earnestly
prayed that this new scheme would effectively guarantee
the political independence and territorial
integrity of all countries, whether large or small. |
|
|
Term
| Why didn't some like the 14 points? |
|
Definition
-Certain leaders of the Allied nations, with an eye to territorial booty
-Republicans at home grumbled,
and some of them openly mocked the “fourteen commandments” of “God Almighty Wilson |
|
|
Term
Mobilizing people’s minds for war in America...
For this, __ was created.
It was headed by ___. |
|
Definition
For this purpose the Committee on
Public Information was created.
It was headed by a journalist, George Creel, who was gifted with zeal. |
|
|
Term
The Creel organization, employed some
___ workers at home and overseas. It sent out an army of # “___”—who helped the war HOW? |
|
Definition
The Creel organization, employed some
150,000 workers at home and overseas. It sent out an army of 75,000 “four-minute men”—often longer-winded
than that—who delivered countless speeches containing much “patriotic pep.” |
|
|
Term
| Creel’s propaganda took varied forms: |
|
Definition
-Posters, w/ "Battle of the Fences"
-Pamphlets w/ Wilsonianisms
-Propaganda booklets with red white-
and-blue covers
-Movies like "The Kaiser," "the Beast of Berlin" and "To Hell with the
Kaiser," revealed the helmeted “Hun” at his bloodiest.
-songs that poured scorn on the enemy
and glorified the “boys” in uniform |
|
|
Term
| Most memorable song of the war was ___ |
|
Definition
| George M. Cohan’s “Over There”: |
|
|
Term
| ____ numbered over 8 million, counting those with at least one parent foreign born. On the whole they proved to be __. Yet___; |
|
Definition
German Americans,
dependably loyal to the United States.
Yet rumormongers were quick to
spread tales of spying and sabotage. ---They even blamed them for diarrhea epidemics.
-A few German-Americans were tarred, feathered, and beaten. |
|
|
Term
| As emotion mounted, hysterical hatred of Germans and things Germanic swept the nation. Like... |
|
Definition
-Orchestras found it unsafe to present German composed music
-German books were removed from library shelves, and
-German classes were canceled in high schools and colleges.
-Sauerkraut became “liberty cabbage,”
hamburger “liberty steak.”
-Even beer became suspect, as patriotic Americans fretted over the loyalty
of breweries with names like Schlitz and Pabst. |
|
|
Term
| Both the ___ Act of YEAR and the ___Act of YEAR reflected current fears about ... |
|
Definition
Espionage - 1917
Sedition - 1918
Germans and antiwar Americans |
|
|
Term
-Prosecuted under the Espionage and Sedition acts were especially ....
also name two prominent people |
|
Definition
-Socialists, and
-members of the radical Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
-Debs - socialist
-Haywood, of the IWW
Virtually any criticism of the
government could be censored and punished. |
|
|
Term
| UNDERLINE: When, what was Schneck v. United States? |
|
Definition
1919
-affirmed that Espionage and Sedition Acts were legal
-freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech posed a “clear and present danger” to the nation. |
|
|
Term
(E & S Acts)
With the dawn of
peace, presidential pardons were rather freely granted, including President Harding’s to _ in _. Yet a few victims lingered behind bars into the _. |
|
Definition
With the dawn of
peace, presidential pardons were rather freely
granted, including President Harding’s to Eugene
Debs in 1921. Yet a few victims lingered behind bars
into the 1930s. |
|
|
Term
| What were some measures WW had taken to prepare for war? |
|
Definition
-in 1915, creation of a civilian Council of National Defense to study problems of economic mobilization
-launched a shipbuilding program (as much to capture the belligerents’ war disrupted foreign trade as to anticipate America’s possible entry into the war)
-modest beefing-up of the army, which with 100,000 regulars |
|
|
Term
| What was perhaps the biggest roadblock to war? |
|
Definition
Sheer ignorance
-No one knew how much steel
or explosive powder the country was capable of producing.
-traditional fears of big government hamstrung efforts to orchestrate the economy from Washington.
