Term
After the Civil War, ____production grew enormously, from
With an approximate increase of __mi |
|
Definition
After the Civil War, railroad production grew enormously, from
165,000 |
|
|
Term
| Congress, impressed by the arguments pleading _ and _ needs, gave liberal money loans to # cross-continent companies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For railroad routes, companies were allowed ___, but until companies determined _____ land was withheld from all other users. |
|
Definition
For railroad routes, companies were allowed alternate mile-square
sections in checkerboard fashion, but until companies determined which
part of the land was the best to use for railroad building, all of the
land was withheld from all other users. |
|
|
Term
| ___ stopped railroad companies from withholding land from people using spaces that hadn't been organized by railroads yet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT gave land their value |
|
Definition
Railroads gave land their value; towns where railroads ran became
sprawling cities while those skipped by railroads sank into ghost
towns, so, obviously, towns wanted railroads in them. |
|
|
Term
Deadlock over where to build a transcontinental railroad was broken
____, and Congress commissioned the _____ to begin westward from CITY, to STATE.
Why was this a strategic move? |
|
Definition
Deadlock over where to build a transcontinental railroad was broken
after the South seceded, and in 1862, Congress commissioned the Union
Pacific Railroad to begin westward from Omaha, Nebraska, to gold-rich
California.
Bind Pacific Coast to rest of the Republic |
|
|
Term
| The Union Pacific Railroad Co. received huge sums of money and land to build its tracks, but ____ |
|
Definition
The company received huge sums of money and land to build its
tracks, but corruption also plagued it, as the insiders of the Credit
Mobilier reaped $23 million in profits. |
|
|
Term
| Many ETHNICITY (not Chinese...different section), who might lay as much as 10 miles a day, laid the tracks. |
|
Definition
| Irishmen who served in the Union Army |
|
|
Term
| When PEOPLE attacked railroads while ____, the OTHER PEOPLE did WHAT? |
|
Definition
When Indians attacked while trying to save their land, the Irish
dropped their picks and seized their rifles, and scores of workers and
Indians died during construction. |
|
|
Term
the WHAT was in charge of extending the railroad eastward, and it was backed by the Big Four:
(They were...) |
|
Definition
the Central Pacific Railroad was in charge of
extending the railroad eastward, and it was backed by the Big Four:
including Leland Stanford, the ex-governor of California who had useful
political connections, and Collis P. Huntington, an adept lobbyist. |
|
|
Term
The Central Pacific used ETHNICITY workers, and received the same
incentives as the WHO, but it had to drill through the hard rock of the WHAT. |
|
Definition
The Central Pacific used Chinese workers, and received the same
incentives as the Union Pacific, but it had to drill through the hard
rock of the Sierra Nevada. |
|
|
Term
| In 1869, the transcontinental rail line was completed at ____. |
|
Definition
In 1869, the transcontinental rail line was completed at Promontory
Point near Ogden, Utah; in all, the Union Pacific built 1,086 mi. of
track, compared to 689 mi. by the Central Pacific. |
|
|
Term
Before 1900, four other transcontinental railroads were built:
NAME THEM |
|
Definition
The Northern Pacific Railroad stretched from Lake Superior to the Puget Sound and was finished in 1883.
The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe stretched through the Southwest deserts and was completed the following year, in 1884.
The Southern Pacific (completed in 1884) went from New Orleans to San Francisco.
