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| a term used by the founders of this country to refer to plitical parties and special interests or interest groups |
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| a collection of people who share some common interest or attitude and seek to influences govt. for specific ends. Interest groups usually work within the framework of govt. and employ tactics such as lobbying to achieve their goals |
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| a large body of people interested in a common issue, idea, or concern that is of continuing significance and who are willling to take action. Movements seek to change attitudes or instituions, not just policies |
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| a company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment |
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| a company with a labor agreement under which union membership cand be a condition of employment |
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| an individual who does not join a group representing his or her interests yet receives the benefit of the influences the group achieves |
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official document, published every weekday, that lists the new and proposed regulations of executive departments and regulatory agencies |
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| literally, a "friend of the court" brief, filed by an individual or organization to present arguments in addition to those presented by the immediate parties to a case |
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| engaging in activites aimed at influencing public officials, especially legislators, and the policies they enact |
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| a person who is employed by and acts for an organized interest group or corporation to try to influence policty decisions and positions in the executive and legislative branches |
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| employment cycle in which individuals who work for governmental agencies regulating interests eventually end up workin for interest groups or businesses with the same policy concern |
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| a mutually dependent relationship among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and govt. agencies that share a common policy concern |
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| Political Action Committe (PAC) |
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| the political arm of an interest group that is legally entitled to raise funds on a voluntary basis from members, stockholders, or employees in order to contribute funds to favored cnadidates or political parties |
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| a tactic of political action committees whereby they collect contributions from like-minded individuals (each limited to $2,000) and present them to a condidate or political prty as a "bundle", thus increasing their influence |
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the supreme court has ruled that individuals, groups, and parties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for or against candidates as long as they operate independently from the candidates. When an individual, group, or party does so, they are making and independent expenditure |
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| political contributions given to a party, candidate,or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed. Raising such limited funds is harder than raising unlimited funds, hence the term "hard money" |
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money raised in unlimited amounts by political parties for party-building purposes. Now largely illegal except for limited contributions to state and local parties for boter registration and get-out-the-vote efforts |
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| unlimited and undisclosed spending by and individual or group on communications that do not use words like "vote for" or "vote against", although much of this activity is actually about electing or defeating candidates |
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| a political group organized under section 527 of the IRS Code that may accept and spend unlimited amounts on money or election activites so long as they are not spent on broadcast ads run in the last 30 days before a primary or 60 days before a general election where a clearly indentified candidate is targeted |
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| something given with the expectation or receiving something in return |
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