-States’ rights Democrats and businesspeople alike balked at federal economic controls, even though
the embattled nation could ill afford the freewheeling, hit-or-miss chaos of the peacetime economy |
|
|
Term
| Some success was achieved in economic prep for war when... |
|
Definition
WW appointed stock speculator Bernard
Baruch to head the War Industries Board. But the Board never had more than feeble formal powers, and it was disbanded within days after the armistice. |
|
|
Term
| What did the War Department do to motivate workers? |
|
Definition
-“work or fight” rule of 1918, which threatened any unemployed male with being immediately drafted
--powerful discouragement to go on strike. |
|
|
Term
| What was the The National War Labor Board? |
|
Definition
-chaired by Taft,
-exerted itself to head off labor disputes that might hamper the war effort.
-Pressed employers to help to labor,
--high wages
--eight-hour day,
-the board stopped short of supporting labor’s most important demand: a government guarantee of the
right to organize into unions. |
|
|
Term
Was the AF of L for or against the war?
What were they like at the end? |
|
Definition
for
-more than doubled its membership, to over 3 million, and in the most
heavily unionized sectors—coal mining, manufacturing, and transportation—real wages had risen more than 20 percent over prewar levels. |
|
|
Term
The _, known as the “Wobblies” and engineered some of the most
damaging industrial sabotage. Why? |
|
Definition
IWW
-As transient laborers in such industries as fruit and lumber, the Wobblies were victims of some of
the shabbiest working conditions in the country.
When they protested, many were viciously beaten, arrested, or run out of town. |
|
|
Term
| Yet labor harbored grievances. |
|
Definition
-Wartime
inflation threatened to eclipse wage gains (prices more than doubled between 1914 and 1920).
-6,000 strikes broke out during the war |
|
|
Term
In ___ the greatest strike in
American history rocked the ___ industry. More than a ___ workers walked off
their jobs in a bid to force their employers to recognize
their right to
The companies resisted mercilessly. They ___.
Aftermath? |
|
Definition
1919
More than 250,000 steelworkers walked off their jobs in a bid to force their employers to recognize
their right to organize and bargain collectively.
The steel companies resisted mercilessly. They
refused to negotiate with union representatives
and brought in thirty thousand African-American
strikebreakers to keep the mills running. After bitter
confrontations that left more than a dozen
workers dead, the steel strike collapsed, a grievous
setback that crippled the union movement for
more than a decade. |
|
|
Term
| -What was an emerging trend in labor (demographically) in wartime? |
|
Definition
-women workers in place of men, and
-tens of thousands of southern blacks drawn to the North in wartime by the magnet of war-industry employment. |
|
|
Term
| Effects of African American labor diaspora? |
|
Definition
-riots in St. Louis
-riots in Chicago, esp. w/ packing plants
--in 1919, really bad two-week gang war |
|
|
Term
| Effects of war on feminism? (not suffrage) |
|
Definition
-Split movement
-Many progressive-era feminists were pacifists
--National Woman’s party, led by Quaker
activist Alice Paul
-But the larger part of the suffrage movement,
represented by the National American Woman Suffrage Association, supported the war
--Argued women must take part in the war effort to earn a role in shaping the peace. |
|
|
Term
| Effects of war on feminism? (suffrage) |
|
Definition
Impressed by women’s war work, President Wilson endorsed woman suffrage as “a vitally necessary war measure.”
-In 1917 New York voted for
suffrage at the state level; Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota followed. Eventually the groundswell could no longer be contained. In 1920, the
Nineteenth Amendment was ratified. |
|
|
Term
Despite political victory, women’s wartime economic
gains proved fleeting. How? |
|
Definition
-Women’s Bureau did emerge after the war in the Department of Labor to protect women in the workplace,
-but most women workers soon gave up their war jobs.
-Congress affirmed its support for
women in their traditional role w/
passed the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921,
providing federally financed instruction in maternal
and infant health care. |
|
|
Term
| The largely voluntary and somewhat haphazard character of economic war organization testified to |
|
Definition
ocean-insulated America’s safe distance from
the fighting—as well as to the still-modest scale of
government powers in the progressive-era Republic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Food Administration head
-had successfully
led a massive charitable drive to feed the starving
people of war-racked Belgium.
-He
deliberately rejected issuing ration cards, a practice
used in Europe
-Instead he waged a whirlwind propaganda
campaign through posters, billboards,
newspapers, pulpits, and movies.