The Great Northern ran from Duluth to Seattle and was the creation
of James J. Hill, probably the greatest railroad builder of all. |
|
|
Term
| What happened to all of the supposed profits to come from building the transcontinental railroads? |
|
Definition
However, many pioneers over-invested on land, and the banks that
supported them often failed and went bankrupt when the land
wasn’t worth as much as initially thought. |
|
|
Term
| ____ often financed the successful western railroads. |
|
Definition
| Older eastern railroads, like the New York Central, headed by Cornelius Vanderbilt, often financed the successful western railroads. |
|
|
Term
| Advancements in railroads included the ____, which was stronger and more enduring than the iron rail, the ____ which increased safety, the _______ which were luxurious passenger cars, and ___, ____, and ____. |
|
Definition
Advancements in railroads included the steel rail, which was
stronger and more enduring than the iron rail, the Westinghouse air
brake which increased safety, the Pullman Palace Cars which were
luxurious passenger cars, and telegraphs, double-racking, and block
signals. |
|
|
Term
| Even with all of the train advancements, ___ |
|
Definition
| train accidents were common, as well as death. |
|
|
Term
| What were 8 effects of the railroad? |
|
Definition
-stitched nation together
-bigger market (more investors)
-industrialization increased exponentially
-stimulated mining/agriculture
-farming communities followed, as they could get manufactured goods, sell their goods
-helped cityward settlement
-stimulated immigration
-Destroyed environment (replaced buffalo w/ range-ded cattle, damaged white pine forests, tallgrass)
-made four time zones, where none had existed to go along w/ schedule
-millionaire class |
|
|
Term
| What guy (partners w/ Fisk) made millions embezzling stocks from WHICH SIX RAILROAD COS.? |
|
Definition
Jay Gould made millions embezzling stocks from the Erie, Kansas
Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific railroad
companies. |
|
|
Term
| One method of cheap moneymaking w/ the railroads was called “stock watering,” in which WHO did WHAT? |
|
Definition
One method of cheap moneymaking was called “stock
watering,” in which railroad companies grossly over-inflated the
worth of their stock and sold them at huge profits. |
|
|
Term
As time passed, though, railroad giants entered into ____ to show profits, and began the first of what would be called
____, although at that time they were called “__.” A (same term) (AKA, a “___”) is a group of supposed competitors who agree to work together, usually to do WHAT |
|
Definition
As time passed, though, railroad giants entered into defensive
alliances to show profits, and began the first of what would be called
trusts, although at that time they were called “pools.” A
pool (AKA, a “cartel”) is a group of supposed competitors
who agree to work together, usually to set prices. |
|
|
Term
| People were aware of such injustices by the railroads, but ____ |
|
Definition
| People were aware of such injustices by the railroads, but were slow to combat it. |
|
|
Term
WHAT ORGANIZATION (AKA _) was formed by WHOM to combat such corruption by the railroads, and many state efforts to stop the railroad monopoly occurred, but they
were stopped when the ___ issued its ruling in the ___ case, in which it ruled that ____. |
|
Definition
The Grange (AKA "Patrons of Husbrandry") was formed by farmers to combat such corruption, and
many state efforts to stop the railroad monopoly occurred, but they
were stopped when the Supreme Court issued its ruling in the Wabash
case, in which it ruled that states could not regulate interstate
commerce, such as trains. |
|
|
Term
The Interstate Commerce Act,Act, passed in 1887, banned _____ (4)
It also set up the WHAT to enforce this. |
|
Definition
The Interstate Commerce Act, passed in 1887, banned rebates and
pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly (so as
not to cheat customers), and also forbade unfair discrimination against
shippers and banned charging more for a short haul than for a long one.
-Provided an orderly forum for competing businesses to resolve conflicts, and saved country from rate wars
It also set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to enforce this. |
|
|
Term
The act was not a victory against corporate wealth, as people like
____, a shrewd corporate lawyer, noted that they could use the act to their advantage, but it did represent _____. |
|
Definition
The act was not a victory against corporate wealth, as people like
Richard Olney, a shrewd corporate lawyer, noted that they could use the
act to their advantage, but it did represent the first attempt by
Congress to regulate businesses for society’s interest. |
|
|
Term
| In 1860, the U.S. was the RANK largest manufacturer in the world, but by 1894, it was RANK, why? (4) |
|
Definition
-Now-abundant liquid capital.
-Fully exploited natural resources (like coal, oil, and iron, the
iron came from the Minnesota-Lake Superior region which yielded the
rich iron deposits of the Mesabi Range).
-Massive immigration made labor cheap.
-American ingenuity played a vital role, as such inventions like mass production (from Eli Whitney) were being refined and perfected. |
|
|
Term
| Name 9 popular inventions of the nineteenth century |
|
Definition
Popular inventions
-included the cash register,
-the stock ticker,
-the typewriter,
-the refrigerator car,
-the electric dynamo, and the
-electric railway,
-which displaced animal-drawn cars.
