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| attorney general during the height of the Red Scare (1919-1920) who led raids against suspected radicals; reacting to terrorist bombings, fear of Bolshevism, and his own presidential aspirations, Palmer arrested 6,000 people and deported over 500. |
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| influential black leader; his "Atlanta Compromise" speech (1895) proposed blacks accept social and political segregation in return for economic opportunities in agriculture and vocational areas. He received money from whites and built Tuskegee Institute into a powerful educational and political machine. |
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| taciturn, pro-business president (1923-1929) who took over after Harding's death, restored honesty to government, and accelerated the tax cutting and antiregulation policies of his predecessor; his laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity from 1923-1929. |
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| president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association; she led the organization when it achieved passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 and later organized the League of Women Voters. |
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| mail service pilot who became a celebrity when he made the first flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927; a symbol of the vanishing individualistic hero of the frontier who was honest, modest, and self-reliant, he later became a leading isolationist. |
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| Eighteenth Amendment (1919) |
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| prohibited the sale, transportation, and manufacture of alcohol; part of rural America's attempt to blunt the societal influence of the cities, it was called the "Noble Experiment" until it was repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment (1933). |
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| Federal Reserve Act (1913) |
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| established a national banking system for the first time since the 1830s; designed to combat the "money trust," it created 12 regional banks that regulated interest rates, money supply, and profvided an elastic credit system throughout the country. |
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| movement of southern, rural blacks to northern cities starting around 1915 and continuing through much of the twentieth century; blacks left the South as the cotton economy declined and Jim Crow persisted. Thousands came north for wartime jobs in large cities during World Wars I and II. |
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| black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes. |
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| crusading journalist who wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company, a critical expose that documented John D. Rockefeller's ruthlessness and questionable business tactics. |
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| Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) |
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| revolutionary industrial union founded in 1905 and led by "Big Bill" Haywood that worked to overthrow capitalism; during WWI, the government perssured the group, and by 1919, it was in serious decline. |
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| social worker and leader in the settlement house movement; she founded Hull House in 1889, which helped improve the lives of poor immigrants in Chicago, and in 1931 shared the Nobel Peace Prize. |
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| Reconstruction-era organization that was revived in 1915 and rose to political power in the mid-1920s when membership reached 4 to 5 million; opposed to blacks, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants, its membership was rural, white, native-born, and Protestant. |
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| leading literary figure of the Harlem Renaissance who wrote verse, essays, and 32 books; he helped define the black experience in America for over four decades |
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| a leading muckraking journalist who exposed political corruption in the cities; best known for his The Shame of the Cities (1904), he was also a regular contributor to McClure's magazine. |
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| black leader in early 1920s who appealed to urban blacks with his program of racial self-sufficiency/separatism, black pride, and pan-Africanism; his Universal Negro Improvement Association ran into financial trouble, however. He was eventually arrested for mail fraud and deported to his native Jamaica in 1927. |
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| Theodore Roosevelt's progressive platform in the lection of 1912; building on his presidential "Square Deal," he called for a strong federal government to maintain economic competition and social justice but to accept trusts as an economic fact of life. |
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| Nineteenth Amendment (1920) |
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| granted women the right to vote; its ratification capped a movement for women's rights that dated to the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. Although women were voting in the state elections in 12 states when the amendment passed, it enabled 8 million women to vote in the presidential election of 1920. |
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| Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) |
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| law that regulated the food and patent medicine industries; some business leaders called it socialistic meddling by the government. |
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| period of hysteria after WWI over the possible spread of Communism to the United States; aroused by the Russian Revolution (1917), the large number of Russian immigrants in the United States, and a series of terrorist bombings in 1919, it resulted in the denial of civil liberties, mass arrests and deportations, and passage of the restrictive Immigration Act of 1920. |
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| progressive governor (1900-1901) and senator (1906-1925); he established the "Wisconsin idea" that reformed the state through direct primaries, tax reform, and anticorruption legislation. La Follette was the Progressive Party's presidential nominee in 1924. |
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| Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried, and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs. |
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| "Monkey Trial" over John Scopes's teaching of evolution in his biology classroom in violation of a Tennessee law; it pitted the Bible, fundamentalism, and William Jennings Bryan against evolution, modernism, and Clarence Darrow. Scopes was convicted, but fundamentalism was damaged and discouraged by the trial. |
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| movement that began in Protestant churches in the late nineteenth century to apply the teachings of the Bible to the problems of the industrial age; led by Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch, it aroused the interest of many clergymen in securing social justice for the urban poor. The thinking of Jane Addams, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and other secular reformers was influenced by this movement as well. |
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| biggest scandal of Harding's administration; Secretary of Interior Albert Fall illegally leased government oil fields in teh West to private oil companies; Fall was later conviced of bribery and became the first Cabinet official to serve prison time (1931-1932). |
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| socialist muckraker who wrote The Jungle (1906) in which he hoped to indict the capitalist system but instead helped convince Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act (1906), which cleaned up the meat industry. |
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| black intellectual who challeneged Booker T. Washington's ideas on combating Jim Crow; he called for the black community to demand immediate equality and was a founding member of the Nation Association for the Advancement of Color People (NAACP). |
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| weak but affable president (1921-1923) who allowed his appointees to loot and cheat the government; after his death, political and personal scandals tarnished his presidency. Harding is rated as a failure as president by most historians. |
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| Woodrow Wilson (New Freedom) |
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| successful Democratic presidential nominee in 1912 and his progressive program that viewed trusts as evil and called for their destruction rather than their regulation; his social and political philosophy drew heavily on the ideas of Louis Brandeis. As president (1913-1921), Wilson led the nation through WWI. |
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