-proclaimed wheatless Wednesdays
and meatless Tuesdays—all on a voluntary basis.
-“victory gardens,” as perspiring patriots hoed
their way to victory in backyards and vacant lots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Farm production increased by one-fourth, and food exports to
the Allies tripled in volume.
-methods
were widely imitated in other war agencies. The
Fuel Administration exhorted Americans to save
fuel with “heatless Mondays,” “lightless nights,” and
“gasless Sundays.” The Treasury Department sponsored
huge parades and invoked slogans like “Halt
the Hun” to promote four great Liberty Loan drives,
followed by a Victory Loan campaign in 1919.
-Together these efforts netted the then-fantastic sum
of about $21 billion, or two-thirds of the current cost
of the war to the United States. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -tax increases to pay for war |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Congress severely restricted the use of foodstuffs for manufacturing alcoholic beverages,
-war spawned spirit of self-denial helped accelerate the wave of prohibition that was sweeping the country.
-Many leading brewers were German-descended,
-in 1919 with the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment,
prohibiting all alcoholic drinks. |
|
|
Term
| ___were used to sell bonds. |
|
Definition
| Pressures of various kinds, patriotic and otherwise. |
|
|
Term
around his neck.
Despite the Wilson administration’s preference
for voluntary means of mobilizing the economy, the
government on occasion reluctantly exercised its
sovereign formal power, notably when... |
|
Definition
it took over
the nation’s railroads following indescribable traffic
snarls in late 1917.
-It seized enemy merchant vessels
trapped in America’s harbors and orchestrated a
gigantic drive to construct new tonnage. A few concrete
vessels were launched, including one appropriately
named Faith. A wooden-ship program was
undertaken, though after months of war, birds were
still nesting in the trees from which the vessels were
to be hammered. |
|
|
Term
As far as fighting went, America would ...
but... |
|
Definition
-use its navy to uphold freedom of the seas.
-It would continue to ship war materials to the Allies and supply them with loans
--
-European associates laid their cards on
the table. They confessed that they were scraping
the bottom not only of their money chests but,
more ominously, of their manpower barrels. A huge
American army would have to be raised, trained,
and transported, or the whole western front would
collapse. |
|
|
Term
____was the only answer to the need
for raising an immense army with all possible
speed, but this was an unpopular option. Why? |
|
Definition
Conscription.
-Civil War memories
-(But you couldn't pay your way out of this one)
-over 340,000 got out of it, though |
|
|
Term
For the first time, ___ were
admitted to the armed forces; some 11,000 to the
navy and 269 to the marines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reflecting racial attitudes of the time, |
|
Definition
military authorities hesitated to train black men for combat,
and the majority of black soldiers were assigned to
“construction battalions” or put to work unloading
ships. |
|
|
Term
| Recruits were supposed to receive six months of training in America and two more months overseas, but ... |
|
Definition
Recruits were supposed to receive six months of
training in America and two more months overseas.
But so great was the urgency that many doughboys
were swept swiftly into battle scarcely knowing how
to handle a rifle, much less a bayonet. |
|
|
Term
____ underscored the need for haste.
So what? |
|
Definition
Russia’s collapse
-bolsheviks went out of war
-This
sudden defection released hundreds of thousands
of battle-tested Germans from the eastern front facing
Russia for the western front in France, where, for
the first time in the war, they were developing a dangerous
superiority in manpower. |
|
|
Term
-No really effective American
fighting force reached France until
-Berlin also correctly reckoned that |
|
Definition
about a year after WW's declaration
-Berlin had also reckoned
on the inability of the Americans to transport their
army, assuming that they were able to raise one |
|
|
Term
The first trainees to
reach the front were used as ... |
|
Definition
replacements in the
Allied armies and were generally deployed in quiet
sectors with the British and French. |
|
|
Term
American operations were not confined solely
to France; like how? |
|
Definition
-small detachments fought in Belgium,
Italy, and notably Russia.
- |
|
|
Term
Wilson likewise
sent nearly 10,000 troops to ___as part of an
Allied expedition, for the purpose of ___.
Effects? |
|
Definition
-Siberia
-prevent
Japan from getting a stranglehold on Siberia, to rescue
some 45,000 marooned Czechoslovak troops,
and to snatch military supplies from Bolshevik
control.