-telephone
-light bulb |
|
|
Term
| Who's the “Wizard of Menlo Park”? |
|
Definition
| Edison (SORRYSORRYSORRYSORRYMR.OATMEALINMAN) |
|
|
Term
Industry giants used various ways to eliminate competition and maximize profits.
WHO used a method called “vertical integration,” which meant that he ____. |
|
Definition
Industry giants used various ways to eliminate competition and maximize profits.
Andrew Carnegie used a method called “vertical integration,” which meant that he bought out and controlled all
aspects of an industry (in his case, he mined the iron, transported it,
refined it, and turned it into steel, controlling all parts of the
process). |
|
|
Term
Industry giants used various ways to eliminate competition and maximize profits.
WHO, master of “horizontal integration,”
did WHAT.
He used this method to form COMPANY by ___ |
|
Definition
John D. Rockefeller, master of “horizontal
integration,” simply allied with or bought out competitors to
monopolize a given market.
He used this method to form Standard Oil and control the oil industry by forcing weaker competitors to go bankrupt. |
|
|
Term
Industry giants used various ways to eliminate competition and maximize profits.
These men became known for their trusts, giant, monopolistic corporations.
WHO did WHAT, AKA “interlocking directorates.” |
|
Definition
J.P. Morgan also placed his own men on the boards of directors of
other rival competitors to gain influence there and reduce competition,
a process called “interlocking directorates.” |
|
|
Term
| In Lincoln’s day, ___ was very scarce and expensive, but by 1900, Americans produced as much (same) as COUNTRY and COUNTRY combined. |
|
Definition
In Lincoln’s day, steel was very scarce and expensive, but by
1900, Americans produced as much steel as England and Germany combined. |
|
|
Term
[More steel production] was due to an invention that made steel-making cheaper and much more effective: the ______, which was named after an ETHNICITY inventor even though an American, ___, had discovered
it first: |
|
Definition
This was due to an invention that made steel-making cheaper and
much more effective: the Bessemer process, which was named after an
English inventor even though an American, William Kelly, had discovered
it first: |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Bessemer Process |
|
Definition
-Cold air blown on red-hot iron burned carbon deposits
-and purified it. |
|
|
Term
America was one of the few nations that had a lot of WHAT for fuel, WHAT for smelting, and other essential ngredients for steel making,
and thus, quickly became #1 in steel production. |
|
Definition
America was one of the few nations that had a lot of coal for fuel,
iron for smelting, and other essential ingredients for steel making,
and thus, quickly became #1. |
|
|
Term
____ started off as a poor boy in a bad job, but by
working hard, assuming responsibility, and charming influential people,
he worked his way up to wealth. |
|
Definition
Andrew Carnegie started off as a poor boy in a bad job, but by
working hard, assuming responsibility, and charming influential people,
he worked his way up to wealth. |
|
|
Term
| WHO started in the Pittsburgh area, but he was not a man who liked WHAT; still, by 1900, he was producing ____ of the nation’s Bessemer steel, and getting $25 million a year. |
|
Definition
Carnegie started in the Pittsburgh area, but he was not a man who liked
trusts; still, by 1900, he was producing 1/4 of the nation’s
Bessemer steel, and getting $25 million a year. |
|
|
Term
| JP Morgan, having already made a fortune in the ___ industry and ____, was ready to step into the ____ industry, but ________, so after some tense negotiation, ____. But Carnegie,____, spent the rest of his life____. |
|
Definition
J. Pierpont Morgan, having already made a fortune in the banking
industry and in Wall Street, was ready to step into the steel tubing
industry, but Carnegie threatened to ruin him, so after some tense
negotiation, Morgan bought Carnegie’s entire business at $400
million (this was before income tax). But Carnegie, fearing ridicule
for possessing so much money, spent the rest of his life donating $350
million of it to charity, pensions, and libraries. |
|
|
Term
| TYCOON took OTHER TYCOON'S holdings, added others, and ___ in in 1901, a company that became the world’s first ____corporation. |
|
Definition
Morgan took Carnegie’s holdings, added others, and
launched the United States Steel Corporation in 1901, a company that
became the world’s first billion-dollar corporation (it was
capitalized at $1.4 billion). |
|
|
Term
In 1859, a man named ___ first used oil to get money, and by the
1870s, ___, a type of oil, was used to light lamps all over the nation. |
|
Definition
In 1859, a man named Drake first used oil to get money, and by the
1870s, kerosene, a type of oil, was used to light lamps all over the
nation. |
|
|
Term
By 1885, 250,000 of ____ were in use, and the electric industry soon rendered ____ obsolete,
just as it had made ____ obsolete.