--
-Sharp fighting at Archangel and in Siberia
involved casualties on both sides, including several
hundred Americans. The Bolsheviks long resented
these “capitalistic” interventions, which they regarded
as high-handed efforts to suffocate their
infant communist revolution |
|
|
Term
The dreaded German drive on the western front exploded in the spring of YEAR.
So dire was the
peril that the Allied nations for the first time .... |
|
Definition
1918
united
under a supreme commander, the french marshal Foch. |
|
|
Term
| When the U.S. troops came in 1918, what happened? |
|
Definition
were thrown into the breach at Château-
Thierry, right in the teeth of the German advance. |
|
|
Term
| After the Americans showed pretty impressive fighting skills, it was clear that... |
|
Definition
a new American giant had arisen in the
West to replace the dying Russian titan in the East. |
|
|
Term
| Battle of the Marne (Bailey) |
|
Definition
-Foch counteroffensive
-July 1918
-American men participated
-marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never
effectively reversed. |
|
|
Term
| -In September 1918, nine American divisions (about 243,000 men) joined four French divisions to... |
|
Definition
push the Germans from the St.
Mihiel salient, a German dagger in France’s flank. |
|
|
Term
General ___ was finally assigned a front stretching northwestward from
the Swiss border to meet the French lines. Why? |
|
Definition
Pershing
The Americans, dissatisfied with merely bolstering the British and French, demanded their own army. |
|
|
Term
for the last mighty Allied assault, Pershing’s army undertook
the _ offensive, |
|
Definition
As part of the last mighty Allied assault, involv-
ing several million men, Pershing’s army undertook
the Meuse-Argonne offensive, from September 26 to
November 11, 1918. |
|
|
Term
| One objective of the Meuse-Argonne offensive was to ... |
|
Definition
One objective was to cut the
German railroad lines feeding the western front.
This battle, the most gargantuan thus far in Ameri-
can history, lasted forty-seven days and engaged 1.2
million American troops. |
|
|
Term
Meuse-Argonne offensive:
With especially heavy
fighting in the rugged Argonne Forest, the killed and wounded mounted to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Meuse-Argonne:
The slow progress and severe
losses from machine guns was from... |
|
Definition
inadequate training, in part from dashing open-
field tactics, with the bayonet liberally employed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alvin C. York, a member of an anti-
war religious sect, became a hero when he single-
handedly killed 20 Germans and captured 132 more. |
|
|
Term
| main reasons Germany surrendered? |
|
Definition
-Their allies were deserting them,
-the British blockade was causing
critical food shortages,
-and the blows of the Allies rained down relentlessly.
-Propaganda leaflets, containing seductive Wilsonian promises, rained upon their crumbling lines from
balloons, shells, and rockets. |
|
|
Term
Warned of imminent defeat by the generals, Germany turned to ____ in October 1918, ____. In
stern responses he made it clear that ___ must happen before an armistice could be negotiated. |
|
Definition
WW, seeking a peace based on the 14 points
the kaiser must be thrown overboard |
|
|
Term
| The United States’ main contributions to the ultimate victory had been ...—but not ____. |
|
Definition
-foodstuffs,
-munitions,
-credits,
-oil for this first mechanized war, and
-manpower
--
-battlefield victories |
|
|
Term
| The Yanks fought only two major battles, at |
|
Definition
| St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne offensive (which they still hadn't won) |
|
|
Term
It was the prospect of endless
U.S. troop reserves, rather than America’s actual
military performance, that eventually demoralized
the Germans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Under the slogan "___,” partisan political strife had been kept below the surface during the war.
-Wilson broke the truce by
personally appealing for a Democratic victory in the congressional elections. Why? Did it work? |
|
Definition
-“Politics Is Adjourned"
-Hoping to strengthen his hand
at the Paris peace table, and no. |
|
|
Term
Wilson’s decision to go in person to Paris to help
make the peace infuriated ___. (Why?) |
|
Definition
-At that time no president had traveled to Europe, and Wilson’s journey looked extravagant.