Oil, however, was just beginning with the gasoline-burning ___. |
|
Definition
By 1885, 250,000 of Edison’s electric light bulbs
were in use, and the electric industry soon rendered kerosene obsolete,
just as kerosene had made whale oil obsolete. |
|
|
Term
| Oil, however, was just beginning with the gasoline-burning internal combustion engine. |
|
Definition
| Oil, however, was just beginning with the gasoline-burning internal combustion engine. |
|
|
Term
| John D. Rockefeller, ruthless and merciless, organized the ___ Company of Ohio in 1882 (five years earlier, he had already controlled _% of all the oil refineries in the country). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rockefeller crushed weaker competitors—part of the natural process according to him—but his company did ___ |
|
Definition
Rockefeller crushed weaker competitors—part of the natural
process according to him—but his company did produce superior oil
at a cheaper price. |
|
|
Term
Other trusts (besides Rockefeller), which also generally made better products at cheaper
prices, emerged, such as the meat industry of WHO and and WHO. |
|
Definition
Other trusts, which also generally made better products at cheaper
prices, emerged, such as the meat industry of Gustavus F. Swift and
Philip Armour. |
|
|
Term
| Who commented on the increasing wage gap in the beginning of the chapter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pics:
-indicate where railroads might be given land,
-Union Pacific Railroad poster,
-"Big Cut" in Beaver Creek Valley"
-Weaver (populist) denouncing railroad tycoons putting down weak rivals
-Pullman Palace Car
-Standard Oil Octopus controlling gov't
-Emerson writes that immigrants had bleak futures in work
-Carnegie: "The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced"
-JP Morgan, comment about "purple hue"/skin condition
-"What a funny little gov't"-Rockefeller
-Robber barons cartoon, people bow down to it w/ money
-Will H. Vanderbilt shooting public,
-Vanderbilt as a colossus, flanked by Gould and FIELD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
"Snow sheds on the Central Pacific Railroad in the ___ Mtns" by WHOM
-Chinese Laborers in Background |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why were the best men not in politics? |
|
Definition
| All in the booming private economy. |
|
|
Term
| "Granting land was also a 'cheap way' to subsidize a much-desired transportation system, because it ___." |
|
Definition
| avoided new taxes for direct cash grants |
|
|
Term
| What are "hells on wheels" |
|
Definition
| tent towns, where railroad workers lived, also had a lot of prostitutes/ performers |
|
|
Term
| Rail lying took place from Sacramento to Sierra Nevada. What co. headed this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who were "The Big Four"? Why were they big? |
|
Definition
-Stanford (CA ex-gov)
-Huntington (lobbyist)
-Also Crocker, Hopkins
-In charge of Cen. Pacific Railroad Co. |
|
|
Term
What was a big obstacle to Cen. Pacific?
What did Stanford do when it was overcome? |
|
Definition
Workers could not advance quickly across Sierra Nevada
Wield a giant silver sledgehammer |
|
|
Term
| While all railroad companies received BLAH from the gov't, only two received BLAH |
|
Definition
| land grants/monetary loans |
|
|
Term
You can skip this card for now
N Pacific Railroad goes from _ to _
S Pacific Railroad goes from _ to _ |
|
Definition
N-Lake Superior-->Puget Sound
S-New Orleans-->SanFran |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT MAN
James J. Hill (5) |
|
Definition
-Canadian-American railroader,
-who made the Great Northern line
-perceived that the prosperity of his railroad depended on the prosperity of the area that it sreved.
-Ran (later flourishing) agricultural demonstration trains through "Hill Country"
-Distributed English bulls to farmers |
|
|