-also pissed them off when he didn't include a single Republican senator in his official party. (Lodge would've been perfect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-WW's rival in politics
-WW=Dem, Lodge led Repubs in Senate
-Lodge="scholar in politics" until Wilson came along
-Squabbled over Treaty of Versailles:
--Lodge wanted to "Americanize it," meaning to change the language around just so it would look like he changed it... |
|
|
Term
| How did Wilson "negotiate between naked imperialism and Wilsonianism" at the PPC? |
|
Definition
The victors would not take possession of
the conquered territory outright, but would receive
it as trustees of the League of Nations. |
|
|
Term
| Syria, went to __, and Iraq went to ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
But the statesmen of France and Italy
were careful to keep the new messiah at arm’s length
from worshipful crowds. Why? |
|
Definition
He might so arouse the
people as to prompt them to overthrow their leaders
and upset finespun imperialistic plans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
WW-U.S. (didn't want land-grabbing, wanted LON)
Clemenceau-Fr (wanted to crush Germany)
Lloyd George-Br (wanted Germany to pay, but not too much)
Orlando-Italy (wants land)
took the helm at the PPC, (1919), head of negotiations and were poised to do the same in the proposed League of Nations |
|
|
Term
| Who was delighted by the Republican's refusal to accept the initial LON? |
|
Definition
| Adversaries in Paris - WW had to bargain more |
|
|
Term
| Clemenceau wanted LAND, but he got ___ |
|
Definition
Rhineland and Saar, the security treaty- the Saar basin was under the LON for fifteen years, then Saar voted itself back into Germany
The Security Treaty bound the US and Br to help Fr in the event of war w/ Germany(which the U.S. senate quickly pigeonholed) |
|
|
Term
| Orlando wanted ___, and they got __ |
|
Definition
Fiume, a valuable seaport.Yugoslavs. When Italy demanded Fiume, Wilson
insisted that the seaport go to Yugoslavia and
appealed over the heads of Italy’s leaders to the
country’s masses. The maneuver fell flat. |
|
|
Term
| Japan wanted ___, but got ___ |
|
Definition
China’s Shandong (Shantung) Peninsula and the German islands in the Pacific, which the Japanese had won in the war. Japan was conceded the Pacific islands under a League of Nations man-
date, but Wilson staunchly opposed Japanese control of Shandong as a violation of self-determination.
Japanese threatened to walk out, Wilson reluctantly
accepted a compromise whereby Japan kept Ger-
many’s economic holdings in Shandong and pledged
to return the peninsula to China at a later date. |
|
|
Term
| Who, in America, didn't like Versailles? Why? |
|
Definition
-Isolationists (LON)
-Germany vengeance-wishers
-Irish-Americans (Br.'s extra five votes would block Irish independence)
- |
|
|
Term
| How'd Lodge delay the treaty? |
|
Definition
used delay to muddle and
divide public opinion. He read the entire 264-page
treaty aloud in the Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee and held protracted hearings in which people of various nationalities aired their grievances. |
|
|
Term
How'd WW try to appeal over the Senate?
What was he hoping would ultimately decide Versailles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Lodge's fourteen reservations |
|
Definition
=preserved our rights under the Monroe Doctrine and the Constitution
-alarmed by Article X of the League
because it morally bound the United States to aid any member victimized by external aggression. They wanted to declare war themselves, which by WW's rebuttal, they could, since it was only a moral agreement. WW, however, thought this more binding. |
|
|
Term
| What was WW's response to Lodge's reservations? Where might it have garnered criticism? |
|
Definition
-hated them
-only liked similar Dem proposals
-wouldn't agree to more modest Lodge terms, either, causing the collapse of the treaty altogether (esp. the LON)
-asked Congress to side w/ his stubbornness |
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Term
| Wilson had his own pet solution for the deadlock, and this partly explains why he refused to compromise on Lodge’s terms. What was it? Why was it a bad idea? |
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Definition
terms. He proposed to settle the
treaty issue in the forthcoming presidential cam-
paign of 1920 by appealing to the people for a
“solemn referendum.”
mandate on the League in the noisy arena of politics
was clearly an impossibility. |
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Term
| Democratic attempts to make the campaign a referendum on the League were thwarted by.... |
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Definition
by Senator Harding, who kept contradicting himself. Pro-League and anti-League Republicans both claimed
that Harding’s election would advance their cause, while the candidate suggested that if elected he
would work for a vague Association of Nations—a league but not the League. |
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